whowasaverylovelycreature,andwhomadearealimpressiononKingHenry,nowthathesawherforthefirsttime.Thiswasthemostimportantcircumstancethataroseoutofthemeeting.
　　AsifitwereimpossibleforaFrenchnoblemanofthattimetobetruetohiswordofhonourinanything,HenrydiscoveredthattheDukeofBurgundywas,atthatverymoment,insecrettreatywiththeDauphin;andhethereforeabandonedthenegotiation.
　　TheDukeofBurgundyandtheDauphin,eachofwhomwiththebestreasondistrustedtheotherasanobleruffiansurroundedbyapartyofnobleruffians,wereratheratalosshowtoproceedafterthis;but,atlengththeyagreedtomeet,onabridgeovertheriverYonne,whereitwasarrangedthatthereshouldbetwostronggatesputup,withanemptyspacebetweenthem;andthattheDukeofBurgundyshouldcomeintothatspacebyonegate,withtenmenonly;andthattheDauphinshouldcomeintothatspacebytheothergate,alsowithtenmen,andnomore.
　　SofartheDauphinkepthisword,butnofarther.WhentheDukeofBurgundywasonhiskneebeforehimintheactofspeaking,oneoftheDauphin'snobleruffianscutthesaiddukedownwithasmallaxe,andothersspeedilyfinishedhim.
　　ItwasinvainfortheDauphintopretendthatthisbasemurderwasnotdonewithhisconsent;itwastoobad,evenforFrance,andcausedageneralhorror.Theduke'sheirhastenedtomakeatreatywithKingHenry,andtheFrenchQueenengagedthatherhusbandshouldconsenttoit,whateveritwas.Henrymadepeace,onconditionofreceivingthePrincessCatherineinmarriage,andbeingmadeRegentofFranceduringtherestoftheKing'slifetime,andsucceedingtotheFrenchcrownathisdeath.HewassoonmarriedtothebeautifulPrincess,andtookherproudlyhometoEngland,whereshewascrownedwithgreathonourandglory.
　　ThispeacewascalledthePerpetualPeace;weshallsoonseehowlongitlasted.ItgavegreatsatisfactiontotheFrenchpeople,althoughtheyweresopoorandmiserable,that,atthetimeofthecelebrationoftheRoyalmarriage,numbersofthemweredyingwithstarvation,onthedunghillsinthestreetsofParis.TherewassomeresistanceonthepartoftheDauphininsomefewpartsofFrance,butKingHenrybeatitalldown.
　　Andnow,withhisgreatpossessionsinFrancesecured,andhisbeautifulwifetocheerhim,andasonborntogivehimgreaterhappiness,allappearedbrightbeforehim.But,inthefulnessofhistriumphandtheheightofhispower,Deathcameuponhim,andhisdaywasdone.WhenhefellillatVincennes,andfoundthathecouldnotrecover,hewasverycalmandquiet,andspokeserenelytothosewhoweptaroundhisbed.Hiswifeandchild,hesaid,helefttothelovingcareofhisbrothertheDukeofBedford,andhisotherfaithfulnobles.HegavethemhisadvicethatEnglandshouldestablishafriendshipwiththenewDukeofBurgundy,andofferhimtheregencyofFrance;thatitshouldnotsetfreetheroyalprinceswhohadbeentakenatAgincourt;andthat,whateverquarrelmightarisewithFrance,EnglandshouldnevermakepeacewithoutholdingNormandy.Then,helaiddownhishead,andaskedtheattendantprieststochantthepenitentialpsalms.Amidwhichsolemnsounds,onthethirty-firstofAugust,onethousandfourhundredandtwenty-two,inonlythethirty-fourthyearofhisageandthetenthofhisreign,KingHenrytheFifthpassedaway.
　　SlowlyandmournfullytheycarriedhisembalmedbodyinaprocessionofgreatstatetoParis,andthencetoRouenwherehisQueenwas:fromwhomthesadintelligenceofhisdeathwasconcealeduntilhehadbeendeadsomedays.Thence,lyingonabedofcrimsonandgold,withagoldencrownuponthehead,andagoldenballandsceptrelyinginthenervelesshands,theycarriedittoCalais,withsuchagreatretinueasseemedtodyetheroadblack.TheKingofScotlandactedaschiefmourner,alltheRoyalHouseholdfollowed,theknightsworeblackarmourandblackplumesoffeathers,crowdsofmenboretorches,makingthenightaslightasday;andthewidowedPrincessfollowedlastofall.AtCalaistherewasafleetofshipstobringthefuneralhosttoDover.Andso,bywayofLondonBridge,wheretheserviceforthedeadwaschantedasitpassedalong,theybroughtthebodytoWestminsterAbbey,andthereburieditwithgreatrespect.
　　CHAPTERXXII-ENGLANDUNDERHENRYTHESIXTH
　　PARTTHEFIRST
　　IThadbeenthewishofthelateKing,thatwhilehisinfantsonKINGHENRYTHESIXTH,atthistimeonlyninemonthsold,wasunderage,theDukeofGloucestershouldbeappointedRegent.TheEnglishParliament,however,preferredtoappointaCouncilofRegency,withtheDukeofBedfordatitshead:toberepresented,inhisabsenceonly,bytheDukeofGloucester.TheParliamentwouldseemtohavebeenwiseinthis,forGloucestersoonshowedhimselftobeambitiousandtroublesome,and,inthegratificationofhisownpersonalschemes,gavedangerousoffencetotheDukeofBurgundy,whichwaswithdifficultyadjusted.
　　AsthatdukedeclinedtheRegencyofFrance,itwasbestowedbythepoorFrenchKingupontheDukeofBedford.But,theFrenchKingdyingwithintwomonths,theDauphininstantlyassertedhisclaimtotheFrenchthrone,andwasactuallycrownedunderthetitleofCHARLESTHESEVENTH.TheDukeofBedford,tobeamatchforhim,enteredintoafriendlyleaguewiththeDukesofBurgundyandBrittany,andgavethemhistwosistersinmarriage.WarwithFrancewasimmediatelyrenewed,andthePerpetualPeacecametoanuntimelyend.
