Itishighlyexpedient，saysHatsell，fortheduepreservationoftheprivilegesoftheseparatebranchesofthelegislature，thatneithershouldencroachontheother，orinterfereinanymatterdependingbeforethem，soastopreclude，oreveninfluencethatfreedomofdebate，whichisessentialtoafreecouncil。Theyarethereforenottotakenoticeofanybillsorothermattersdepending，orofvotesthathavebeengiven，orofspeecheswhichhavebeenheld，bythemembersofeitheroftheotherbranchesofthelegislature，untilthesamehavebeencommunicatedtothemintheusualparliamentarymanner。2。Hats。252。4。Inst。15。Seld。
Jud。53。Thustheking'stakingnoticeofthebillforsuppressingsoldiers，dependingbeforetheHouse，hisproposingaprovisionalclauseforabillbeforeitwaspresentedtohimbythetwoHouses；hisexpressingdispleasureagainstsomepersonsformattersmovedinParliamentduringthedebateandpreparationofabill，werebreachesofprivilege。2。Nalson，743。andin1783，December17，itwasdeclaredabreachoffundamentalprivileges，&；c。toreportanyopinionorpretendedopinionofthekingonanybillorproceedingdependingineitherHouseofParliament，withaviewtoinfluencethevotesofthemembers。2。Hats。251，6。SEC。IV。
ELECTIONS。THEtimes，places，andmannerofholdingelectionsforSenatorsandRepresentatives，shallbeprescribedineachstatebythelegislaturethereof；
buttheCongressmay，atanytime，bylaw，makeoraltersuchregulations，exceptastotheplacesofchusingSenators。ConstitutionI。4。
EachHouseshallbethejudgeoftheelections，returns，andqualificationsofitsownmembers。ConstitutionI。5。SEC。V。
QUALIFICATIONS。THESenateoftheUnitedStatesshallbecomposedoftwoSenatorsfromeachstate，chosenbythelegislaturethereof，forsixyears，andeachSenatorshallhaveonevote。
Immediatelyaftertheyshallbeassembledinconsequenceofthefirstelection，theyshallbedividedasequallyasmaybeintothreeclasses。
TheseatsoftheSenatorsofthe1stclassshallbevacatedattheendofthe2dyear；ofthe2dclassattheexpirationofthe4thyear；andofthe3dclassattheexpirationofthe6thyear；sothatonethirdmaybechoseneverysecondyear；andifvacancieshappenbyresignationorotherwise，duringtherecessofthelegislatureofanystate，theexecutivethereofmaymaketemporaryappointments，untilthenextmeetingofthelegislature，whichshallthenfillsuchvacancies。
NopersonshallbeaSenator，whoshallnothaveattainedtotheageofthirtyyears，andbeennineyearsacitizenoftheUnitedStates，andwhoshallnot，whenelected，beaninhabitantofthatstateforwhichheshallbechosen。ConstitutionI。3。
TheHouseofRepresentativesshallbecomposedofmemberschoseneverysecondyearbythepeopleoftheseveralstates；andtheelectorsineachstateshallhavethequalificationsrequisiteforelectorsofthemostnumerousbranchofthestatelegislature。
NopersonshallbeaRepresentativewhoshallnothaveattainedtotheageoftwenty-fiveyears，andbeensevenyearsacitizenoftheUnitedStates，andwhoshallnot，whenelected，beaninhabitantofthatstateinwhichheshallbechosen。
RepresentativesanddirecttaxesshallbeapportionedamongtheseveralstateswhichmaybeincludedwithinthisUnion，accordingtotheirrespectivenumbers，whichshallbedeterminedbyaddingtothewholenumberoffreepersons，includingthoseboundtoserviceforatermofyears，andincludingIndiansnottaxed，threefifthsofallotherpersons。
TheactualenumerationshallbemadewithinthreeyearsafterthefirstmeetingoftheCongressoftheUnitedStates，andwithineverysubsequenttermoftenyears，insuchmannerastheyshallbelawdirect。ThenumberofRepresentativesshallnotexceedoneforeverythirtythousand，buteachstateshallhaveatleastoneRepresentative。ConstitutionoftheUnitedStates=
