Theveryrichareneitheraristocratsnorself-mademen；theyareaccidents——orrathercalamities。Allrevolutionarylanguageisagenerationbehindthetimesintalkingoftheirfutility。A
　　revolutionistwouldsaywithperfecttruththatcoal-ownersknownexttonothingaboutcoal-mining。Butwearepastthatpoint。Coal-ownersknownexttonothingaboutcoal-owning。Theydonotdevelopanddefendthenatureoftheirownmonopolywithanyconsistentandcourageouspolicy，howeverwicked，asdidtheoldaristocratswiththemonopolyofland。Theyhavenotthevirtuesnoreventhevicesoftyrants；theyhaveonlytheirpowers。Itisthesamewithallthepowerfulofto-day；itisthesame，forinstance，withthehigh-placedandhigh-paidofficial。Notonlyisthejudgenotjudicial，butthearbiterisnotevenarbitrary。
　　Thearbiterdecides，notbysomegustofjusticeorinjusticeinhissoulliketheolddespotdoomingmenunderatree，butbythepermanentclimateoftheclasstowhichhehappenstobelong。Theancientwigofthejudgeisoftenindistinguishablefromtheoldwigoftheflunkey。
　　Tojudgeaboutsuccessorfailureonemustseethingsverysimply；onemustseetheminmasses，astheartist，halfclosinghiseyesagainstdetails，seeslightandshade。Thatistheonlywayinwhichajustjudgmentcanbeformedastowhetheranydepartureordevelopment，suchasIslamortheAmericanRepublic，hasbeenabenefituponthewhole。
　　Seenclose，suchgreaterectionsalwaysaboundiningeniousdetailandimpressivesolidity；itisonlybyseeingthemafaroffthatonecantelliftheTowerleans。
　　Nowifwethustakeinthewholetiltorpostureofourmodernstate，weshallsimplyseethisfact:thatthoseclasseswhohaveonthewholegoverned，haveonthewholefailed。Ifyougotoafactoryyouwillseesomeverywonderfulwheelsgoinground；youwillbetoldthattheemployeroftencomesthereearlyinthemorning；thathehasgreatorganisingpower；thatifheworksoverthecolossalaccumulationofwealthhealsoworksoveritswisedistribution。Allthismaybetrueofmanyemployers，anditispracticallysaidofall。
　　Butifweshadeoureyesfromallthisdazzleofdetail；ifwesimplyaskwhathasbeenthemainfeature，theupshot，thefinalfruitofthecapitalistsystem，thereisnodoubtabouttheanswer。Thespecialandsolidresultofthereignoftheemployershasbeen——unemployment。
　　Unemploymentnotonlyincreasing，butbecomingatlasttheverypivotuponwhichthewholeprocessturns。
　　Or，again，ifyouvisitthevillagesthatdependononeofthegreatsquires，youwillhearpraises，oftenjust，ofthelandlord'sgoodsenseorgoodnature；youwillhearofwholesystemsofpensionsorofcareforthesick，likethoseofasmallandseparatenation；youwillseemuchcleanliness，order，andbusinesshabitsintheofficesandaccountsoftheestate。Butifyouaskagainwhathasbeentheupshot，whathasbeentheactualresultofthereignoflandlords，againtheanswerisplain。
　　Attheendofthereignoflandlordsmenwillnotliveontheland。Thepracticaleffectofhavinglandlordsisnothavingtenants。Thepracticaleffectofhavingemployersisthatmenarenotemployed。Theunrestofthepopulaceisthereforemorethanamurmuragainsttyranny；
　　itisagainstasortoftreason。Itisthesuspicionthatevenatthetopofthetree，evenintheseatsofthemighty，ourverysuccessisunsuccessful。
　　THEOTHERKINDOFMAN
　　TherearesomewhoareconciliatedbyConciliationBoards。Therearesomewho，whentheyhearofRoyalCommissions，breatheagain——orsnoreagain。TherearethosewholookforwardtoCompulsoryArbitrationCourtsastotheislandsoftheblest。Thesemendonotunderstandthedaythattheylookuponorthesightsthattheireyeshaveseen。