　　Inthefirstcampaign,theEnglish,aidedbythisalliance,werespeedilysuccessful.AsScotland,however,hadsenttheFrenchfivethousandmen,andmightsendmore,orattacktheNorthofEnglandwhileEnglandwasbusywithFrance,itwasconsideredthatitwouldbeagoodthingtooffertheScottishKing,James,whohadbeensolongimprisoned,hisliberty,onhispayingfortythousandpoundsforhisboardandlodgingduringnineteenyears,andengagingtoforbidhissubjectsfromservingundertheflagofFrance.Itispleasanttoknow,notonlythattheamiablecaptiveatlastregainedhisfreedomupontheseterms,but,thathemarriedanobleEnglishlady,withwhomhehadbeenlonginlove,andbecameanexcellentKing.IamafraidwehavemetwithsomeKingsinthishistory,andshallmeetwithsomemore,whowouldhavebeenverymuchthebetter,andwouldhavelefttheworldmuchhappier,iftheyhadbeenimprisonednineteenyearstoo.
　　Inthesecondcampaign,theEnglishgainedaconsiderablevictoryatVerneuil,inabattlewhichwaschieflyremarkable,otherwise,fortheirresortingtotheoddexpedientoftyingtheirbaggage-
　　horsestogetherbytheheadsandtails,andjumblingthemupwiththebaggage,soastoconvertthemintoasortoflivefortification-whichwasfoundusefultothetroops,butwhichI
　　shouldthinkwasnotagreeabletothehorses.Forthreeyearsafterwardsverylittlewasdone,owingtobothsidesbeingtoopoorforwar,whichisaveryexpensiveentertainment;but,acouncilwasthenheldinParis,inwhichitwasdecidedtolaysiegetothetownofOrleans,whichwasaplaceofgreatimportancetotheDauphin'scause.AnEnglisharmyoftenthousandmenwasdespatchedonthisservice,underthecommandoftheEarlofSalisbury,ageneraloffame.Hebeingunfortunatelykilledearlyinthesiege,theEarlofSuffolktookhisplace;underwhomreinforcedbySIRJOHNFALSTAFF,whobroughtupfourhundredwaggonsladenwithsaltherringsandotherprovisionsforthetroops,and,beatingofftheFrenchwhotriedtointercepthim,camevictoriousoutofahotskirmish,whichwasafterwardscalledinjesttheBattleoftheHerringsthetownofOrleanswassocompletelyhemmedin,thatthebesiegedproposedtoyieldituptotheircountrymantheDukeofBurgundy.TheEnglishgeneral,however,repliedthathisEnglishmenhadwonit,sofar,bytheirbloodandvalour,andthathisEnglishmenmusthaveit.Thereseemedtobenohopeforthetown,orfortheDauphin,whowassodismayedthatheeventhoughtofflyingtoScotlandortoSpain-
　　whenapeasantgirlroseupandchangedthewholestateofaffairs.
　　ThestoryofthispeasantgirlIhavenowtotell.
　　PARTTHESECOND:THESTORYOFJOANOFARC
　　INaremotevillageamongsomewildhillsintheprovinceofLorraine,therelivedacountrymanwhosenamewasJACQUESD'ARC.
　　Hehadadaughter,JOANOFARC,whowasatthistimeinhertwentiethyear.Shehadbeenasolitarygirlfromherchildhood;
　　shehadoftentendedsheepandcattleforwholedayswherenohumanfigurewasseenorhumanvoiceheard;andshehadoftenknelt,forhourstogether,inthegloomy,empty,littlevillagechapel,lookingupatthealtarandatthedimlampburningbeforeit,untilshefanciedthatshesawshadowyfiguresstandingthere,andeventhatsheheardthemspeaktoher.ThepeopleinthatpartofFrancewereveryignorantandsuperstitious,andtheyhadmanyghostlytalestotellaboutwhattheyhaddreamed,andwhattheysawamongthelonelyhillswhenthecloudsandthemistswererestingonthem.So,theyeasilybelievedthatJoansawstrangesights,andtheywhisperedamongthemselvesthatangelsandspiritstalkedtoher.
　　Atlast,Joantoldherfatherthatshehadonedaybeensurprisedbyagreatunearthlylight,andhadafterwardsheardasolemnvoice,whichsaiditwasSaintMichael'svoice,tellingherthatshewastogoandhelptheDauphin.Soonafterthisshesaid,SaintCatherineandSaintMargarethadappearedtoherwithsparklingcrownsupontheirheads,andhadencouragedhertobevirtuousandresolute.Thesevisionshadreturnedsometimes;buttheVoicesveryoften;andthevoicesalwayssaid,'Joan,thouartappointedbyHeaventogoandhelptheDauphin!'Shealmostalwaysheardthemwhilethechapelbellswereringing.
　　Thereisnodoubt,now,thatJoanbelievedshesawandheardthesethings.Itisverywellknownthatsuchdelusionsareadiseasewhichisnotbyanymeansuncommon.ItisprobableenoughthattherewerefiguresofSaintMichael,andSaintCatherine,andSaintMargaret,inthelittlechapelwheretheywouldbeverylikelytohaveshiningcrownsupontheirheads,andthattheyfirstgaveJoantheideaofthosethreepersonages.Shehadlongbeenamoping,fancifulgirl,and,thoughshewasaverygoodgirl,Idaresayshewasalittlevain,andwishfulfornotoriety.
　　Herfather,somethingwiserthanhisneighbours,said,'Itellthee,Joan,itisthyfancy.Thouhadstbetterhaveakindhusbandtotakecareofthee,girl,andworktoemploythymind!'ButJoantoldhiminreply,thatshehadtakenavownevertohaveahusband,andthatshemustgoasHeavendirectedher,tohelptheDauphin.
　　Ithappened,unfortunatelyforherfather'spersuasions,andmostunfortunatelyforthepoorgirl,too,thatapartyoftheDauphin'senemiesfoundtheirwayintothevillagewhileJoan'sdisorderwasatthispoint,andburntthechapel,anddroveouttheinhabitants.
　　Thecrueltiesshesawcommitted,touchedJoan'sheartandmadeherworse.Shesaidthatthevoicesandthefigureswerenowcontinuallywithher;thattheytoldhershewasthegirlwho,accordingtoanoldprophecy,wastodeliverFrance;andshemustgoandhelptheDauphin,andmustremainwithhimuntilheshouldbecrownedatRheims:andthatshemusttravelalongwaytoacertainlordnamedBAUDRICOURT,whocouldandwould,bringherintotheDauphin'spresence.
　　Asherfatherstillsaid,'Itellthee,Joan,itisthyfancy,'shesetofftofindoutthislord,accompaniedbyanuncle,apoorvillagewheelwrightandcart-maker,whobelievedintherealityofhervisions.Theytravelledalongwayandwentonandon,overaroughcountry,fulloftheDukeofBurgundy'smen,andofallkindsofrobbersandmarauders,untiltheycametowherethislordwas.