Whenvacancieshappenintherepresentationfromanystate，theexecutiveauthoritythereofshallissuewritsofelectiontofillsuchvacancies。ConstitutionI。2。
NoSenatororRepresentativeshall，duringthetimeforwhichhewaselected，beappointedtoanycivilofficeundertheauthorityoftheUnitedStateswhichshallhavebeencreated，ortheemolumentswhereofshallhavebeenincreased，duringsuchtime；andnopersonholdinganyofficeundertheUnitedStates，shallbeamemberofeitherHouseduringhiscontinuanceinoffice。ConstitutionI。6。SEC。VI。
QUORUM。AMAJORITYofeachHouseshallconstituteaquorumtodobusiness；butasmallernumbermayadjournfromdaytoday，andmaybeauthorisedtocompeltheattendanceofabsentmembers，insuchmanner，andundersuchpenaltiesaseachHousemayprovide。Constitution1。5。
Ingeneral，thechairisnottobetakentillaquorumforbusinessispresent；unless，afterduewaiting，suchaquorumbedespairedof；whenthechairmaybetakenandtheHouseadjourned。Andwhenever，duringbusiness，itisobservedthataquorumisnotpresent，anymembermaycallfortheHousetobecounted，andbeingfounddeficient，businessissuspended。
2。Hats。125。126。
ThePresidenthavingtakenthechair，andaquorumbeingpresent，thejournaloftheprecedingdayshallberead，totheendthatanymistakemaybecorrectedthatshallhavebeenmadeintheentries。RulesofSenate1。SEC。VII。
CALLOFTHEHOUSE。ONacalloftheHouse，eachpersonrisesupasheiscalled，andanswereth。Theabsenteesarethenonlynoted，butnoexcusetobemadetilltheHousebefullycalledover。
Thentheabsenteesarecalledasecondtime，andifstillabsent，excusesaretobeheard。Ord。H。Com。92。
Theyrisethattheirpersonsmayberecognized；thevoice，insuchacrowd，beinganinsufficientverificationoftheirpresence。ButinsosmallabodyastheSenateoftheUnitedStates，thetroubleofrisingcannotbenecessary。
Ordersforcallsondifferentdaysmaysubsistatthesametime。2。Hats。72。SEC。VIII。
ABSENCE。NOmembershallabsenthimselffromtheserviceoftheSenate，withoutleaveoftheSenatefirstobtained。
AndincasealessnumberthanaquorumoftheSenateshallconvene，theyareherebyauthorisedtosendtheserjeantatarms，oranyotherpersonorpersonsbythemauthorised，foranyorallabsentmembers，asthemajorityofsuchmemberspresentshallagree，attheexpenseofsuchabsentmembersrespectively，unlesssuchexcusefornon-attendanceshallbemade，astheSenate，whenaquorumisconvened，shalljudgesufficient:andinthatcase，theexpenseshallbepaidoutofthecontingentfund。AndthisruleshallapplyaswelltothefirstconventionofSenate，atthelegaltimeofmeeting，astoeachdayofthesession，afterthehourisarrivedtowhichtheSenatestoodadjourned。Rule19。SEC。IX。
SPEAKER。THEVice-PresidentoftheUnitedStatesshallbePresidentoftheSenate，butshallhavenovote，unlesstheybeequallydivided。Constitution1。3。
TheHouseofRepresentativesshallchusetheirSpeakerandotherofficers。ConstitutionI。2。
Whenbutonepersonisproposed，andnoobjectionmade，ithasnotbeenusualinParliamenttoputanyquestiontotheHouse；butwithoutaquestion，themembersproposinghimconducthimtothechair。Butiftherebeobjection，oranotherproposed，aquestionisputbytheclerk。2。Hats。158。
Asarealsoquestionsofadjournment。6Grey。406。WheretheHousedebatedandexchangedmessagesandanswerswiththekingforaweek，withoutaSpeaker，tilltheywereprorogued。Theyhavedoneitdediemindiemforfourteendays。1。Chand。331。335。
IntheSenate，aPresidentprotemporeintheabsenceoftheVice-Presidentisproposed，andchosenbyballot。HisofficeisunderstoodtobedeterminedontheVice-President'sappearingandtakingthechair，oratthemeetingoftheSenateafterthefirstrecess。
WheretheSpeakerhasbeenill，otherSpeakersprotemporehavebeenappointed。Instancesofthisare1。H。4。SirJohnCheyney，andsoSirWilliamSturton，andin15。H。6。SirJohnTyrrel，in1656，January27。1658，March9。1659，January13
