ChapterVI
DescriptionofthemissionterritoryandtownsfoundedbytheJesuits
TheirendeavourstoattracttheIndians
Religiousfeastsandprocessions
AgriculturalandcommercialorganizationsWiththedeathofCardenasthemostdangerousenemytheJesuitseverhadinParaguayhaddisappeared。Theyworstedhim，anddrovehimfromhissee；butthemovementsetonfootbyhimandthecalumnieshelevelledattheirOrderstillremainedandflourished，andintheendprevailedagainstthemanddrovethemfromtheland。
Acalumnyishardtokill；mankindingeneralcherishit；
theyneverletitdie，and，ifitlanguishes，resuscitateitunderanotherform；theyholdtoitinevilandingoodrepute，sothat，oncefairlyrooted，itgoesongrowinglikeaforest
treethroughoutthecenturies。Therefore，thechargesagainsttheJesuitsinParaguay，whichCardenasfirststarted，arewithusstill，andwarpourjudgmentastothedoingsoftheOrderinthemissionsoftheParanaandUruguayevenuntilto
day。
ButneithercalumnynortheraidsofthePaulistas，noryetthejealousyoftheSpanishsettlersinParaguay，deterredtheJesuitsfromtheprosecutionoftheirtask。Themissionsgraduallyextended，tilltheyrangedfromSantaMarialaMayor，inParaguay，toSanMiguel，inwhatisnowBrazil；andfromJesus，upontheParana，toYapeyu，upontheUruguay。Mostofthecountry，withtheexceptionofthemissionsofJesusandTrinidad，upontheParana，whichto
day，atleast，areonlyclearingsintheprimevalforest，iscomposedofopenrollingplains，withwooduponthebanksofallthestreams。Coveredasitwasandiswithfine，shortgrass，itformedexcellentcattle
breedingcountry，andhencethegreatindustryoftheIndianswastolookafterstock。
Thecountrybeingsofavourableforcattle，theymultipliedimmoderately，sothatinthevariousestablishments`estancias'，accordingtotheinventoriespublishedbyBrabo，theirnumberswereimmense。
Atthedateoftheexpulsionthenumberofthecattlewas719，761；oxen，44，183；horses，27，204；sheep，138，827
`Inventariosdelosbieneshalladosa/laexpulsiondelosJesuitas'，FranciscoJavierBrabo，Madrid，1872。
Theseopenrollingplains，calledbythenatives`camposquebrantados'，aregenerallystuddedthicklywithstuntedpalmscalledyatais，1
butnotsothicklyastospoilthegrasswhichcoverstheminspringandearlysummer，andeveninwintertheyremaingoodfeedingground。Thickclumpsofhard
woodtrees2
breakuptheprairiehereandthereintopeninsulasandislands，andinthehollowsandrockyvalleysbushypalmettorisesaboveahorse'sknees。Ingeneralthesoilisofarichbrightred，which，gleamingthroughthetrees，givesapeculiarlywarmcolourtotheland。
AlltheFrenchJesuitwritersrefertoitas`laterrerougedesmissions'。
TheJesuitsuseditandanotherearthofayellowshadeforpaintingtheirchurchesandtheirhousesinthemissionterritory。Itscompositionisrathersandy，thoughafterrainitmakesthickmud，andrenderstravellingmostlaborious。Theflowersandshrubsoftheterritoryarequiteasinterestingandstillmorevariedthanarethetrees。
ManyoftheJesuitswerebotanists，andtheworksofFathersMontenegro，3
SigismundAspergerandLozanoaremostcurious，andgivedescriptionsandlistsofmanyoftheplantsunclassifiedevento
day。
ThecelebratedBonpland，solongdetainedbyDr。FranciainParaguay，unfortunatelyneverpublishedanything；butmodernwriters4havedonemuch，thoughstillthefloraofthewholecountryisbutmostimperfectlyknown，andmuchremainstodobeforeitisallclassified。The`Crotonsuccirubrus'
fromwhicharesinknownas`sangre
de
drago'isextracted，thesumahabombax