　　WhenhisservantstoldhimthattherewasapoorpeasantgirlnamedJoanofArc,accompaniedbynobodybutanoldvillagewheelwrightandcart-maker,whowishedtoseehimbecauseshewascommandedtohelptheDauphinandsaveFrance,Baudricourtburstouta-laughing,andbadethemsendthegirlaway.But,hesoonheardsomuchaboutherlingeringinthetown,andprayinginthechurches,andseeingvisions,anddoingharmtonoone,thathesentforher,andquestionedher.Asshesaidthesamethingsaftershehadbeenwellsprinkledwithholywaterasshehadsaidbeforethesprinkling,Baudricourtbegantothinktheremightbesomethinginit.Atallevents,hethoughtitworthwhiletosendherontothetownofChinon,wheretheDauphinwas.So,heboughtherahorse,andasword,andgavehertwosquirestoconducther.AstheVoiceshadtoldJoanthatshewastowearaman'sdress,now,sheputoneon,andgirdedherswordtoherside,andboundspurstoherheels,andmountedherhorseandrodeawaywithhertwosquires.Astoherunclethewheelwright,hestoodstaringathisnieceinwonderuntilshewasoutofsight-aswellhemight-andthenwenthomeagain.Thebestplace,too.
　　Joanandhertwosquiresrodeonandon,untiltheycametoChinon,whereshewas,aftersomedoubt,admittedintotheDauphin'spresence.Pickinghimoutimmediatelyfromallhiscourt,shetoldhimthatshecamecommandedbyHeaventosubduehisenemiesandconducthimtohiscoronationatRheims.Shealsotoldhimorhepretendedsoafterwards,tomakethegreaterimpressionuponhissoldiersanumberofhissecretsknownonlytohimself,and,furthermore,shesaidtherewasanold,oldswordinthecathedralofSaintCatherineatFierbois,markedwithfiveoldcrossesontheblade,whichSaintCatherinehadorderedhertowear.
　　Now,nobodyknewanythingaboutthisold,oldsword,butwhenthecathedralcametobeexamined-whichwasimmediatelydone-there,sureenough,theswordwasfound!TheDauphinthenrequiredanumberofgravepriestsandbishopstogivehimtheiropinionwhetherthegirlderivedherpowerfromgoodspiritsorfromevilspirits,whichtheyheldprodigiouslylongdebatesabout,inthecourseofwhichseverallearnedmenfellfastasleepandsnoredloudly.Atlast,whenonegruffoldgentlemanhadsaidtoJoan,'WhatlanguagedoyourVoicesspeak?'andwhenJoanhadrepliedtothegruffoldgentleman,'Apleasanterlanguagethanyours,'theyagreedthatitwasallcorrect,andthatJoanofArcwasinspiredfromHeaven.ThiswonderfulcircumstanceputnewheartintotheDauphin'ssoldierswhentheyheardofit,anddispiritedtheEnglisharmy,whotookJoanforawitch.
　　SoJoanmountedhorseagain,andagainrodeonandon,untilshecametoOrleans.Butsherodenow,asneverpeasantgirlhadriddenyet.Sherodeuponawhitewar-horse,inasuitofglitteringarmour;withtheold,oldswordfromthecathedral,newlyburnished,inherbelt;withawhiteflagcarriedbeforeher,uponwhichwereapictureofGod,andthewordsJESUSMARIA.Inthissplendidstate,attheheadofagreatbodyoftroopsescortingprovisionsofallkindsforthestarvinginhabitantsofOrleans,sheappearedbeforethatbeleagueredcity.
　　Whenthepeopleonthewallsbeheldher,theycriedout'TheMaidiscome!TheMaidoftheProphecyiscometodeliverus!'Andthis,andthesightoftheMaidfightingattheheadoftheirmen,madetheFrenchsobold,andmadetheEnglishsofearful,thattheEnglishlineoffortswassoonbroken,thetroopsandprovisionsweregotintothetown,andOrleanswassaved.
　　Joan,henceforthcalledTHEMAIDOFORLEANS,remainedwithinthewallsforafewdays,andcausedletterstobethrownover,orderingLordSuffolkandhisEnglishmentodepartfrombeforethetownaccordingtothewillofHeaven.AstheEnglishgeneralverypositivelydeclinedtobelievethatJoanknewanythingaboutthewillofHeavenwhichdidnotmendthematterwithhissoldiers,fortheystupidlysaidifshewerenotinspiredshewasawitch,anditwasofnousetofightagainstawitch,shemountedherwhitewar-horseagain,andorderedherwhitebannertoadvance.
　　Thebesiegersheldthebridge,andsomestrongtowersuponthebridge;andheretheMaidofOrleansattackedthem.Thefightwasfourteenhourslong.Sheplantedascalingladderwithherownhands,andmountedatowerwall,butwasstruckbyanEnglisharrowintheneck,andfellintothetrench.Shewascarriedawayandthearrowwastakenout,duringwhichoperationshescreamedandcriedwiththepain,asanyothergirlmighthavedone;butpresentlyshesaidthattheVoiceswerespeakingtoherandsoothinghertorest.Afterawhile,shegotup,andwasagainforemostinthefight.WhentheEnglishwhohadseenherfallandsupposedherdead,sawthis,theyweretroubledwiththestrangestfears,andsomeofthemcriedoutthattheybeheldSaintMichaelonawhitehorseprobablyJoanherselffightingfortheFrench.
　　Theylostthebridge,andlostthetowers,andnextdaysettheirchainoffortsonfire,andlefttheplace.
　　ButasLordSuffolkhimselfretirednofartherthanthetownofJargeau,whichwasonlyafewmilesoff,theMaidofOrleansbesiegedhimthere,andhewastakenprisoner.Asthewhitebannerscaledthewall,shewasstruckupontheheadwithastone,andwasagaintumbleddownintotheditch;but,sheonlycriedallthemore,asshelaythere,'On,on,mycountrymen!Andfearnothing,fortheLordhathdeliveredthemintoourhands!'AfterthisnewsuccessoftheMaid's,severalotherfortressesandplaceswhichhadpreviouslyheldoutagainsttheDauphinweredeliveredupwithoutabattle;andatPatayshedefeatedtheremainderoftheEnglisharmy,andsetuphervictoriouswhitebanneronafieldwheretwelvehundredEnglishmenlaydead.