　　Thealmostsacramentalideaofrepresentation，bywhichthefewmayincarnatethemany，aroseintheMiddleAges，andhasdonegreatthingsforjusticeandliberty。Ithashaditsrealhoursoftriumph，aswhentheStatesGeneralmettorenewFrance'syouthliketheeagle's；orwhenallthevirtuesoftheRepublicfoughtandruledinthefigureofWashington。Itisnothavingoneofitshoursoftriumphnow。Therealdemocraticunrestatthismomentisnotanextensionoftherepresentativeprocess，butratherarevoltagainstit。Itisnogoodgivingthosenowinrevoltmoreboardsandcommitteesandcompulsoryregulations。Itisagainsttheseverythingsthattheyarerevolting。
　　Menarenotonlyrisingagainsttheiroppressors，butagainsttheirrepresentativesor，astheywouldsay，theirmisrepresentatives。TheinnerandactualspiritofworkadayEnglandiscomingoutnotinapplause，butinanger，asagodwhoshouldcomeoutofhistabernacletorebukeandconfoundhispriests。
　　Thereisacertainkindofmanwhomweseemanytimesinaday，butwhomwedonot，ingeneral，botherverymuchabout。Heisthekindofmanofwhomhiswifesaysthatabetterhusbandwhenhe'ssoberyoucouldn'thave。Shesometimesaddsthatheneverissober；butthisisinangerandexaggeration。Reallyhedrinksmuchlessandworksmuchmorethanthemodernlegendsupposes。Butitisquitetruethathehasnotthehorrorofbodilyoutbreak，naturaltotheclassesthatcontainladies；
　　anditisquitetruethatheneverhasthatalertandinventivesortofindustrynaturaltotheclassesfromwhichmencanclimbintogreatwealth。Hehasgrown，partlybynecessity，butpartlyalsobytemper，accustomedtohavedirtyclothesanddirtyhandsnormallyandwithoutdiscomfort。Heregardscleanlinessasakindofseparateandspecialcostume；tobeputonforgreatfestivals。Hehasseveralreallycuriouscharacteristics，whichwouldattracttheeyesofsociologists，iftheyhadanyeyes。Forinstance，hisvocabularyiscoarseandabusive，inmarkedcontrasttohisactualspirit，whichisgenerallypatientandcivil。Hehasanoddwayofusingcertainwordsofreallyhorriblemeaning，butusingthemquiteinnocentlyandwithoutthemostdistanttaintoftheevilstowhichtheyallude。Heisrathersentimental；and，likemostsentimentalpeople，notdevoidofsnobbishness。Atthesametime，hebelievestheordinarymanlycommonplacesoffreedomandfraternityashebelievesmostofthedecenttraditionsofChristianmen:
　　hefindsitverydifficulttoactaccordingtothem，butthisdifficultyisnotconfinedtohim。Hehasastrongandindividualsenseofhumour，andnotmuchpowerofcorporateormilitantaction。HeisnotaSocialist。Finally，hebearsnomoreresemblancetoaLabourMemberthanhedoestoaCityAldermanoraDie-HardDuke。ThisistheCommonLabourerofEngland；anditishewhoisonthemarchatlast。
　　Seethismaninyourmindasyouseehiminthestreet，realisethatitishisopenmindwewishtoinfluenceorhisemptystomachwewishtocure，andthenconsiderseriouslyifyoucanthefivemen，includingtwoofhisownallegedoppressors，whoweresummonedasaRoyalCommissiontoconsiderhisclaimswhenheorhissortwentoutonstrikeupontherailways。Iknewnothingagainst，indeedIknewnothingabout，anyofthegentlementhensummoned，beyondabareintroductiontoMr。