thefruitofwhichyieldsafinevegetablesilk，theerythroxylonorcocaofParaguay，theinciensoorincense
treeoftheJesuits，aresomeofthemostremarkableofthemyriadshrubs。
Butiftheshrubsaremyriad，theflowersarepastthepowerofmantocount。
Lianas，withtheiryellowandredandpurpleclustersofblossoms，likeenormousbunchesofgrapes，hangfromtheforest
trees。
Intheopengladesuponthenandubays，5thealgarrobos，andtheespinillos，hangvariousOrchidaceae，6calledbythenatives`floresdelaire'，coveringthetreeswiththeiraerialroots，theirhangingblossoms，andtheirfoliageoftendergreen。
TheLabiatae，Compositae，Daturae，Umbelliferae，Convolvulaceae，andmanyotherspecies，coverthegroundinspringorrunuptreesandbushesafterthefashionofourhoneysuckleandthetraveller'sjoy。
1`Cocosyatais'。
2Urunday`Astreniumfraxinifolium:Terebinthaceae'，curapay`Piptadeniacommunis:Leguminaceae'，lapacho`Tecomacurialis'and`varia:Begoniaceae'，taruma`VitexTaruma:Verbenaceae'，tatane`Acaciamaleolens:
Leguminaceae'，andcupai`CopaiferaLangsdorfii'。
Theseandmanyotherwoods，suchasthePaloSanto`Guaiacumofficinalis'，butacae，andthe`CedrelaBraziliensis'，knowntotheJesuitsas`cedar'，andmuchusedbythemintheirchurches，comprisethechiefvarieties。
3`LibrocompuestoporelHermanoPedrodeMontenegrodelaC。deJ。，Ano1711'，MS。folio，withpen
and
inksketches，formerlybelongedtotheDukesofOsuna，andwasintheirlibrary。PadreSigismundialsowroteaherbalinGuarani，andaPortugueseJesuit，Vasconellos，hasleftacuriousbookuponthefloraofBrazil。
4DomingoParodi，inhis`NotassobrealgunasplantasusualesdelParaguay'
BuenosAyres，1886，hasdonemuchgoodwork。
5`AcaciaCavenia'。
6`Prosopisdulcis'。Thefamous`balmofthemissions'，knownbythevulgarnameof`curalotodo'all
heal，wasmadefromthegumofthetreecalledaguacciba，oneoftheTerebinthaceae。ItwassoldbytheJesuitsinEurope。
ItwassohighlyesteemedthattheinhabitantsofthevillagesneartowhichthetreewasfoundwerespeciallyenjoinedtosendacertainquantityofthebalsameveryyeartotheKing'spharmacyinMadrid。
Thelakesandbackwatersofriversarecoveredwithmyriadsofwater
liliesalllumpedtogetherbythenativesas`camalote'，whilstinthewoodlandpoolstheVictoriaRegiscarpetsthewaterwithitsgiantleaves。Ineverywoodtheorangeandthelemonwiththesweetlimehavebecomewild，andformgreatthickets。
Eachfarmand`rancho'hasitsorange
grove，beneaththeshadeofwhichIhavesooftencamped，thatthescentoforange
blossomalwaysbringsbacktomethedenseprimevalwoods，thesilentplains，thequietIndians，andtheunnavigatedwaterways，inwhichthealligatorsbasked。ExcepttheSierradeMbaracayu，1
onthenorth
east，throughoutthemissionterritorytherearenomountainsofconsiderableheight；andthroughthemiddleofthecountryruntheriversParanaandUruguay，thelatterformingtheboundaryonthesouth
east。Therollingplainsandwoodsalternatewithgreatmarshescalled`esteros'，whichinsomedistricts，asofthatofNeembucu，coverlargetractsofland，forminginwinteranalmostimpenetrablemorass，andinthespringandearlysummerexcellentfeeding
groundforsheep。Throughouttheterritorytheclimateishealthy，excepttowardsthewoodynorthernhills。
Withthisrichterritoryandthefalsereportsofmines，whichevenunsuccessfulexplorationcouldnotdispel，itisbutnaturalthattheJesuitswerehatedfarandwide。Itmusthavebeenannoyingtoasocietycomposed，aswerethegreaterportionoftheSpanishsettlementsinParaguay，ofadventurers，whotreatedtheIndiansasbrutebeasts，2