SirJobCharltonill。Seymourchosen，Notmerelyprotem。1Chand。169。276，277。
1673，February18。
Seymourbeingill，SirRobt。Sawyerchosen，1678，April15。
Sawyerbeingill，Seymourchosen。
Thorpeinexecution，anewSpeakerchosen，3H。VI。3Grey11。andMarch14，1694，SirJohnTrevorchosen。Therehavebeennolaterinstances2Hats。161。4inst。8L。Parl。263。
ASpeakermayberemovedatthewilloftheHouseandaSpeakerprotemporeappointed。2Grey186。5Grey134。SEC。X。
ADDRESS。THEPresidentshallfromtimetotimegivetotheCongressinformationofthestateoftheUnion，andrecommendtotheirconsiderationsuchmeasuresasheshalljudgenecessaryandexpedient。ConstitutionII。3。
AjointaddressofbothHousesofParliamentisreadbytheSpeakeroftheHouseofLords。ItmaybeattendedbybothHousesinabody，orbyacommitteefromeachHouse，orbythetwoSpeakersonly。AnaddressoftheHouseofCommonsonly，maybepresentedbythewholeHouse，orbytheSpeaker，9Grey473。1Chandler，298，301。orbysuchparticularmembersasareofthePrivyCouncil。2Hats。278。SEC。XI。
COMMITTEES。STANDINGcommittees，asofprivilegesandelections，&；c。areusuallyappointedatthefirstmeeting，tocontinuethroughthesession。Thepersonfirstnamedisgenerallypermittedtoactaschairman。Butthisisamatterofcourtesy；everycommitteehavingarighttoelecttheirownchairman，whopresidesoverthem，putsquestions，andreportstheirproceedingstotheHouse。4inst。11，12，Scob。9。1Grey122。
Atthesecommitteesthemembersaretospeakstanding，andnotsitting:
thoughthereisreasontoconjectureitwasformerlyotherwise。D'Ewes630。col。1。4。Parl。Hist。440。2Hats。77。
Theirproceedingsarenottobepublished，astheyareofnoforcetillconfirmedbytheHouse。Rushw。Parl。3。vol。2。74。3Grey401。Scob39。NorcantheyreceiveapetitionbutthroughtheHouse。
9Grey412。
Whenacommitteeischargedwithanenquiry，ifamemberprovetobeinvolved，theycannotproceedagainsthim，butmustmakeaspecialreporttotheHouse，whereuponthememberisheardinhisplace，oratthebar，oraspecialauthorityisgiventothecommitteetoenquireconcerninghim。9Grey523。
SosoonastheHousesits，andacommitteeisnotifiedofit，thechairmanisindutyboundtoriseinstantly，andthememberstoattendtheserviceoftheHouse。2Nals。319。
ItappearsthatonjointcommitteesoftheLordsandCommons，eachcommitteeactedintegrallyinthefollowinginstances。7Grey261，278，285，338。1Chandler357，462。Inthefollowinginstancesitdoesnotappearwhethertheydidornot。6Grey129。7Grey213，229，321。SEC。XII。
COMMITTEEOFTHEWHOLE。THEspeech，messagesandothermattersofgreatconcernment，areusuallyreferredtoacommitteeofthewholeHouse。6Grey311。Wheregeneralprinciplesaredigestedintheformofresolutions，whicharedebatedandamendedtilltheygetintoashapewhichmeetstheapprobationofamajority。ThesebeingreportedandconfirmedbytheHouse，arethenreferredtooneormoreselectcommittees，accordingasthesubjectdividesitselfintooneormorebills。Scob。36，44。Propositionsforanychargeonthepeopleareespeciallytobefirstmadeinacommitteeofthewhole。3Hats。127。Thesenseofthewholeisbettertakenincommittee，becauseinallcommitteeseveryonespeaksasoftenashepleases。Scob。49。TheygenerallyacquiesceinthechairmannamedbytheSpeaker:but，aswellasallothercommittees，havearighttoelectone，somemember，byconsent，puttingthequestion。Scob。36。3Grey301。TheformofgoingfromtheHouseintocommittee，is，fortheSpeaker，onmotion，toputthequestionthattheHousedonowresolveitselfintoacommitteeofthewhole，totakeunderconsiderationsuchamatter，namingit。Ifdeterminedintheaffirmative，heleavesthechair，andtakesaseatelsewhere，asanyothermember；andthepersonappointedchairmanseatshimselfattheclerk'stable。Scob。36。TheirquorumisthesameasthatoftheHouse；andifadefecthappens，thechairman，onamotionandquestion，rises，theSpeakerresumesthechair，andthechairmancanmakenootherreportthantoinformtheHouseofthecauseoftheirdissolution。Ifamessageisannouncedduringacommittee，theSpeakertakesthechair，andreceivesit，becausethecommitteecannot。