　　Henderson，whomIliked，butwhoseidentityIwasinnodangerofconfusingwiththatofarailway-porter。Idonotthinkthatanyoldgentleman，howeverabsent-minded，wouldbelikelyonarrivingatEuston，letussay，tohandhisGladstone-bagtoMr。Hendersonortoattempttorewardthatpoliticianwithtwopence。OftheothersIcanonlyjudgebythefactsabouttheirstatusassetforthinthepublicPress。TheChairman，SirDavidHarrell，appearedtobeanex-officialdistinguishedinofallthingsintheworldtheIrishConstabulary。IhavenoearthlyreasontodoubtthattheChairmanmeanttobefair；butIamnottalkingaboutwhatmenmeantobe，butaboutwhattheyare。ThepoliceinIrelandarepracticallyanarmyofoccupation；amanservinginthemordirectingthemispracticallyasoldier；and，ofcourse，hemustdohisdutyassuch。ButitseemstrulyextraordinarytoselectasonelikelytosympathisewiththedemocracyofEnglandamanwhosewholebusinessinlifeithasbeentogovernagainstitswillthedemocracyofIreland。WhatshouldwesayifRussianstrikerswereofferedthesympatheticarbitrationoftheheadoftheRussianPoliceinFinlandorPoland？AndifwedonotknowthatthewholecivilisedworldseesIrelandwithPolandasatypicaloppressednation，itistimewedid。
　　TheChairman，whateverhispersonalvirtues，mustbebyinstinctandhabitakintothecapitalistsinthedispute。TwomoreoftheCommissionersactuallywerethecapitalistsinthedispute。ThencameMr。
　　Hendersonpushinghistrolleyandcheerilycrying，"Byyourleave。”，andthenanotherlessknowngentlemanwhohad"corresponded"withtheBoardofTrade，andhadthusgainedsomestrangeclaimtorepresenttheverypoor。
　　Nowpeoplelikethismightquitepossiblyproducearationalenoughreport，andinthisorthatrespectevenimprovethings。Menofthatkindaretolerablykind，tolerablypatriotic，andtolerablybusiness-like。
　　Butifanyonesupposesthatmenofthatkindcanconceivablyquietanyreal'quarrelwiththeManoftheOtherKind，themanwhomIfirstdescribed，itisfrantic。Thecommonworkerisangryexactlybecausehehasfoundoutthatalltheseboardsconsistofthesamewell-dressedKindofMan，whethertheyarecalledGovernmentalorCapitalist。Ifanyonehopesthathewillreconcilethepoor，Isay，asIsaidatthebeginning，thatsuchaonehasnotlookedonthelightofdayordweltinthelandoftheliving。
　　ButIdonotcriticisesuchaCommissionexceptforonemostpracticalandurgentpurpose。ItwillbeansweredtomethatthefirstKindofManofwhomIspokecouldnotreallybeonboardsandcommittees，asmodernEnglandismanaged。Hisdirt，thoughnecessaryandhonourable，wouldbeoffensive:hisspeech，thoughrichandfigurative，wouldbealmostincomprehensible。Letusgrant，forthemoment，thatthisisso。ThisKindofMan，withhissootyhairorsanguinaryadjectives，cannotberepresentedatourcommitteesofarbitration。Therefore，theotherKindofMan，fairlyprosperous，fairlyplausible，athomeatleastwiththemiddleclass，capableatleastofreachingandtouchingtheupperclass，hemustremaintheonlyKindofManforsuchcouncils。
　　Verywell。Ifthen，yougiveatanyfuturetimeanykindofcompulsorypowerstosuchcouncilstopreventstrikes，youwillbedrivingthefirstKindofMantoworkforaparticularmasterasmuchasifyoudrovehimwithawhip。
　　THEMEDIAEVALVILLAIN
　　IseethattherehavebeenmoreattemptsatthewhitewashingofKingJohn。
　　Butthegentlemanwhowrotehasafurtherinterestinthematter；forhebelievesthatKingJohnwasinnocent，notonlyonthispoint，butasawhole。HethinksKingJohnhasbeenverybadlytreated；thoughIamnotsurewhetherhewouldattributetothatPlantagenetasaintlymeritormerelyahumdrumrespectability。
　　IsympathisewiththewhitewashingofKingJohn，merelybecauseitisaprotestagainstourwaxworkstyleofhistory。Everybodyisinaparticularattitude，withparticularmoralattributes；RufusisalwayshuntingandCoeur-de-Lionalwayscrusading；HenryVIIIalwaysmarrying，andCharlesIalwayshavinghisheadcutoff；Alfredrapidlyandinrotationmakinghispeople'sclocksandspoilingtheircakes；andKingJohnpullingoutJews'teethwiththecelerityandindustryofanAmericandentist。Anythingisgoodthatshakesallthisstiffsimplification，andmakesusrememberthatthesemenwereoncealive；