toseeapreserveofIndiansseparatedfromtheirterritorybynogreatbarrierofNature，andstillbeyondtheirpower。3
Bonpland，inspeakingofthecountry，says:`Thewholeofthelandexceedsdescription；ateverysteponemeetswiththingsusefulandnewinnaturalhistory。'SuchalsowastheopinionoftheFrenchtravellersDemersayandD'Orbigny；ofColonelduGraty，whoseinterestingwork`LaRe/publiqueduParaguay'，Brussels，1862isoneofthebestonthecountry；therecentFrenchexplorerBourgadelaDardye，andofallthosewhohaveevervisitedthemissionsofParaguay。4
1ItwasfromthosemountainsthattheJesuitsprocuredtheseedofthe`IlexParaguayensis'toplantintheirreductions。
Theleavesbeatenintoafinishpowderfurnishedthe`Paraguayantea'，called`yerba
mate'bytheSpaniardsand`caa'bytheIndians，fromwhichtheJesuitsderivedahandsomerevenue。
AftertheexpulsionoftheOrderallthe`yerba'inParaguaywasprocured，tillafewyearsago，fromforestsinthenorthofParaguay，inwhichthetreegrewwild。
2ItwasbytheBullofPaulIII。
givenatthedemandoftwomonks，FrayDomingodeBetanzosandFrayDomingodeMinaya
thattheIndianswerefirstconsideredasreasoningmen`gentederazon'，andnotasunreasonablebeings`gentesinrazon'，asJuanOrtiz，BishopofSantaMarta，wished。
3Ibanez`HistoireduParaguaysouslesJe/suitesM。D。CCIXXX。'，agreatopponentoftheJesuits，saysthatEuropeanoffendersandrecalcitrantIndiansinthemissionsweresentasalastresourcetotheSpanishsettlements。ThisisnotastonishingwhenwerememberthecuriousletterofDonPedroFaxardo，BishopofBuenosAyrespreservedbyCharlevoix，writtenin1721totheKingofSpain，inwhichhesayshethinks`thatnotamortalcrimeiscommittedinthemissionsinayear。'Headdsthat，`iftheJesuitsweresorich，whyaretheircollegessopoor?'
4Itistoberememberedthat，ofthethirtyJesuitmissions，onlyeightwereinParaguay；therestwereinwhatto
dayisBrazilandtheArgentineprovincesofEntreRios，Corrientes，andMisiones。
InthisrichterritorytheJesuits，when，afterinfinitetrouble，theyhadunitedasufficientquantityofIndians，formedthemintotownships，almostallofwhichwerebuiltupononeplan。InParaguayitselfonlysomethreeorfourremain；buttheyremainsowellpreservedthat，bythehelpofcontemporaryaccounts，itiseasytoreconstructalmostexactlywhatthemissionsmusthavebeenlikeduringtheJesuits'rule。
Sometimes，whentheyhadbeenassembled，theyalldesertedsuddenly，asdidtheTobatines，whoin1740suddenlyleftthereductionofSantaFe，andforelevenyearswerelostintheforests，tillFatherYegrosfoundthem，and，astheywouldnotreturn，establishedhimselfamongstthemCretineauJoly，`HistoiredelaCompagniedeJe/sus'，vol。v。，cap。ii。。
P。Cardiel，`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'，p。282:`Todoslospueblosestanbienformadosconcallesa/cordel。LascasasdelosIndiossonenalgunospueblosdepiedrascuadradasperosincal……otrasdepalosybarrotodascubiertasdeteja，ytodastienensoportaleso/corredores，unasconpilaresdepiedras，otrasdemadera。'
Builtroundasquare，thechurchandstore
housesfilledoneend，andthedwellingsoftheIndians，formedofsun
driedbricksorwattledcanesinthreelongpent
houses，completedthethreesides。Ingeneral，thehouseswereofenormouslength，afterthefashionofaSt。Simonianphalanstery，orofa`miners'row'inLanarkshire。Eachfamilyhaditsownapartments，whichwerebutseparatedfromtheapartmentsofthenextbyalath
and
plasterwall，calledinSpanish`tabique''