2Hats。125，126。
Inacommitteeofthewhole，thetellersonadivision，differingastothenumbers，greatheatsandconfusionarose，anddangerofadecisionbythesword。TheSpeakertookthechair，themacewasforciblylaidonthetable，whereupon，themembersretiringtotheirplaces，theSpeakertoldtheHouse"hehadtakenthechairwithoutanorder，tobringtheHouseintoorder。”Someexceptedagainstit；butitwasgenerallyapprovedastheonlyexpedienttosuppressthedisorder。Andeverymemberwasrequired，standingupinhisplace，toengagethathewouldproceednofurtherinconsequenceofwhathadhappenedinthegrandcommittee，whichwasdone。
3Grey128。
Acommitteeofthewholebeingbrokenupindisorder，andthechairresumedbytheSpeakerwithoutanorder，theHousewasadjourned。Thenextdaythecommitteewasconsideredastherebydissolved，andthesubjectagainbeforetheHouse；anditwasdecidedintheHouse，withoutreturningintocommittee。3Grey130。
Nopreviousquestioncanbeputinacommittee；norcanthiscommitteeadjournasothersmay；butiftheirbusinessisunfinished，theyrise，onaquestion，theHouseisresumed，andthechairmanreportsthatthecommitteeofthewholehave，accordingtoorder，hadundertheirconsiderationsuchamatterandhavemadeprogresstherein；butnothavinghadtimetogothroughthesame，havedirectedhimtoaskleavetositagain。Whereuponaquestionisputontheirhavingleave，andonthetimewhentheHousewillagainresolveitselfintoacommittee。Scob。38。Butiftheyhavegonethroughthematterreferredtothem，amembermovesthatthecommitteemayrise，andthechairmanreporttheirproceedingstotheHouse；
whichbeingresolved，thechairmanrises，theSpeakerresumesthechair，thechairmaninformshimthatthecommitteehavegonethroughthebusinessreferredtothem，andthatheisreadytomakereportwhentheHouseshallthinkpropertoreceiveit。IftheHousehavetimetoreceiveit，thereisusuallyacryof"now，now，"whereuponhemakesthereport；butifitbelate，thecryis"to-morrow，to-morrow，"or"onMonday，&；c，"oramotionismadetothateffect，andaquestionputthatitbereceivedto-morrow，&；c。Scob。38。
InotherthingstherulesofproceedingaretobethesameasintheHouse。Scob。39。SEC。XIII。
EXAMINATIONOFWITNESSES。COMMONfameisagoodgroundfortheHousetoproceedbyenquiry，andeventoaccusation。ResolutionHouseCommons1。Car。1。1625。Rush。L。Parl。115。1Grey16……22。92。8Grey21，23，27，45。
AstheheadsofimpeachmentwereseverallyreadagainsttheLordClarendonin1667，somememberinhisplace，statedtotheHouse，"thatseveralpersonshadundertakentomakethatheadgood。”Or，"thatthememberhadheardthisfromacertaingreatlord。”Or，"thatthiswastoopublictostandinneedofproof。”Or，inoneinstance，"thatthememberdidnotdoubtthatitwillbemadeout。”St。Tr。558。4Hats。137。
WitnessesarenottobeproducedbutwheretheHousehaspreviouslyinstitutedanenquiry。2Hats。102。northenareordersfortheirattendancegivenblank。3Grey51。TheprocessisasummonsfromtheHouse。4。Hats。255，258。
Whenanypersonisexaminedbeforeacommittee，oratthebaroftheHouse，anymemberwishingtoaskthepersonaquestion，mustaddressittotheSpeakerorChairman，whorepeatsthequestiontotheperson，orsaystohim，"youhearthequestion，answerit。”Butiftheproprietyofthequestionbeobjectedto，theSpeakerdirectsthewitness，counselandparties，towithdraw；fornoquestioncanbemovedorput，ordebatedwhiletheyarethere。2Hats。108。Sometimesthequestionsarepreviouslysettledinwritingbeforethewitnessenters。Ib。106，107。8Grey64。ThequestionsaskedmustbeenteredintheJournals。3Grey81。ButthetestimonygiveninanswerbeforetheHouseisneverwrittendown；butbeforeacommitteeitmustbe，fortheinformationoftheHouse，whoarenotpresenttohearit。7Grey52，334。