　　ShenowurgedtheDauphinwhoalwayskeptoutofthewaywhentherewasanyfightingtoproceedtoRheims,asthefirstpartofhermissionwasaccomplished;andtocompletethewholebybeingcrownedthere.TheDauphinwasinnoparticularhurrytodothis,asRheimswasalongwayoff,andtheEnglishandtheDukeofBurgundywerestillstronginthecountrythroughwhichtheroadlay.However,theysetforth,withtenthousandmen,andagaintheMaidofOrleansrodeonandon,uponherwhitewar-horse,andinhershiningarmour.Whenevertheycametoatownwhichyieldedreadily,thesoldiersbelievedinher;but,whenevertheycametoatownwhichgavethemanytrouble,theybegantomurmurthatshewasanimpostor.ThelatterwasparticularlythecaseatTroyes,whichfinallyyielded,however,throughthepersuasionofoneRichard,afriaroftheplace.FriarRichardwasintheolddoubtabouttheMaidofOrleans,untilhehadsprinkledherwellwithholywater,andhadalsowellsprinkledthethresholdofthegatebywhichshecameintothecity.Findingthatitmadenochangeinherorthegate,hesaid,astheothergraveoldgentlemenhadsaid,thatitwasallright,andbecamehergreatally.
　　So,atlast,bydintofridingonandon,theMaidofOrleans,andtheDauphin,andthetenthousandsometimesbelievingandsometimesunbelievingmen,cametoRheims.AndinthegreatcathedralofRheims,theDauphinactuallywascrownedCharlestheSeventhinagreatassemblyofthepeople.Then,theMaid,whowithherwhitebannerstoodbesidetheKinginthathourofhistriumph,kneeleddownuponthepavementathisfeet,andsaid,withtears,thatwhatshehadbeeninspiredtodo,wasdone,andthattheonlyrecompensesheaskedfor,was,thatsheshouldnowhaveleavetogobacktoherdistanthome,andhersturdilyincredulousfather,andherfirstsimpleescortthevillagewheelwrightandcart-maker.ButtheKingsaid'No!'andmadeherandherfamilyasnobleasaKingcould,andsettleduponhertheincomeofaCount.
　　Ah!happyhaditbeenfortheMaidofOrleans,ifshehadresumedherrusticdressthatday,andhadgonehometothelittlechapelandthewildhills,andhadforgottenallthesethings,andhadbeenagoodman'swife,andhadheardnostrangervoicesthanthevoicesoflittlechildren!
　　Itwasnottobe,andshecontinuedhelpingtheKingshedidaworldforhim,inalliancewithFriarRichard,andtryingtoimprovethelivesofthecoarsesoldiers,andleadingareligious,anunselfish,andamodestlife,herself,beyondanydoubt.Still,manytimessheprayedtheKingtolethergohome;andoncesheeventookoffherbrightarmourandhungitupinachurch,meaningnevertowearitmore.But,theKingalwayswonherbackagain-
　　whileshewasofanyusetohim-andsoshewentonandonandon,toherdoom.
　　WhentheDukeofBedford,whowasaveryableman,begantobeactiveforEngland,and,bybringingthewarbackintoFranceandbyholdingtheDukeofBurgundytohisfaith,todistressanddisturbCharlesverymuch,CharlessometimesaskedtheMaidofOrleanswhattheVoicessaidaboutit?But,theVoiceshadbecomeverylikeordinaryvoicesinperplexedtimescontradictoryandconfused,sothatnowtheysaidonething,andnowsaidanother,andtheMaidlostcrediteveryday.CharlesmarchedonParis,whichwasopposedtohim,andattackedthesuburbofSaintHonore.
　　Inthisfight,beingagainstruckdownintotheditch,shewasabandonedbythewholearmy.Shelayunaidedamongaheapofdead,andcrawledouthowshecould.Then,someofherbelieverswentovertoanoppositionMaid,CatherineofLaRochelle,whosaidshewasinspiredtotellwherethereweretreasuresofburiedmoney-
　　thoughsheneverdid-andthenJoanaccidentallybroketheold,oldsword,andotherssaidthatherpowerwasbrokenwithit.
　　Finally,atthesiegeofCompi奼ne,heldbytheDukeofBurgundy,whereshedidvaliantservice,shewasbaselyleftaloneinaretreat,thoughfacingaboutandfightingtothelast;andanarcherpulledheroffherhorse.
　　Otheuproarthatwasmade,andthethanksgivingsthatweresung,aboutthecaptureofthisonepoorcountry-girl!Othewayinwhichshewasdemandedtobetriedforsorceryandheresy,andanythingelseyoulike,bytheInquisitor-GeneralofFrance,andbythisgreatman,andbythatgreatman,untilitiswearisometothinkof!ShewasboughtatlastbytheBishopofBeauvaisfortenthousandfrancs,andwasshutupinhernarrowprison:plainJoanofArcagain,andMaidofOrleansnomore.
　　IshouldneverhavedoneifIweretotellyouhowtheyhadJoanouttoexamineher,andcross-examineher,andre-examineher,andworryherintosayinganythingandeverything;andhowallsortsofscholarsanddoctorsbestowedtheirutmosttediousnessuponher.
　　Sixteentimesshewasbroughtoutandshutupagain,andworried,andentrapped,andarguedwith,untilshewasheart-sickofthedrearybusiness.Onthelastoccasionofthiskindshewasbroughtintoaburial-placeatRouen,dismallydecoratedwithascaffold,andastakeandfaggots,andtheexecutioner,andapulpitwithafriartherein,andanawfulsermonready.ItisveryaffectingtoknowthatevenatthatpassthepoorgirlhonouredthemeanverminofaKing,whohadsousedherforhispurposesandsoabandonedher;and,thatwhileshehadbeenregardlessofreproachesheapeduponherself,shespokeoutcourageouslyforhim.
　　Itwasnaturalinonesoyoungtoholdtolife.Tosaveherlife,shesignedadeclarationpreparedforher-signeditwithacross,forshecouldn'twrite-thatallhervisionsandVoiceshadcomefromtheDevil.Uponherrecantingthepast,andprotestingthatshewouldneverwearaman'sdressinfuture,shewascondemnedtoimprisonmentforlife,'onthebreadofsorrowandthewaterofaffliction.'