　　thatis，mixed，free，flippant，andinconsistent。ItgivesthemindahealthykicktoknowthatAlfredhadfits，thatCharlesIpreventedenclosures，thatRufuswasreallyinterestedinarchitecture，thatHenryVIIIwasreallyinterestedintheology。
　　Andasthesescrapsofrealitycanstartleusintomoresolidimaginationofevents，socanevenerrorsandexaggerationsiftheyareontherightside。ItdoessomegoodtocallAlfredaprig，CharlesIaPuritan，andJohnajollygoodfellow；ifthismakesusfeelthattheywerepeoplewhomwemighthavelikedordisliked。IdonotmyselfthinkthatJohnwasanicegentleman；butforallthatthepopularpictureofhimisallwrong。Whetherhehadanygenerousqualitiesornot，hehadwhatcommonlymakesthempossible，dare-devilcourage，forinstance，andhot-
　　headeddecision。But，aboveall，hehadamoralitywhichhebroke，butwhichwemisunderstand。
　　ThemediaevalmindturnedcentrallyuponthepivotofFreeWill。IntheirsocialsystemthemediaevalsweretoomuchPARTI-PER-PALE，astheirheraldswouldsay，toorigidlycutupbyfencesandquarteringsofguildordegree。Butintheirmoralphilosophytheyalwaysthoughtofmanasstandingfreeanddoubtfulatthecross-roadsinaforest。Whiletheycladandboundthebodyandtosomeextentthemindtoostifflyandquaintlyforourtaste，theyhadamuchstrongersensethanwehaveofthefreedomofthesoul。Forthemthesoulalwayshungpoisedlikeaneagleintheheavensofliberty。Manyofthethingsthatstrikeamodernasmostfantasticcamefromtheirkeensenseofthepowerofchoice。
　　Forinstance，thegreatestoftheSchoolmendevotesfoliostotheminutedescriptionofwhattheworldwouldhavebeenlikeifAdamhadrefusedtheapple；whatkings，laws，babies，animals，planetswouldhavebeeninanunfallenworld。SointenselydoeshefeelthatAdammighthavedecidedtheotherwaythatheseesacompleteandcomplexvisionofanotherworld，aworldthatnowcanneverbe。
　　Thissenseofthestreamoflifeinamanthatmayturneitherwaycanbefeltthroughalltheirpopularethicsinlegend，chronicle，andballad。
　　Itisafeelingwhichhasbeenweakenedamongusbytwoheavyintellectualforces。TheCalvinismoftheseventeenthcenturyandthephysicalscienceofthenineteenth，whateverothertruthstheymayhavetaught，havedarkenedthislibertywithasenseofdoom。Wethinkofbadmenassomethinglikeblackmen，aseparateandincurablekindofpeople。
　　TheByronicspiritwasreallyasortofoperaticCalvinism。Itbroughtthevillainuponthestage；thelostsoul；themodernversionofKingJohn。ButthecontemporariesofKingJohndidnotfeellikethatabouthim，evenwhentheydetestedhim。Theyinstinctivelyfelthimtobeamanofmixedpassionslikethemselves，whowasallowinghisevilpassionstohavemuchtoogoodatimeofit。Theymighthavespokenofhimasamaninconsiderabledangerofgoingtohell；buttheywouldhavenottalkedofhimasifhehadcomefromthere。IntheballadsofPercyorRobinHooditfrequentlyhappensthattheKingcomesuponthescene，andhisultimatedecisionmakestheclimaxofthetale。Butwedonotfeel，aswedointheByronicormodernromance，thatthereisadefinitestagedirection"EnterTyrant。”Nordowebeholdadeusexmachinawhoiscertaintodoallthatismildandjust。TheKingintheballadisinastateofvirileindecision。Sometimeshewillpassfromatoweringpassiontothemostsweepingmagnanimityandfriendliness；sometimeshewillbeginanactofvengeanceandbeturnedfromitbyajest。Yetthisaugustlevityisnotmoralindifference；itismoralfreedom。ItisthestrongsenseinthewriterthattheKing，beingthetypeofmanwithpower，willprobablysometimesuseitbadlyandsometimeswell。InthissenseJohniscertainlymisrepresented，forheispicturedassomethingthatnoneofhisownfriendsorenemiessaw。Inthatsensehewascertainlynotsoblackasheispainted，forhelivedinaworldwhereeveryonewaspiebald。
