Asimpleandeasystyle，akeenhabitofobservation，longacquaintancewiththecountry，azealfortheconversionoftheinfidel，notonlytoChristianity，buttoamorecomfortablemodeoflife，towhichheaddsafaithsufficienttomovetheCordilleraoftheAndes，butatthesametimerestrictedbyacommon
senseandveracitynotalwaysobservableinreligiouswriters，renderDobrizhofferapersonalfriendaftertheperusalofhiswritings。
Dobrizhoffer'sbookwaswritteninLatin，andprintedinViennain1784
underthetitleof`HistoriadeAbiponibus'，etc。AGermantranslationbyProfessorKeilwaspublishedatPesthinthesameyear。
TheEnglishtranslationisoftheyear1822。
EnglishissingularlybarreninregardtotheJesuitsinParaguay。
FatherFalconer，anEnglishJesuit，hasleftacuriousandinterestingbookprintedatHerefordin1774，buthetreatsexclusivelyofwhatisnowtheprovinceofBuenosAyres，theFalklandIslands，andofPatagonia。
AsanEnglishmanandaJesuitasomewhatrarecombinationintheeighteenthcentury，andasonewhodoubtlessknewmanyoftheParaguayanpriests，histestimonywouldhavebeenmostimportant，especiallyashewasamanofgreatinformation，mucheducation，anintrepidtraveller，and，moreover，onlyenteredtheCompanyofJesusatacomparativelyadvancedage。
ItisinSpanish，orinLatinbySpanishauthors，thatthegreaterportionofthecontemporaryhistoriesandaccountsaretobefound。
Literatures，likeotherthings，havetheirtimesoffashion。
AtonetimeaknowledgeofSpanishwasasrequisiteassometinctureofFrenchisatpresent，andalmostasuniversal。
MenfromGermany，England，andHollandwhometinaforeigncountrycommunicatedinthatlanguage。IntheearlyportionofthecenturyTicknor，Prescott，andWashingtonIrvingrenderedSpanishliteraturefashionabletosomedegree。
ItistoberememberedthattheSpanishcolonistswereasaruleantagonistictotheJesuits，andthat，therefore，SpanishwritersdonotofnecessityholdabrieffortheJesuitsinParaguay。
Moreover，thenamesofEsmidSmith，FildoFields，Dobrizhoffer，CataldiniandTomasBrunoBrown，whoismentionedasbeing`naturaldeYorca'，Filge，Limp，Pifereti，Enis，andAsperger，thequaintmedicalwriteronthevirtuesofplantsfoundinthemissionterritory，showhowmanyforeignJesuitswereactuallytobefoundinthereductionsofParaguay。Formoreinformationonthismatterseethe`ColecciondeDocumentosrelativosa/laExpulsiondelosJesuitasdelaRepublicaArgentinayParaguay'，publishedandcollectedbyFranciscoJavierBrabo，Madrid，1872。
LaterthehistoricalresearchesofSirWilliamStirlingMaxwelldrewsomeattentiontoit。To
dayhardlyanyliteratureofEuropeissolittlestudiedinEngland。Stillleavingapartthepurelyliterarytreasuresofthelanguage，itisinSpanish，andalmostaloneinSpanish，thattheearlyhistoryofAmericaistobefound。
Afterthestruggleforindependencewhichfinishedabout1825，someinterestwasexcitedintheSpanish
Americancountries，stimulatedbythewritingsofHumboldt；butwhenitbecameapparentthatonthewholethosecountriescouldneverbeoccupiedbyNorthernEuropeans，interestinthemdiedoutexceptforpurposesconnectedwiththeStockExchange。Yetthereisacharmwhichattachestothemwhichattachestonoothercountriesintheworld。Itwastherethatoneofthegreatestdramas，andcertainlythegreatestadventureinwhichthehumanracehasengaged，tookplace。WhatAfricahasbeenforthelasttwentyyears，SpanishAmericawasthreehundredyearsago，thedifferencebeingthat，whereasmodernadventureinAfricagoesonunderfullobservation，anddealsinthemainwithabsolutelyuncivilizedpeoples，theconquestofSouthAmericawasinvestedwithallthecharmofnovelty，andbroughttheconquerorsintocontactwithatleasttwopeoplesalmostasadvancedinmostoftheartsofcivilizationastheywerethemselves。