　　But,onthebreadofsorrowandthewaterofaffliction,thevisionsandtheVoicessoonreturned.Itwasquitenaturalthattheyshoulddoso,forthatkindofdiseaseismuchaggravatedbyfasting,loneliness,andanxietyofmind.ItwasnotonlygotoutofJoanthatsheconsideredherselfinspiredagain,but,shewastakeninaman'sdress,whichhadbeenleft-toentrapher-inherprison,andwhichsheputon,inhersolitude;perhaps,inremembranceofherpastglories,perhaps,becausetheimaginaryVoicestoldher.Forthisrelapseintothesorceryandheresyandanythingelseyoulike,shewassentencedtobeburnttodeath.
　　And,inthemarket-placeofRouen,inthehideousdresswhichthemonkshadinventedforsuchspectacles;withpriestsandbishopssittinginagallerylookingon,thoughsomehadtheChristiangracetogoaway,unabletoenduretheinfamousscene;thisshriekinggirl-lastseenamidstthesmokeandfire,holdingacrucifixbetweenherhands;lastheard,callinguponChrist-wasburnttoashes.TheythrewherashesintotheriverSeine;buttheywillriseagainsthermurderersonthelastday.
　　Fromthemomentofhercapture,neithertheFrenchKingnoronesinglemaninallhiscourtraisedafingertosaveher.Itisnodefenceofthemthattheymayhaveneverreallybelievedinher,orthattheymayhavewonhervictoriesbytheirskillandbravery.
　　Themoretheypretendedtobelieveinher,themoretheyhadcausedhertobelieveinherself;andshehadeverbeentruetothem,everbrave,evernoblydevoted.But,itisnowonder,thatthey,whowereinallthingsfalsetothemselves,falsetooneanother,falsetotheircountry,falsetoHeaven,falsetoEarth,shouldbemonstersofingratitudeandtreacherytoahelplesspeasantgirl.
　　InthepicturesqueoldtownofRouen,whereweedsandgrassgrowhighonthecathedraltowers,andthevenerableNormanstreetsarestillwarmintheblessedsunlightthoughthemonkishfiresthatoncegleamedhorriblyuponthemhavelonggrowncold,thereisastatueofJoanofArc,inthesceneofherlastagony,thesquaretowhichshehasgivenitspresentname.Iknowsomestatuesofmoderntimes-evenintheWorld'smetropolis,Ithink-whichcommemoratelessconstancy,lessearnestness,smallerclaimsupontheworld'sattention,andmuchgreaterimpostors.
　　PARTTHETHIRD
　　BADdeedsseldomprosper,happilyformankind;andtheEnglishcausegainednoadvantagefromthecrueldeathofJoanofArc.Foralongtime,thewarwentheavilyon.TheDukeofBedforddied;
　　thealliancewiththeDukeofBurgundywasbroken;andLordTalbotbecameagreatgeneralontheEnglishsideinFrance.But,twooftheconsequencesofwarsare,Famine-becausethepeoplecannotpeacefullycultivatetheground-andPestilence,whichcomesofwant,misery,andsuffering.Boththesehorrorsbrokeoutinbothcountries,andlastedfortwowretchedyears.Then,thewarwentonagain,andcamebyslowdegreestobesobadlyconductedbytheEnglishgovernment,that,withintwentyyearsfromtheexecutionoftheMaidofOrleans,ofallthegreatFrenchconquests,thetownofCalaisaloneremainedinEnglishhands.
　　Whilethesevictoriesanddefeatsweretakingplaceinthecourseoftime,manystrangethingshappenedathome.TheyoungKing,ashegrewup,provedtobeveryunlikehisgreatfather,andshowedhimselfamiserablepunycreature.Therewasnoharminhim-hehadagreataversiontosheddingblood:whichwassomething-but,hewasaweak,silly,helplessyoungman,andamereshuttlecocktothegreatlordlybattledoresabouttheCourt.
　　Ofthesebattledores,CardinalBeaufort,arelationoftheKing,andtheDukeofGloucester,wereatfirstthemostpowerful.TheDukeofGloucesterhadawife,whowasnonsensicallyaccusedofpractisingwitchcrafttocausetheKing'sdeathandleadtoherhusband'scomingtothethrone,hebeingthenextheir.Shewaschargedwithhaving,bythehelpofaridiculousoldwomannamedMargerywhowascalledawitch,madealittlewaxendollintheKing'slikeness,andputitbeforeaslowfirethatitmightgraduallymeltaway.Itwassupposed,insuchcases,thatthedeathofthepersonwhomthedollwasmadetorepresent,wassuretohappen.Whethertheduchesswasasignorantastherestofthem,andreallydidmakesuchadollwithsuchanintention,I
　　don'tknow;but,youandIknowverywellthatshemighthavemadeathousanddolls,ifshehadbeenstupidenough,andmighthavemeltedthemall,withouthurtingtheKingoranybodyelse.
　　However,shewastriedforit,andsowasoldMargery,andsowasoneoftheduke'schaplains,whowaschargedwithhavingassistedthem.BothheandMargerywereputtodeath,andtheduchess,afterbeingtakenonfootandbearingalightedcandle,threetimesroundtheCity,asapenance,wasimprisonedforlife.Theduke,himself,tookallthisprettyquietly,andmadeaslittlestiraboutthematterasifhewererathergladtoberidoftheduchess.
　　But,hewasnotdestinedtokeephimselfoutoftroublelong.Theroyalshuttlecockbeingthree-and-twenty,thebattledoreswereveryanxioustogethimmarried.TheDukeofGloucesterwantedhimtomarryadaughteroftheCountofArmagnac;but,theCardinalandtheEarlofSuffolkwereallforMARGARET,thedaughteroftheKingofSicily,whotheyknewwasaresolute,ambitiouswomanandwouldgoverntheKingasshechose.Tomakefriendswiththislady,theEarlofSuffolk,whowentovertoarrangethematch,consentedtoacceptherfortheKing'swifewithoutanyfortune,andeventogiveupthetwomostvaluablepossessionsEnglandthenhadinFrance.So,themarriagewasarranged,ontermsveryadvantageoustothelady;andLordSuffolkbroughthertoEngland,andshewasmarriedatWestminster.OnwhatpretencethisqueenandherpartychargedtheDukeofGloucesterwithhightreasonwithinacoupleofyears,itisimpossibletomakeout,thematterissoconfused;
　　but,theypretendedthattheKing'slifewasindanger,andtheytookthedukeprisoner.Afortnightafterwards,hewasfounddeadinbedtheysaid,andhisbodywasshowntothepeople,andLordSuffolkcameinforthebestpartofhisestates.Youknowbythistimehowstrangelyliablestateprisonersweretosuddendeath.