butoneverandaandoneroofservedforahundredormorefamilies。
Thespaceinthemiddleofthesquarewascarpetedwiththefinestgrass，keptshortbybeingpasturedclosebysheep。Thechurches，sometimesbuiltofstone，andsometimesofthehardwoodswithwhichthecountryabounds，werebeyondalldescriptionsplendid，takingintoconsiderationtheremotenessoftheJesuittownsfromtheoutsideworld。Frequently
as，forinstance，inthemissionofLosApostoles
thechurcheshadthreeaisles，andwereadornedwithloftytowers，richaltars，1super
altars，andstatuary，broughtatgreatexpensefromItalyandSpain。
Thoughthechurcheswereoftenbuiltofstone，itwasnotusualforthehousesoftheIndianstobesobuilt；butinsituationswherestonewasplentiful，asatthemissionofSanBorja，thehousesoftheJesuitswereofmasonry，withverandasheldupbycolumns，andwithstaircaseswithbalustradesofsculpturedstone。2
Theordinaryground
planofthepriest'shousewasthatoftheSpanishMoorishdwelling，solikeinallitsdetailstoaRomanhouseatPompeiioratHerculaneum。Builtroundasquarecourtyard，withafountaininthemiddle，theJesuits'houseformedbutaportionofasortofinnertown，whichwassurroundedbyawall，inwhichagate，closedbyaporter'slodge，communicatedwiththeoutsideworld。Withinthewallwassituatedthechurchalthoughithadanentrancetotheplaza，theroomsoftheinferiorpriest，agarden，aguest
chamber，stables，andastore
house，inwhichwerekeptthearmsbelongingtothetown，thecorn，flour，andwool，andtheprovisionsnecessaryforlifeinaremoteandoftendangerousplace。
Ineverycasethehouseswereofonestory；thefurniturewasmodest，andingeneralhome
made；ineveryroomhungimagesandpiouspictures，thelatteroftenpaintedbytheIndiansthemselves。InthesmallermissionstwoJesuitsmanagedalltheIndians。3
1DonFranciscoGraell，anofficerofdragoonsinserviceduringtheWaroftheSevenTownsin1750，givesthefollowingdescriptionofthechurchofthemissionofSanMiguel:`Laiglesiaesmuycapaz，todadepiedradesilleriacontresnavesymedianaranja。Muybienpintadaydoradaconunporticomagnificoydebellisimaarquitectura，bovedasymedianaranjasondemadera，elaltarmayordetalla，sindorarylefaltaelultimocuerpo。'
2`Galeriasconcolumnas，barandillasyescalerasdepiedraentallada'
DonFranciscoGraell。SeealsoP。Cardiel`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'，p。247，`Entodoslospuebloshayrelojdesolyderuedas，'etc。
TheworkofPadreCardielwaswrittenin1750inthemissionsofParaguay，butremainedunpublishedtill1800，whenitappearedinBuenosAyresfromthepressofJuanA。Alsina，CalledeMexico1422。Itis，perhaps，afterthe`ConquistaEspiritual'ofFatherRuizMontoya，themostpowerfulcontemporaryjustificationofthepolicyoftheJesuitsinParaguay。Itispowerfullybutsimplywritten，andcontainswithalthatsavinggraceofhumourwhichhas，fromthebeginningoftheworld，beenastumbling
blocktofools。
3ThemissionofSanMiguelhad1，353familiesinit，orsay6，635souls。
SanFranciscodeBorjacontained650families，or2，793soulsReportbyManuelQuerinitotheKing，datedCordobadeTucuman，yAgosto1o，1750。
ThegreatestdifficultywhichtheJesuitshadtofacewasthenaturalindolenceoftheirneophytes。Quiteunaccustomedastheyweretoregularworkofanykind，theordinaryEuropeansystem，aspractisedintheSpanishsettlements，promptlyreducedthemtodespair，andoftenkilledthemoffinhundreds。ThereforetheJesuitsinstitutedthesemi
communalsystemofagricultureandofpublicworkswithwhichtheirnamewillbeassociatedforeverinAmerica。