WhenfirstSebastianCabotandSolisascendedtheParana，theyfoundthattheGuaranisofParaguayhadextendedinnoinstancetothewesternshoreofeitherofthoserivers。
Thewesternbankswereinhabitedthen，asnow，bythewanderingIndiansofthestillnotentirelyexploredterritoryoftheGranChaco。
ChacoisaQuichuaIndianwordmeaning`hunting'or`hunting
ground'，anditissaidthataftertheconquestofPerutheIndiantribeswhichhadbeenrecentlysubjugatedbytheIncastookrefugeinthishugedomainofforestandofswamp。
TheIncaGarcilasodelaVega，inhis`CommentariosReales'enMadrid1723，enlaoficinaRealya/costadeNicholasRodriguezFranco，Impressordelibros，sehallaranensucasaenlacalledeelPoc，oyenPalacio，derivesthewordfromtheQuichua`Chacu/'=asurrounding。Ifheisright，itwouldthenbeequivalenttotheGaelic`tinchel'。Taylor，theWater
poet，hasleftacuriousdescriptionofoneofthesetinchels。
ItwasatatinchelthattherisingundertheEarlofMarinthe'15
wasconcocted。
Bethatasitmay，theChacoIndiansofto
day，comprisingtheremnantsoftheLulis，Tobas，Lenguas，Mocobios，andothers，arealmostassavageaswhenfirstwehearoftheminthepagesofAlvarNunezandHuldericoSchmidel。ThesetribestheJesuitsonmanyoccasionsattemptedtocivilize，butalmostentirelywithoutsuccess，asthelongrecordofthemartyrdomofJesuitmissionariesintheChacoproves，aswellasthegradualabandonmentoftheirmissionsthere，towardsthesecondhalfoftheeighteenthcentury。
CertainitisthatatvariousplacesintheChaco，inthequaintoldmapstheJesuitshaveleftus，onereads`MissiondeSantaCruzdelosVilelas'，`MissiondelaConcepciondelosFrontones'，andothers；butmuchmorefrequentlytheirmapsarestuddedwithcrosses，andsomesuchlegendas`HicoccisisuntPP。AntoniusSalinusetPetrusOrtizZarate'。
ItwasonlywhentheJesuitsencounteredthemorepeacefulGuaranisthattheymetwithrealsuccess。
SeethecuriousmapcontainedinthenowrareworkofP。PedroLozano，entitled，`DescripcionChorographica……delGranChaco，Gualamba'，etc。
Alsointheinterestingcollectionofoldmapspublishedin1872atMadridbyFranciscoJavierBrabo。
Whatwasthenatureoftheirsuccess，howdurableitwas，whatwerethereasonswhichcausedtheexpulsionoftheorderfromAmerica，andespeciallyfromParaguay，andwhathasbeentheresultupontheremainderoftheIndians，itismyobjecttoendeavourtoexplain。
AlongresidenceintheriverPlate，togetherwithtwovisitstoParaguay，inoneofwhichIsawalmostalltheremnantsoftheParaguayanmissionsandafewofthosesituatedintheprovinceofCorrientes，andintheBrazilianprovinceofRioGrandedoSul，havegivenmesomepersonalacquaintancewiththesubject。
Itis，ofcourse，tobetakenintoconsiderationthatmytwojourneysinParaguayweremadeafterthegreatwarwhichterminatedin1870，afterlastingfouryears；butthewritingsofDemersay`HistoireduParaguayetdesE/tablissementsdesJe/suites'，Paris，1862，thoseofBrabo，andofAzara，showthedesertedstateofthedistrictofMisionesintheperiodfrom1767，thedateoftheexpulsionoftheJesuits，tothemiddleofthenineteenthcentury。
TheactualconditionoftherichdistrictofMisionesParaguay