　　IfCardinalBeauforthadanyhandinthismatter,itdidhimnogood,forhediedwithinsixweeks;thinkingitveryhardandcurious-ateightyyearsold!-thathecouldnotlivetobePope.
　　ThiswasthetimewhenEnglandhadcompletedherlossofallhergreatFrenchconquests.ThepeoplechargedthelossprincipallyupontheEarlofSuffolk,nowaduke,whohadmadethoseeasytermsabouttheRoyalMarriage,andwho,theybelieved,hadevenbeenboughtbyFrance.Sohewasimpeachedasatraitor,onagreatnumberofcharges,butchieflyonaccusationsofhavingaidedtheFrenchKing,andofdesigningtomakehisownsonKingofEngland.
　　TheCommonsandthepeoplebeingviolentagainsthim,theKingwasmadebyhisfriendstointerposetosavehim,bybanishinghimforfiveyears,andproroguingtheParliament.ThedukehadmuchadotoescapefromaLondonmob,twothousandstrong,wholayinwaitforhiminSt.Giles'sfields;but,hegotdowntohisownestatesinSuffolk,andsailedawayfromIpswich.SailingacrosstheChannel,hesentintoCalaistoknowifhemightlandthere;
　　but,theykepthisboatandmenintheharbour,untilanEnglishship,carryingahundredandfiftymenandcalledtheNicholasoftheTower,camealongsidehislittlevessel,andorderedhimonboard.'Welcome,traitor,asmensay,'wasthecaptain'sgrimandnotveryrespectfulsalutation.Hewaskeptonboard,aprisoner,foreight-and-fortyhours,andthenasmallboatappearedrowingtowardtheship.Asthisboatcamenearer,itwasseentohaveinitablock,arustysword,andanexecutionerinablackmask.Thedukewashandeddownintoit,andtherehisheadwascutoffwithsixstrokesoftherustysword.Then,thelittleboatrowedawaytoDoverbeach,wherethebodywascastout,andleftuntiltheduchessclaimedit.Bywhom,highinauthority,thismurderwascommitted,hasneverappeared.Noonewaseverpunishedforit.
　　TherenowaroseinKentanIrishman,whogavehimselfthenameofMortimer,butwhoserealnamewasJACKCADE.Jack,inimitationofWatTyler,thoughhewasaverydifferentandinferiorsortofman,addressedtheKentishmenupontheirwrongs,occasionedbythebadgovernmentofEngland,amongsomanybattledoresandsuchapoorshuttlecock;andtheKentishmenroseuptothenumberoftwentythousand.TheirplaceofassemblywasBlackheath,where,headedbyJack,theyputforthtwopapers,whichtheycalled'TheComplaintoftheCommonsofKent,'and'TheRequestsoftheCaptainoftheGreatAssemblyinKent.'TheythenretiredtoSevenoaks.Theroyalarmycomingupwiththemhere,theybeatitandkilledtheirgeneral.Then,Jackdressedhimselfinthedeadgeneral'sarmour,andledhismentoLondon.
　　JackpassedintotheCityfromSouthwark,overthebridge,andentereditintriumph,givingthestrictestorderstohismennottoplunder.Havingmadeashowofhisforcesthere,whilethecitizenslookedonquietly,hewentbackintoSouthwarkingoodorder,andpassedthenight.Nextday,hecamebackagain,havinggotholdinthemeantimeofLordSay,anunpopularnobleman.SaysJacktotheLordMayorandjudges:'WillyoubesogoodastomakeatribunalinGuildhall,andtrymethisnobleman?'Thecourtbeinghastilymade,hewasfoundguilty,andJackandhismencuthisheadoffonCornhill.Theyalsocutofftheheadofhisson-
　　in-law,andthenwentbackingoodordertoSouthwarkagain.
　　But,althoughthecitizenscouldbearthebeheadingofanunpopularlord,theycouldnotbeartohavetheirhousespillaged.AnditdidsohappenthatJack,afterdinner-perhapshehaddrunkalittletoomuch-begantoplunderthehousewherehelodged;uponwhich,ofcourse,hismenbegantoimitatehim.Wherefore,theLondonerstookcounselwithLordScales,whohadathousandsoldiersintheTower;anddefendedLondonBridge,andkeptJackandhispeopleout.Thisadvantagegained,itwasresolvedbydiversgreatmentodivideJack'sarmyintheoldway,bymakingagreatmanypromisesonbehalfofthestate,thatwereneverintendedtobeperformed.ThisDIDdividethem;someofJack'smensayingthattheyoughttotaketheconditionswhichwereoffered,andotherssayingthattheyoughtnot,fortheywereonlyasnare;
　　somegoinghomeatonce;othersstayingwheretheywere;andalldoubtingandquarrellingamongthemselves.
　　Jack,whowasintwomindsaboutfightingoracceptingapardon,andwhoindeeddidboth,sawatlastthattherewasnothingtoexpectfromhismen,andthatitwasverylikelysomeofthemwoulddeliverhimupandgetarewardofathousandmarks,whichwasofferedforhisapprehension.So,aftertheyhadtravelledandquarrelledallthewayfromSouthwarktoBlackheath,andfromBlackheathtoRochester,hemountedagoodhorseandgallopedawayintoSussex.But,theregallopedafterhim,onabetterhorse,oneAlexanderIden,whocameupwithhim,hadahardfightwithhim,andkilledhim.Jack'sheadwassetaloftonLondonBridge,withthefacelookingtowardsBlackheath,wherehehadraisedhisflag;
　　andAlexanderIdengotthethousandmarks.
　　Itissupposedbysome,thattheDukeofYork,whohadbeenremovedfromahighpostabroadthroughtheQueen'sinfluence,andsentoutoftheway,togovernIreland,wasatthebottomofthisrisingofJackandhismen,becausehewantedtotroublethegovernment.HeclaimedthoughnotyetpubliclytohaveabetterrighttothethronethanHenryofLancaster,asoneofthefamilyoftheEarlofMarch,whomHenrytheFourthhadsetaside.Touchingthisclaim,which,beingthroughfemalerelationship,wasnotaccordingtotheusualdescent,itisenoughtosaythatHenrytheFourthwasthefreechoiceofthepeopleandtheParliament,andthathisfamilyhadnowreignedundisputedforsixtyyears.ThememoryofHenrytheFifthwassofamous,andtheEnglishpeopleloveditsomuch,thattheDukeofYork'sclaimwould,perhaps,neverhavebeenthoughtofitwouldhavebeensohopelessbutfortheunfortunatecircumstanceofthepresentKing'sbeingbythistimequiteanidiot,andthecountryveryillgoverned.ThesetwocircumstancesgavetheDukeofYorkapowerhecouldnototherwisehavehad.