　　KingJohnwouldberepresentedinamodernplayornovelasakindofdegenerate；ashiftyeyedmoralmaniacwithatwistinhissoul'sbackboneandgreenbloodinhisveins。Themediaevalswerequitecapableofboilinghiminmeltedlead，buttheywouldhavebeenquiteincapableofdespairingofhissoulinthemodernfashion。AstrikingafortioricaseisthatofthestrangemediaevallegendofRoberttheDevil。RobertwasrepresentedasamonstrousbirthsenttoanembitteredwomanactuallyinanswertoprayerstoSatan，andhisearlieractionsaresimplythoseoftheinfernalfireletlooseuponearth。Yetthoughhecanbecalledalmostliterallyachildofhell，yettheclimaxofthestoryishisrepentanceatRomeandhisgreatreparation。Thatistheparadoxofmediaevalmorals:asitmustappeartothemoderns。WemusttrytoconceivearaceofmenwhohatedJohn，andsoughthisblood，andbelievedeveryabominationabouthim，whowouldhavebeenquitecapableofassassinatingortorturinghimintheextremityoftheiranger。Andyetwemustadmitthattheywouldnotreallyhavebeenfundamentallysurprisedifhehadshavedhisheadinhumiliation，givenallhisgoodstothepoor，embracedthelepersinalazar-house，andbeencanonisedasasaintinheaven。SostronglydidtheyholdthatthepivotofWillshouldturnfreely，whichnowisrusted，andsticks。
　　Forwe，whateverourpoliticalopinions，certainlyneverthinkofourpublicmenlikethat。IfweholdtheopinionthatMr。LloydGeorgeisanobletribuneofthepopulaceandprotectorofthepoor，wedonotadmitthathecaneverhavepalteredwiththetruthorbargainedwiththepowerful。IfweholdtheequallyidioticopinionthatheisaredandrabidSocialist，maddeningmobsintomutinyandtheft，thenweexpecthimtogoonmaddeningthem——andus。Wedonotexpecthim，letussay，suddenlytogointoamonastery。Wehavelosttheideaofrepentance；
　　especiallyinpublicthings；thatiswhywecannotreallygetridofourgreatnationalabusesofeconomictyrannyandaristocraticavarice。
　　Progressinthemodernsenseisaverydismaldrudge；andmostlyconsistsofbeingmovedonbythepolice。Wemoveonbecausewearenotallowedtomoveback。Butthereallyraggedprophets，therealrevolutionistswhoheldhighlanguageinthepalacesofkings，theydidnotconfinethemselvestosaying，"Onward，Christiansoldiers，"stillless，"Onward，Futuristsoldiers"；whattheysaidtohighemperorsandtowholeempireswas，"Turnye，turnye，whywillyedie？"
　　THEDIVINEDETECTIVE
　　Everypersonofsoundeducationenjoysdetectivestories，andthereareevenseveralpointsonwhichtheyhaveaheartysuperioritytomostmodernbooks。Adetectivestorygenerallydescribessixlivingmendiscussinghowitisthatamanisdead。Amodernphilosophicstorygenerallydescribessixdeadmendiscussinghowanymancanpossiblybealive。Butthosewhohaveenjoyedtheromanpoliciermusthavenotedonething，thatwhenthemurdereriscaughtheishardlyeverhanged。"That，"saysSherlockHolmes，"istheadvantageofbeingaprivatedetective"；
　　afterhehascaughthecansetfree。TheChristianChurchcanbestbedefinedasanenormousprivatedetective，correctingthatofficialdetective——theState。This，indeed，isoneoftheinjusticesdonetohistoricChristianity；injusticeswhicharisefromlookingatcomplexexceptionsandnotatthelargeandsimplefact。Weareconstantlybeingtoldthattheologiansusedracksandthumbscrews，andsotheydid。