atthetimeIvisitedit，shortlyaftertheconclusionofthegreatwarbetweenParaguayandBrazilin1870，doesnotenablemetospeakwithauthorityontheconditionofcommunities，theguidingspiritsofwhichwereexpelledasfarbackastheyear1767。
Theactualbuildingsofthemissions，thechurchesinadismantledstate，haveindeedsurvived；inmanyinstancesthetalldate
palmstheJesuitsplantedstillwaveoverthem。GenerallythecollegewasoccupiedbytheIndianAlcalde，whocameouttomeetthevisitoronahorseifhepossessedone，withasmuchsilveraboutthebridleandstirrupsashecouldafford，clothedinwhite，withacloakofredbaize，alarge`jipi
japa'hat，andsilverspursbuckledonhisnakedfeet。
Ifhehadneverleftthemission，hetalkedwithwonderandrespectofthetimesoftheJesuits，andatthe`oracion'kneltdowntopraywhereverthesoundoftheangelusmightcatchhim。
Hischildrenbeforebedtimekneltallinarowtoaskhisblessing。
IfhehadbeentoAsuncion，heprobablyremarkedthatthepeopleunderthoseaccursedpriestswerenaughtbutanimalsandslaves，andlaunchedintosomedisquisitionhehadheardinthesolitarycafewhichAsuncionthenboasted。Inthelattercase，aftermuchoftherightsofmanandthedutiesofhospitality，hegenerallypresentedyouwithaheavybillforIndiancornand`pindo'whichyourhorsehadeaten。
Intheformer，usuallyhebadeyougowithGod，and，ifyouspokeofpayment，said:`Well，sendmeabookofHourswhenyougettoAsuncion。'
`CocosAustralis'。
OfIndians，hardlyanywerelefttojudgeof，forinthevillagesinwhich，accordingtothereportsfurnishedtoBucareli，theViceroyofBuenosAyresatthetimeoftheexpulsionoftheJesuits，thepopulationnumberedinthethirtytownsofthemissionsonehundredandtwentythousand，
apopulationofatmosttwentythousandwastobefound。
Oneverysidethepowerfulvegetationhadcoveredupthefields。
Onruinedchurchandchapel，andonbrokentower，thelianasclimbedasifontrees，creepingupthebelfries，andthrowinggreatmassesofscarletandpurpleflowersoutoftheapertureswhereoncewerehungthebells。Inthethickjunglesafewhalf
wildcattlestillweretobefound。Thevast`estancias'，whereoncetheJesuitsbrandedtwoandthreethousandcalvesayear，andfromwhencethousandsofmuleswentforthtoChileandBolivia，wereallneglected。Horseswerescarceandpoor，cropsfewandindifferent，andtheplantationsmadebytheJesuitsofthetree`IlexParaguayensis'
fromwhichismadethe`yerbamate'，werealldestroyed。
SeethereportsoftheMarquesdeValdeliriosandothersinthepublicationsofFranciscoJavierBrabo，Madrid，1872，andinthe`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildeParaguay，Buenos
AyresyTucuman'，porDr。DonGregorioFunes，BuenosAyres，1816。
Inthevastforests，stretchingtotheSaltodeGuayra，afewscatteredtribes，knownasCaaguas，roamedthroughthethickets，orencampeduponthestreams。Inthethirtytowns，oncefulloflifeandstir，ineveryoneofwhichtherewasachurch，finer，asanoldSpanishwritersays，thananyinBuenosAyres，therewasnaughtbutdesolationanddespair。TheIndianseitherhadreturnedintothewoods，beenkilledintheceaselessrevolutionarywars，orhadbeenabsorbedintotheGauchopopulationsofCorrientes，RioGrande，EntreRios，andofSantaFe。
ItmaybethatallIndianracesaredestinedtodisappeariftheycomeintocontactwithEuropeans；certainly，experiencewouldseemtoconfirmthesupposition。ThepolicyoftheJesuits，however，wasbasedonisolationoftheirmissions，andhowthismighthaveworkedismatteratleastforspeculation。Itwasonaccountoftheisolationwhichtheypractisedthatitwaspossiblefortheextravagantcalumnieswhichwerecirculatedastotheirruleandrichestogainbelief。