　　WhethertheDukeknewanythingofJackCade,ornot,hecameoverfromIrelandwhileJack'sheadwasonLondonBridge;beingsecretlyadvisedthattheQueenwassettinguphisenemy,theDukeofSomerset,againsthim.HewenttoWestminster,attheheadoffourthousandmen,andonhiskneesbeforetheKing,representedtohimthebadstateofthecountry,andpetitionedhimtosummonaParliamenttoconsiderit.ThistheKingpromised.WhentheParliamentwassummoned,theDukeofYorkaccusedtheDukeofSomerset,andtheDukeofSomersetaccusedtheDukeofYork;and,bothinandoutofParliament,thefollowersofeachpartywerefullofviolenceandhatredtowardstheother.AtlengththeDukeofYorkputhimselfattheheadofalargeforceofhistenants,and,inarms,demandedthereformationoftheGovernment.BeingshutoutofLondon,heencampedatDartford,andtheroyalarmyencampedatBlackheath.Accordingaseithersidetriumphed,theDukeofYorkwasarrested,ortheDukeofSomersetwasarrested.
　　Thetroubleended,forthemoment,intheDukeofYorkrenewinghisoathofallegiance,andgoinginpeacetooneofhisowncastles.
　　HalfayearafterwardstheQueengavebirthtoason,whowasveryillreceivedbythepeople,andnotbelievedtobethesonoftheKing.ItshowstheDukeofYorktohavebeenamoderateman,unwillingtoinvolveEnglandinnewtroubles,thathedidnottakeadvantageofthegeneraldiscontentatthistime,butreallyactedforthepublicgood.Hewasmadeamemberofthecabinet,andtheKingbeingnowsomuchworsethathecouldnotbecarriedaboutandshowntothepeoplewithanydecency,thedukewasmadeLordProtectorofthekingdom,untiltheKingshouldrecover,orthePrinceshouldcomeofage.AtthesametimetheDukeofSomersetwascommittedtotheTower.So,nowtheDukeofSomersetwasdown,andtheDukeofYorkwasup.Bytheendoftheyear,however,theKingrecoveredhismemoryandsomesparkofsense;uponwhichtheQueenusedherpower-whichrecoveredwithhim-togettheProtectordisgraced,andherfavouritereleased.SonowtheDukeofYorkwasdown,andtheDukeofSomersetwasup.
　　TheseducalupsanddownsgraduallyseparatedthewholenationintothetwopartiesofYorkandLancaster,andledtothoseterriblecivilwarslongknownastheWarsoftheRedandWhiteRoses,becausetheredrosewasthebadgeoftheHouseofLancaster,andthewhiterosewasthebadgeoftheHouseofYork.
　　TheDukeofYork,joinedbysomeotherpowerfulnoblemenoftheWhiteRoseparty,andleadingasmallarmy,mettheKingwithanothersmallarmyatSt.Alban's,anddemandedthattheDukeofSomersetshouldbegivenup.ThepoorKing,beingmadetosayinanswerthathewouldsoonerdie,wasinstantlyattacked.TheDukeofSomersetwaskilled,andtheKinghimselfwaswoundedintheneck,andtookrefugeinthehouseofapoortanner.Whereupon,theDukeofYorkwenttohim,ledhimwithgreatsubmissiontotheAbbey,andsaidhewasverysorryforwhathadhappened.HavingnowtheKinginhispossession,hegotaParliamentsummonedandhimselfoncemoremadeProtector,but,onlyforafewmonths;for,ontheKinggettingalittlebetteragain,theQueenandherpartygothimintotheirpossession,anddisgracedtheDukeoncemore.
　　So,nowtheDukeofYorkwasdownagain.
　　Someofthebestmeninpower,seeingthedangeroftheseconstantchanges,triedeventhentopreventtheRedandtheWhiteRoseWars.TheybroughtaboutagreatcouncilinLondonbetweenthetwoparties.TheWhiteRosesassembledinBlackfriars,theRedRosesinWhitefriars;andsomegoodpriestscommunicatedbetweenthem,andmadetheproceedingsknownateveningtotheKingandthejudges.Theyendedinapeacefulagreementthatthereshouldbenomorequarrelling;andtherewasagreatroyalprocessiontoSt.
　　Paul's,inwhichtheQueenwalkedarm-in-armwithheroldenemy,theDukeofYork,toshowthepeoplehowcomfortabletheyallwere.
　　Thisstateofpeacelastedhalfayear,whenadisputebetweentheEarlofWarwickoneoftheDuke'spowerfulfriendsandsomeoftheKing'sservantsatCourt,ledtoanattackuponthatEarl-whowasaWhiteRose-andtoasuddenbreakingoutofalloldanimosities.So,hereweregreaterupsanddownsthanever.
　　Therewereevengreaterupsanddownsthanthese,soonafter.
　　Aftervariousbattles,theDukeofYorkfledtoIreland,andhissontheEarlofMarchtoCalais,withtheirfriendstheEarlsofSalisburyandWarwick;andaParliamentwashelddeclaringthemalltraitors.Littletheworseforthis,theEarlofWarwickpresentlycameback,landedinKent,wasjoinedbytheArchbishopofCanterburyandotherpowerfulnoblemenandgentlemen,engagedtheKing'sforcesatNorthampton,signallydefeatedthem,andtooktheKinghimselfprisoner,whowasfoundinhistent.Warwickwouldhavebeenglad,Idaresay,tohavetakentheQueenandPrincetoo,buttheyescapedintoWalesandthenceintoScotland.
　　TheKingwascarriedbythevictoriousforcestraighttoLondon,andmadetocallanewParliament,whichimmediatelydeclaredthattheDukeofYorkandthoseothernoblemenwerenottraitors,butexcellentsubjects.Then,backcomestheDukefromIrelandattheheadoffivehundredhorsemen,ridesfromLondontoWestminster,andenterstheHouseofLords.There,helaidhishandupontheclothofgoldwhichcoveredtheemptythrone,asifhehadhalfamindtositdowninit-buthedidnot.OntheArchbishopofCanterbury,askinghimifhewouldvisittheKing,whowasinhispalacecloseby,hereplied,'Iknownooneinthiscountry,mylord,whooughtnottovisitME.'Noneofthelordspresentspokeasingleword;so,thedukewentoutashehadcomein,establishedhimselfroyallyintheKing'spalace,and,sixdaysafterwards,sentintotheLordsaformalstatementofhisclaimtothethrone.