　　Theologiansusedracksandthumbscrewsjustastheyusedthimblesandthree-leggedstools，becauseeverybodyelseusedthem。ChristianitynomorecreatedthemediaevaltorturesthanitdidtheChinesetortures；itinheritedthemfromanyempireasheathenastheChinese。
　　TheChurchdid，inanevilhour，consenttoimitatethecommonwealthandemploycruelty。Butifweopenoureyesandtakeinthewholepicture，ifwelookatthegeneralshapeandcolourofthething，therealdifferencebetweentheChurchandtheStateishugeandplain。TheState，inalllandsandages，hascreatedamachineryofpunishment，morebloodyandbrutalinsomeplacesthanothers，butbloodyandbrutaleverywhere。TheChurchistheonlyinstitutionthateverattemptedtocreateamachineryofpardon。TheChurchistheonlythingthateverattemptedbysystemtopursueanddiscovercrimes，notinordertoavenge，butinordertoforgivethem。Thestakeandrackweremerelytheweaknessesofthereligion；itssnobberies，itssurrenderstotheworld。
　　Itsspeciality——or，ifyoulike，itsoddity——wasthismercilessmercy；
　　theunrelentingsleuthhoundwhoseekstosaveandnotslay。
　　IcanbestillustratewhatImeanbyreferringtotwopopularplaysonsomewhatparalleltopics，whichhavebeensuccessfulhereandinAmerica。
　　ThePassingoftheThirdFloorBackisahumaneandreverentexperiment，dealingwiththeinfluenceofoneunknownbutdivinefigureashepassesthroughagroupofSqualidcharacters。Ihavenodesiretomakecheapfunoftheextremelyabruptconversionsofallthesepeople；thatisapointofart，notofmorals；and，afterall，manyconversionshavebeenabrupt。Thissaviour'smethodofmakingpeoplegoodistotellthemhowgoodtheyarealready；andinthecaseofsuicidaloutcasts，whosemoralbacksarebroken，andwhoaresoakedwithsincereself-contempt，Icanimaginethatthismightbequitetherightway。IshouldnotdeliverthismessagetoauthorsormembersofParliament，becausetheywouldsoheartilyagreewithit。
　　Still，itisnotaltogetherherethatIdifferfromthemoralofMr。
　　Jerome'splay。Idiffervitallyfromhisstorybecauseitisnotadetectivestory。ThereisinitnoneofthisgreatChristianideaoftearingtheireviloutofmen；itlackstherealismofthesaints。
　　Redemptionshouldbringtruthaswellaspeace；andtruthisafinething，thoughthematerialistsdidgomadaboutit。Thingsmustbefaced，eveninordertobeforgiven；thegreatobjectionto"lettingsleepingdogslie"isthattheylieinmoresensesthanone。ButinMr。Jerome'sPassingoftheThirdFloorBacktheredeemerisnotadivinedetective，pitilessinhisresolvetoknowandpardon。Ratherheisasortofdivinedupe，whodoesnotpardonatall，becausehedoesnotseeanythingthatisgoingon。Itmay，ormaynot，betruetosay，"Toutcomprendreesttoutpardonner。”Butitismuchmoreevidentlytruetosay，"RiencomprendreestrienPardonner，"andthe"ThirdFloorBack"doesnotseemtocomprehendanything。Hemight，afterall，beaquiteselfishsentimentalist，whofounditcomfortingtothinkwellofhisneighbours。
　　Thereisnothingveryheroicinlovingafteryouhavebeendeceived。Theheroicbusinessistoloveafteryouhavebeenundeceived。
　　WhenIsawthisplayitwasnaturaltocompareitwithanotherplaywhichIhadnotseen，butwhichIhavereadinitsprintedversion。ImeanMr。
　　RannKennedy'sServantintheHouse，thesuccessofwhichsprawlsoversomanyoftheAmericannewspapers。Thisalsoisconcernedwithadim，yetevidentlydivine，figurechangingthedestiniesofawholegroupofpersons。Itisabetterplaystructurallythantheother；infact，itisaveryfineplayindeed；butthereisnothingaestheticorfastidiousaboutit。Itisasmuchormorethantheothersensational，democratic，andIusethewordinasoundandgoodsenseSalvationist。