Itwasonaccountofisolationthatthefirstconflictsarosebetwixtthemandtheauthorities，bothclericalandlay。ThattheJesuitsweremorehighlyesteemedthantheotherreligiousordersinSpanishAmericaintheseventeenthcentury，thesayingcurrentinthosedays，`Losdemasvana/un~a，losJesuitasa/una'
i。e。，Theothersgetalltheycan，buttheJesuitshaveoneaimtheconversionoftheIndians
seemstoshow。
ItisnotmypurposetodealwiththeprobablereasonswhichinducedtheirexpulsioninEurope。Sufficeittosaythat，whatevercrimesormisdemeanourstheywereguiltyof，theywerenevercalledontoanswerbeforeanytribunals，andthatinmanyinstancestheyweretreated，especiallyinPortugal，withgreatcrueltyandinjustice。
Theburning，attheageofeighty，oftheunfortunateMalagridainLisbonundertheauspicesofPombal，forabookwhichitseemsimprobablehecouldhavewritteninprisonatsogreatanage，andwhich，moreover，wasneverbroughtintocourt，onlysupposedextractsfromitbeingread，mayserveasanexample。InorderclearlytounderstandthepositionoftheJesuitsinAmerica，andespeciallyinParaguayandBolivia，itisnecessarytoglancebrieflyatthehistoryofthefirstconquestoftheriverPlate。
ThediscoveryofAmericaopeneduptoEurope，andespeciallytoSpain，opportunitiesforexpansionofnationalterritoryandindividualadvancementwhichnoepoch，eitherbeforeorsince，hasequalled。
FromaclusterofsmallStates，strugglingforexistenceagainstapowerfulenemyontheirownsoil，inafewyearsSpainbecamethegreatestempireoftheworld。Theresultwasthataspiritofadventureandadesiretogrowrichspeedilypossessedallclasses。Inadditiontothis，everySpaniardinAmericaduringthefirstfewyearsoftheconquestseemedtoconsiderhimself，tosomeextent，notonlyasaconqueror，butalsoasamissionary。
Now，missionariesandconquerorsaremen，onthewhole，moreimbuedwiththeirownimportanceandsanctity，andlessdisposedtoconsiderconsequences，thanalmostanyotherclassesofmankind。Theconjunctionofthetwoinonedisposedthe`conquistadores'ofAmericatoimaginethat，nomatterhowcrueloroutrageoustheirtreatmentoftheIndianswas，theyatonedforallbytheintroductionofwhattheyconsideredtheblessingoftheknowledgeofthetruefaith。Itwillbeseenatoncethat，ifonecandeterminewithaccuracywhichofthemany`faiths'preachedabouttheworldisactuallythetruefaith，amanwhoisinpossessionofitisactingproperlyinendeavouringtodiffuseit。ThemeanestsoldierinthevariousarmieswhichleftSpaintoconquerAmericaseemstohavehadnodoubtaboutthematter。
BernalDiazdelCastillo，who，ashehimselfrelates，cametoAmericaattheageofeighteen，andthereforecouldhavehadlittlepreviousopportunityofstudyingtheology，andwho，moreover，wasunfittedtodosobythewantofknowledgeofLatin，towhichhehimselfconfesses，yetattheendofhishistoryoftheconquestofMexico，oneofthemostinterestingbookseverwritten，hasthefollowingpassage:
`Butitistobenotedthat，afterGod，itwaswe，therealconquerors，whodiscoveredthem[theIndians]andconqueredthem；andfromthefirstwetookawaytheiridols，andtaughtthemourholydoctrine，andtousisduetherewardandcreditofitall，beforeanyotherpeople，eventhoughtheybechurchmen:forwhenthebeginningisgood，themiddleandendingisgood，whichthecurious[i。e。，attentive]readermayseeintheChristianpolityandjusticewhichweshowedtheminNewSpain。
`AndIwillleavethematter，andtelltheotherbenefitswhich，afterGod，byouragency，cametothenativesofNewSpain。'