　　ThelordswenttotheKingonthismomentoussubject,andafteragreatdealofdiscussion,inwhichthejudgesandtheotherlawofficerswereafraidtogiveanopiniononeitherside,thequestionwascompromised.ItwasagreedthatthepresentKingshouldretainthecrownforhislife,andthatitshouldthenpasstotheDukeofYorkandhisheirs.
　　But,theresoluteQueen,determinedonassertingherson'sright,wouldhearofnosuchthing.ShecamefromScotlandtothenorthofEngland,whereseveralpowerfullordsarmedinhercause.TheDukeofYork,forhispart,setoffwithsomefivethousandmen,alittletimebeforeChristmasDay,onethousandfourhundredandsixty,togiveherbattle.HelodgedatSandalCastle,nearWakefield,andtheRedRosesdefiedhimtocomeoutonWakefieldGreen,andfightthemthenandthere.Hisgeneralssaid,hehadbestwaituntilhisgallantson,theEarlofMarch,cameupwithhispower;but,hewasdeterminedtoacceptthechallenge.Hedidso,inanevilhour.Hewashotlypressedonallsides,twothousandofhismenlaydeadonWakefieldGreen,andhehimselfwastakenprisoner.Theysethimdowninmockstateonanant-hill,andtwistedgrassabouthishead,andpretendedtopaycourttohimontheirknees,saying,'OKing,withoutakingdom,andPrincewithoutapeople,wehopeyourgraciousMajestyisverywellandhappy!'Theydidworsethanthis;theycuthisheadoff,andhandeditonapoletotheQueen,wholaughedwithdelightwhenshesawityourecollecttheirwalkingsoreligiouslyandcomfortablytoSt.Paul's!,andhaditfixed,withapapercrownuponitshead,onthewallsofYork.TheEarlofSalisburylosthishead,too;andtheDukeofYork'ssecondson,ahandsomeboywhowasflyingwithhistutoroverWakefieldBridge,wasstabbedintheheartbyamurderous,lord-LordCliffordbyname-whosefatherhadbeenkilledbytheWhiteRosesinthefightatSt.Alban's.
　　Therewasawfulsacrificeoflifeinthisbattle,fornoquarterwasgiven,andtheQueenwaswildforrevenge.Whenmenunnaturallyfightagainsttheirowncountrymen,theyarealwaysobservedtobemoreunnaturallycruelandfilledwithragethantheyareagainstanyotherenemy.
　　But,LordCliffordhadstabbedthesecondsonoftheDukeofYork-
　　notthefirst.Theeldestson,EdwardEarlofMarch,wasatGloucester;and,vowingvengeanceforthedeathofhisfather,hisbrother,andtheirfaithfulfriends,hebegantomarchagainsttheQueen.HehadtoturnandfightagreatbodyofWelshandIrishfirst,whoworriedhisadvance.ThesehedefeatedinagreatfightatMortimer'sCross,nearHereford,wherehebeheadedanumberoftheRedRosestakeninbattle,inretaliationforthebeheadingoftheWhiteRosesatWakefield.TheQueenhadthenextturnofbeheading.HavingmovedtowardsLondon,andfallingin,betweenSt.Alban'sandBarnet,withtheEarlofWarwickandtheDukeofNorfolk,WhiteRosesboth,whoweretherewithanarmytoopposeher,andhadgottheKingwiththem;shedefeatedthemwithgreatloss,andstruckofftheheadsoftwoprisonersofnote,whowereintheKing'stentwithhim,andtowhomtheKinghadpromisedhisprotection.Hertriumph,however,wasveryshort.Shehadnotreasure,andherarmysubsistedbyplunder.Thiscausedthemtobehatedanddreadedbythepeople,andparticularlybytheLondonpeople,whowerewealthy.AssoonastheLondonersheardthatEdward,EarlofMarch,unitedwiththeEarlofWarwick,wasadvancingtowardsthecity,theyrefusedtosendtheQueensupplies,andmadeagreatrejoicing.
　　TheQueenandhermenretreatedwithallspeed,andEdwardandWarwickcameon,greetedwithloudacclamationsoneveryside.Thecourage,beauty,andvirtuesofyoungEdwardcouldnotbesufficientlypraisedbythewholepeople.HerodeintoLondonlikeaconqueror,andmetwithanenthusiasticwelcome.Afewdaysafterwards,LordFalconbridgeandtheBishopofExeterassembledthecitizensinSt.John'sField,Clerkenwell,andaskedthemiftheywouldhaveHenryofLancasterfortheirKing?Tothistheyallroared,'No,no,no!'and'KingEdward!KingEdward!'Then,saidthosenoblemen,wouldtheyloveandserveyoungEdward?Tothistheyallcried,'Yes,yes!'andthrewuptheircapsandclappedtheirhands,andcheeredtremendously.
　　Therefore,itwasdeclaredthatbyjoiningtheQueenandnotprotectingthosetwoprisonersofnote,HenryofLancasterhadforfeitedthecrown;andEdwardofYorkwasproclaimedKing.HemadeagreatspeechtotheapplaudingpeopleatWestminster,andsatdownassovereignofEnglandonthatthrone,onthegoldencoveringofwhichhisfather-worthyofabetterfatethanthebloodyaxewhichcutthethreadofsomanylivesinEngland,throughsomanyyears-hadlaidhishand.
　　CHAPTERXXIII-ENGLANDUNDEREDWARDTHEFOURTH
　　KINGEDWARDTHEFOURTHwasnotquitetwenty-oneyearsofagewhenhetookthatunquietseatuponthethroneofEngland.TheLancasterparty,theRedRoses,werethenassemblingingreatnumbersnearYork,anditwasnecessarytogivethembattleinstantly.But,thestoutEarlofWarwickleadingfortheyoungKing,andtheyoungKinghimselfcloselyfollowinghim,andtheEnglishpeoplecrowdingroundtheRoyalstandard,theWhiteandtheRedRosesmet,onawildMarchdaywhenthesnowwasfallingheavily,atTowton;andtheresuchafuriousbattleragedbetweenthem,thatthetotallossamountedtofortythousandmen-allEnglishmen,fighting,uponEnglishground,againstoneanother.
　　TheyoungKinggainedtheday,tookdowntheheadsofhisfatherandbrotherfromthewallsofYork,andputuptheheadsofsomeofthemostfamousnoblemenengagedinthebattleontheotherside.