　　Butthedifferenceliespreciselyinthis——thattheChristofMr。
　　Kennedy'splayinsistsonreallyknowingallthesoulsthatheloves；hedeclinestoconquerbyakindofsupernaturalstupidity。Hepardonsevil，buthewillnotignoreit。Inotherwords，beisaChristian，andnotaChristianScientist。Thedistinctiondoubtlessispartlyexplainedbytheproblemsseverallyselected。Mr。JeromepracticallysupposesChristtobetryingtosavedisreputablepeople；andthat，ofcourse，isnaturallyasimplebusiness。Mr。KennedysupposesHimtobetryingtosavethereputablepeople，whichisamuchlargeraffair。ThechiefcharactersinTheServantintheHouseareapopularandstrenuousvicar，universallyrespected，andhisfashionableandforciblewife。Itwouldhavebeennogoodtotellthesepeopletheyhadsomegoodinthem——forthatwaswhattheyweretellingthemselvesalldaylong。Theyhadtoberemindedthattheyhadsomebadinthem——instinctiveidolatriesandsilenttreasonswhichtheyalwaystriedtoforget。Itisinconnectionwiththesecrimesofwealthandculturethatwefacetherealproblemofpositiveevil。ThewholeofMr。Blatchford'scontroversyaboutsinwasvitiatedthroughoutbyone'sconsciousnessthatwheneverhewrotetheword"sinner"hethoughtofamaninrags。Buthere，again，wecanfindtruthmerelybyreferringtovulgarliterature——itsunfailingfountain。
　　Whoeverreadadetectivestoryaboutpoorpeople？Thepoorhavecrimes；
　　butthepoorhavenosecrets。Anditisbecausetheproudhavesecretsthattheyneedtobedetectedbeforetheyareforgiven。
　　THEELFOFJAPAN
　　TherearethingsinthisworldofwhichIcansayseriouslythatIlovethembutIdonotlikethem。Thepointisnotmerelyverbal，butpsychologicallyquitevalid。Catsarethefirstthingsthatoccurtomeasexamplesoftheprinciple。Catsaresobeautifulthatacreaturefromanotherstarmightfallinlovewiththem，andsoincalculablethathemightkillthem。Someofmyfriendstakequiteahighmorallineaboutcats。Some，likeMr。Titterton，Ithink，admireacatforitsmoralindependenceandreadinesstoscratchanybody"ifhedoesnotbehavehimself。”Others，likeMr。Belloe，regardthecatascruelandsecret，afitfriendforwitches；onewhowilldevoureverything，except，indeed，poisonedfood，"soutterlylackingisitinChristiansimplicityandhumility。”Formypart，Ihaveneitherofthesefeelings。IadmirecatsasIadmirecatkins；thoselittlefluffythingsthathangontrees。Theyarebothprettyandbothfurry，andbothdeclarethegloryofGod。AndthisabstractexultationinalllivingthingsistrulytobecalledLove；
　　foritisahigherfeelingthanmereaffectionalconvenience；itisavision。Itisheroic，andevensaintly，inthis:thatitasksfornothinginreturn。IlovealltheeatsinthestreetasSt。FrancisofAssisilovedallthebirdsinthewoodorallthefishesinthesea；notsomuch，ofcourse，butthenIamnotasaint。Buthedidnotwishtobridleabirdandrideonitsback，asonebridlesandridesonahorse。
　　Hedidnotwishtoputacollarroundafish'sneck，markedwiththename"Francis，"andtheaddress"Assisi"——asonedoeswithadog。Hedidnotwishthemtobelongtohimorhimselftobelongtothem；infact，itwouldbeaveryawkwardexperiencetobelongtoalotoffishes。Butamandoesbelongtohisdog，inanotherbutanequallyrealsensewiththatinwhichthedogbelongstohim。Thetwobondsofobedienceandresponsibilityvaryverymuchwiththedogsandthemen；buttheyarebothbonds。Inotherwords，amandoesnotmerelyloveadog；ashemightinamysticalmomentloveanysparrowthatperchedonhiswindow-
　　silloranyrabbitthatranacrosshispath。Amanlikesadog；andthatisaseriousmatter。