BernalDiaz，`HistoriadelaConquistadelaNuevaEspan~a'，vol。iv。，cap。207，Madrid，1796。
Onewouldimagine，onreadingtheaboveextract，BernalDiazhadneverkilledanIndianinhislife，andthathehadsacrificedhisprospectsincomingtoMexicosolelytointroduce`aChristianpolityandjustice'
amongsttheinhabitants。Yethewasnohypocrite，butastoutsagacioussoldier，evenkindly，accordingtohislights，andwithaloveofanimalsuncommoninaSpaniard，forhehaspreservedthenamesandqualitiesofallthehorsesandmareswhichcameoverinthefleetfromtheHavanawithCortes。Thephrase，`despuesdeDios'
afterGodoccursrepeatedlyinthewritingsofalmostallthe`conquistadores'ofAmerica。Having，afterGod，conqueredAmerica，thefirstactionoftheconquerorswastosetaboutmakingtheirfortunes。
Inthosecountrieswhichproducedgoldandsilver，asMexicoandPeru，theyworkedtheminesbythelabouroftheIndians，thecrueltiesandhardshipsbeingsogreatthat，inaletterofPhilipII。totheComedeChinchon，theViceroyofPeru，datedMadrid，April30，1639，writtenfiftyyearsafterthediscovery，hesays:`TheseIndiansflee，becomeill，anddie，andhavebeguntodiminishgreatlyinnumber，andtheywillbefinishedsoonunlessanefficientremedyisprovidedshortly。'
Especiallynotingdowntheappearanceandqualitiesof`elcaballoMotilla'，thehorseofGonzalodeSandoval。ThusdoesheminutelydescribeMotilla，`thebesthorseinCastilleortheIndies'。`Elmejorcaballo，ydemejorcarrera，revueltoa/unamanoya\otraquedecianquenosehabiavistomejorenCastilla，nienesatierraeracastan~oacastan~ado，yunaestrellaenlafrente，yunpieizquierdocalzado，quesedeciaelcaballoMotilla；
e/quandohayahoradiferenciasobrebuenoscaballos，suclendeciresenbondadtanbuenocomoMotilla。'
InParaguaytherewerenomines，buttherewereothermethodsofextractingmoneyfromtheIndians。AtthefirstconquestParaguaywasnotthelittlecountryboundedonthewestbytheParaguay，onthesouthbytheParana，onthenorthbytheAquidaban，andontheeastbySierraofMbaracavu，asitisatpresent。
Onthecontrary，itembracedalmostallthatimmenseterritoryknownto
dayastheArgentineConfederation，someoftheRepublicofUruguay，andagreatportionofBrazil，embracingmuchoftheprovincesofMisiones，RioGrandedoSul，Parana，andMattoGrosso，aswellasParaguayitself。
Howthelittlecountry，twelvehundredmilesfromthesea，cametogiveitsnametosuchanenormousterritory，andtohavetheseatofgovernmentatAsuncion，demandssomeexplanation。
PeruandChilewerediscoveredandoccupiedsometimebeforetheeasternsideofSouthAmerica。Theirrichesnaturallydrewgreatattentiontothem；butthevoyage，firsttoCartagenadeIndias，andthenacrosstheisthmus，andthere
embarkationagainonthePacific，werebothcostlyandarduous。IthadbeentheambitionofallexplorerstodiscoversomeriverwhichwouldleadfromtheAtlantictotheminesofPeruandwhatisnowBolivia，thenknownasAltaPeru。
Ofcourse，thismighthavebeenachievedbyascendingtheAmazon，especiallyaftertheadventurousdescentofitbyOrellana，ofwhichFrayGaspardeCarbajalhasleftsocuriousadescription；
but，whetheronaccountofthedistanceorforsomeotherreason，itneverseemstohavebeenattempted。
In1526SebastianCabotleftSpainwiththreesmallvesselsandacaravelfortheobjectofreachingtheMoluccasorSpiceIslands。
ItwashispurposetoreachthemthroughtheStraitsofMagellan。