IfeitherHousehaveoccasionforthepresenceofapersonincustodyoftheother，theyasktheothertheirleavethathemaybebroughtuptothemincustody。3Hats。52。
Amember，inhisplace，givesinformationtotheHouseofwhatheknowsofanymatterunderhearingatthebar。Jour。H。ofC。January22，1744……5。
EitherHousemayrequest，butnotcommandtheattendanceofamemberoftheother。TheyaretomaketherequestbymessagetotheotherHouse，andtoexpressclearlythepurposeofattendance，thatnoimpropersubjectofexaminationmaybetenderedtohim。TheHousethengivesleavetothemembertoattend，ifhechuseit；waitingfirsttoknowfromthememberhimselfwhetherhechusestoattend，tillwhich，theydonottakethemessageintoconsideration。Butwhenthepeersaresittingasacourtofcriminaljudicature，theymayorderattendance；unlesswhereitbeacaseofimpeachmentbytheCommons。Thereitistobearequest。3Hats。17。9Grey306，406。10Grey133。
Counselaretobeheardonlyonprivate，notonpublicbills，andonsuchpointsoflawonlyastheHouseshalldirect。10Grey61。SEC。XIV。
ARRANGEMENTOFBUSINESS。THESpeakerisnotpreciselyboundtoanyrulesastowhatbillsorothermattershallbefirsttakenup，butislefttohisowndiscretion，unlesstheHouseonaquestiondecidetotakeupaparticularsubject。Hakew。136。
Asettledorderofbusinessis，however，necessaryforthegovernmentofthepresidingperson，andtorestrainindividualmembersfromcallingupfavoritemeasures，ormattersundertheirspecialpatronage，outoftheirjustturn。ItisusefulalsofordirectingthediscretionoftheHouse，whentheyaremovedtotakeupaparticularmatter，totheprejudiceofothershavingpriorityofrighttotheirattentioninthegeneralorderofbusiness。
InSenate，thebillsandotherpaperswhichareinpossessionoftheHouse，andinastatetobeactedon，arearrangedeverymorning，andbroughtoninthefollowingorder。
1。Billsreadyforasecondreadingareread，thattheymaybereferredtocommittees，andsobeputunderway。Butif，ontheirbeingread，nomotionismadeforcommitment，theyarethenlaidonthetableinthegeneralfile，tobetakenupintheirjustturn。
2。Aftertwelveo'clock，billsreadyforitareputontheirpassage。
3。ReportsinpossessionoftheHouse，whichoffergroundsforabill，aretobetakenup，thatthebillmaybeorderedin。
4。BillsorothermattersbeforetheHouseandunfinishedontheprecedingday，whethertakenupinturn，oronspecialorder，areentitledtoberesumedandpassedonthroughtheirpresentstage。
5。Thesemattersbeingdispatched，forpreparingandexpeditingbusiness，thegeneralfileofbillsandotherpapersisthentakenup，andeacharticleofitisbroughtonaccordingtoitsseniority，reckonedbythedateofitsfirstintroductiontotheHouse。Reportsonbillsbelongtothedatesoftheirbills。
Inthiswaywedonotwasteourtimeindebatingwhatshallbetakenup:wedoonethingatatime；followupasubjectwhileitisfresh，andtillitisdonewith；cleartheHouseofbusinessgradatimasitisbroughton，andprevent，toacertaindegree，itsimmenseaccumulationtowardsthecloseofthesession。
ArrangementhowevercanonlytakeholdofmattersinpossessionoftheHouse。Newmattermaybemovedatanytime，whennoquestionisbeforetheHouse。Suchareoriginalmotions，andreportsonbills。SucharebillsfromtheotherHouse，whicharereceivedatalltimes，andreceivetheirfirstreadingassoonasthequestionthenbeforetheHouseisdisposedof；andbillsbroughtinonleave，whicharereadfirstwheneverpresented。