Beingcompelledbywantofsuppliestoabandonhisroute，heenteredabroadestuary，andascendeditundertheimpressionthathehaddiscoveredanotherchanneltothePacific。Hesoonfoundhismistake，andbegantoexplorethesurroundingcountry。Fifteenyearsbefore，withthesameobject，JuandeSolishadenteredthesameestuary。
OntheislandofMartinGarciahewaskilledbyaChanaIndian，andhisexpeditionreturnedhome。Hearingthattherewasmuchsilveratthehead
waters，hehadcalledittheRiodelaPlata。
Ifwetakethehead
watersoftheriverPlatetobesituatedinBolivia，therecertainlywasmuchsilverthere；butCabotwasunawarethatthehead
waterswereabovetwothousandmilesfromtheestuary，andhewasnotdestinedtocomenearthem。HedidgoasfarasapointontheriverCaracara，inwhatisnowtheprovinceofSantaFe，andtherehebuiltafortwhichhenamedEspirituSanto，thefirstSpanishsettlementinthatpartofAmerica。
WhilstatEspirituSanto，severalexploringpartiesweresenttoscourthecountry。Oneofthem，underasoldierofthenameofCesar，neverreturned。Tradition，alwayseagertomakeuptohistoryforitswantofinterest，assertedthataftermarchingforyearstheyreachedacity。PerhapsitwasthemysticTrapalandaofwhichtheGauchosusedtodiscourseatnightwhenseatedroundafireofbonesuponthepampa。Perhapssomeother，forenchantedcitiesandEldoradoswereplentifulinthosedaysinAmerica，alternatingwithoccasionalempires，asthatofPuytita，neartheLagunadelosXarayes，Manoa，andtheCiudaddelosCesares，supposedtobesituatednearAraucointheChilianAndes。However，oneofthepartyactuallyreturnedafteryears，andrelatedhisadventurestoRuyDiazdeGuzman，
thefirsthistorianofParaguay。ThusitwasthatthestreamofadventurerswaseverseekingforachanneltotheminesofPerufromtheAtlanticcoast。
CabotappearstohaveascendedtheParanatotheislandofApipe，andthen，returning，enteredtheriverParaguay。HavingascendedpastwhatisnowAsuncion，thecapitalofParaguay，CabotencounteredIndiansfromthenorthwhotoldhimoftheminesinPeruandinBolivia，probablyunawarethatCabotknewofthemalready。Atthispoint，encouragedbywhatheheard，hegavethenameofRiodelaPlatatowhathadpreviouslybeenknowneitherasLaMarDulceorElRiodeSolis。
Likemostnameswhicharewronglygiven，itremainedtotestifytothewantofknowledgeofthegiver。Fouryearsafter，CabotreturnedtoSpain，havingfailedtoattractattentiontohisdiscoveries。
InthefaceofthewealthwhichwaspouringinfromthePeruvianmines，anotherexpeditionstartedfortheriverPlate。ItsGeneral
forinSpainthetitlewasusedindifferentlybylandandsea
wasDonPedrodeMendoza，agentlemanofGuadixinAlmeria，andamemberofthehouseholdofCharlesV。
`LaArgentina'，includedinthe`ColecciondeAngelis'，BuenosAyres，1836。
DonPedrohadseenserviceintheItalianwars，andseemstohavebeenamanofcharacterandbravery，butwantinginthediscretionandthenecessarytactessentialinthefounderofacolony。
In1534theexpeditionstarted，unfortunatealmostfromthefirst。
Ina`certainisland'，asthehistorianoftheexpedition，HuldericoSchmidel，aGermanorFlemishsoldier，callsRioJaneiro，adisputeoccurredbetweenDonPedroandhissecondincommand，JuandeOsorio。
Atacourt
martialhelduponOsorio，DonPedroappearstohaveletfallsomeremarkswhichJuandeAyolas，theAlguazilMayorChiefConstable，seemstohavetakenupasanorderforinstantexecution。
Thisheperformeduponthespot，plunginghisdaggerrepeatedlyintoOsorio，or，asHuldericoSchmidelhasit，`sewinghimupwithcuts'
`cosiendolea\pun~aladas'。Thismurderorexecution
forwhoshalltellwhenmurderfinishesanditslegalcounterpartbegins?
renderedDonPedroveryunpopularwithallthefleet；for，asSchmidelhasitinhishistory，`thesoldierslovedOsorio。'TobelovedbythesoldierswastheonlychanceaSpanishofficerhadinthosetimesofholdinghisown。
BothSchmidelandBernalDiazdelCastillo，whohadbothbeencommonsoldiers，andwho，curiously，bothwrotehistories，losenooccasionofvilifyingofficerswhousedthesoldiershardly。ItistruethatBernalDiazwho，unlikeSchmidel，wasamanofgeniusdoessowithsomediscretion，andalwaysapparentlywithreason。Schmidel，ontheotherhand，seemstohaveconsideredthatanyofficerwhointerferedbetweenthesoldiersandtheIndianswasatyrant，andhencehisdenunciationofAlvarNunez，underwhomheserved。
`HistoriayDescubrimientodeelRiodelaPlatayParaguay'，HuldericoSchmidel，containedinthecollectionmadebyAndresGonzalezBarcia，andpublishedin1769atMadridunderthetitleof`HistoriadoresPrimitivosdelasIndiasOccidentales'。
In1535theexpeditionenteredtheriverPlate。HereMendoza，withhisusualwantofjudgment，pitcheduponwhatisnowthesiteofBuenosAyresasthespotonwhichtofoundhiscolony。
Itwouldbedifficulttoselectamoreinconvenientplaceinwhichtofoundatown。ThesiteofBuenosAyresisalmostlevelwiththewatersoftheriverPlate，whichthereareshallow
soshallowthatlargevesselscouldnotapproachnearerthantentofifteenmiles。Withoutaharbour，theanchoragewasexposedtothefullfuryofthesouth
westgales，knownas`pamperos'。
However，ifthesitewasbadtheairwasgood；atleast，itseemsso，foracaptainoftheexpeditionexclaimedonlanding，`Quebuenosairessonestos!'andhencethename。Hereeverysortofevilchancecameonthenewborncolony。ThePampaIndians，whomthehistorianSchmidelseemstohaveonlyknownbytheirGuaraninameofQuerandis，atfirstwerefriendly。Afteralittlewhiletheyceasedtobringprovisions，andtheGeneralsentoutanexpeditiontocompelthemunderhisbrother，DonDiegodeMendoza。ItdoesnotseemtohaveoccurredtoDonPedrodeMendozathat，hadthe`cacique'oftheQuerandislandedinSpain，noonewouldhavebroughthimprovisionsforasingledaywithoutreceivingpayment。However，DonPedrohadcometoAmericatointroducecivilizationandChristianity，andtherefore，knowing，likeBernalDiazandtheotherconquerors，hisownmoralworth，wasjustlyindignantthatafteradayortwotheIndiansrefusedhimmoresupplies。IntheencounterwhichtookplacebetweentheSpaniardsandtheIndians，DonDiegodeMendozawasslain，andwithhimseveralothers。Hereforthefirsttimewehearofthebolas，orthreestonesunited，likeaManxman'slegs，withstripsofhide，withwhich，asHuldericoSchmideltellsus，theIndianscaughtthehorsesbythelegsandthrewthemdown。AfterthisforetasteofEuropeanjustice，theIndiansbesiegedthenewly
builttownandbroughtittogreatstraits，somuchsothat，afterthreemenhadbeenhungforstealingahorse，inthemorningitwasdiscoveredtheyhadbeencutdownandeaten。
InthisdesperatestateDonPedrodespatchedJuandeAyolastogetsupplies。
He，havingobtainedsomemaizefromtheTimbuIndians，returned，leavingahundredofhismeninalittlefort，calledCorpusChristi，closetoEspirituSanto，thefortwhichCabothadconstructed。
ThefriendlinessoftheTimbusinducedDonPedrotoabandonBuenosAyresandmovetoCorpusChristi。Thereherepairedwithaboutfivehundredmen，allwhoremainedofthetwothousandsixhundredandthirtywithwhichhesailedfromCadiz。Thehorsesheabandonedonthepampa；
theretheybecametheancestorsoftheinnumerableherdswhichatonetimeoverspreadtheArgentineRepublicfromtheChacotoPatagonia，andwhosedescendantstothisdaystockthe`estancias'ofthatcountry。
ThegreatLasCasas，whomadesevenvoyagesfromAmericatoSpain
thelastattheageofseventy
two
toprotecttheIndians，hadastrongopinionabout`conquerors'and`conquests'。
InthededicationofhisgreattreatiseonthewrongsoftheIndians，hesays:`QuenopermitaFelipeII。lasatrocidadesquelostiranosinventaron，yqueprosiguenhaciendocontitulode"conquistas"。Losquesejactandeser"conquistadores"
aquedesciendendeellossonmuchomasorgullososarrogantesyvanosquelosotrosEspan~oles。'Strangethatevento
daythesame`atrocidades'of`tiranos'aregoingoninAfrica。
Nodoubtthedescendantsofthese`conquerors'willbeasarrogant，proud，andvainasthedescendantsofthe`conquistadores'
ofwhomLasCasaswrites。
Mendozaleft`AzaraApuntamientosparalaHistoriaNaturaldelosQuadrupedesdelParaguay'，etc。fivemaresandsevenhorsesintheyear1535。In1580DonJuandeGaray，atthesecondfoundingofthecity，alreadyfoundtroopsofwildhorses。Thecattleincreasedtoamarvellousextent，andbytheendofthecenturywerewildinPatagonia。Sarmiento`CivilisationetBarbarisme'