IntheirextensivemissionsintheprovincesofChiquitosandMoxostheypursuedthesamesystem。AstheyweremuchmoreisolatedinthoseprovincesthaninParaguay，andconsequentlymuchlessinterferedwith，itwastherethattheirpeculiarsystemmostflourished。
AftertheexpulsionoftheJesuitsfromAmericain1767，theSpaniardsinAltaPeru，andsubsequentlytheBolivians，hadthesensetofollowtheJesuitplaninitsentirety；whereasBucareli，theViceroyofBuenosAyres，entirelychangedtheJesuits'ruleinParaguay。
TheconsequencewasthatinBoliviatheIndians，insteadofdispersingastheydidinParaguay，remainedinthemissions，andD'Orbigny`Fragmentd'unVoyageauCentredel'Ame/riqueMe/ridianale'
sawatthemissionsofSantiagoandElSantoCorazon，intheprovinceofChiquitos，theremainsoftheJesuits'polity。
ThereweretenmissionsinChiquitos，andfifteeninMoxos。
AtthepresenttimetheFranciscanshavesomesmallestablishmentsinBolivia。
ThecelebratedDr。Francia，dictatorofParaguay，usedtorefertotheJesuitsas`cunningrogues'，1and，ashecertainlyhimselfwasversedineveryphaseofcunningness，perhapshisestimate
tosomeextent，atleast
wasjust。Arogueinpoliticsisbutamanwhodisagreeswithyou；but，still，itwantednolittleknowledgeofmankindtopresentadailytasktomen，unversedinanykindoflabour，asofthenatureofapleasureinitself。Thedifficultywasenormous，astheIndiansseemednevertohavecomeundertheprimevalcurse，butpassedtheirlivesinwanderingabout，occasionallycultivatingjustsufficientfortheirneeds。Whetheramissionary，Jesuit，orJansenist，Protestant，Catholic，orMohammedan，doeswellinforcinghisownmodeoflifeandfaithonthosewholiveahappier，freerlifethananyhisinstructorcanholdouttothemisamootpoint。Onlythefuturecanresolvethequestion，andjudgeofwhatwedoto
day
nodoubtwithgoodintentions，butwiththeignorancebornofourself
conceit。
Muchofthemiseryoftheworldhasbeenbroughtaboutwithgoodintentions；
butoftheJesuits，atleast，itcanbesaidthatwhattheydidinParaguaydidnotspreaddeathandextinctiontothetribeswithwhomtheydealt。2
SotothetaskofagriculturetheJesuitsmarshalledtheirneophytestothesoundofmusic，andinprocessiontothefields，withasaintbornehighaloft，thecommunityeachdayatsunrisetookitsway。
Alongthepaths，atstatedintervals，wereshrinesofsaints，andbeforeeachofthemtheyprayed，andbetweeneachshrinesanghymns。3
Astheprocessionadvanced，itbecamegraduallysmallerasgroupsofIndiansdroppedofftoworkthevariousfields，andfinallythepriestandacolytewiththemusiciansreturnedalone。4Atmid
day，beforeeating，theyallunitedandsanghymns，andthen，aftertheirmealandsiesta，returnedtoworktillsundown，whentheprocessionagainre
formed，andthelabourers，singing，returnedtotheirabodes。ApleasingandArcadianstyleoftillage，anddifferentfromthesystemofthe`swinked'labourerinmorenorthernclimes。Buteventhenthehymnaldaywasnotconcluded；
forafterabriefresttheyallrepairedtochurchtosingthe`rosary'，andthentosupandbed。Onrainydaystheyworkedatotherindustriesinthesamehalf
Arcadian，half
communisticmanner，onlytheysangtheirhymnsinchurchinsteadofinthefields。ThesystemwassodifferenttothatunderwhichtheIndiansenduredtheirlivesinthe`encomiendas'
andthe`mitas'oftheSpanishsettlements，thatthefactaloneissufficienttoaccountformuchofthecontemporaryhatredwhichtheJesuitsincurred。
1`Pillosmuyladinos'Robertson，`LettersfromParaguay'。
2FerrerdelRio，inhis`ColecciondelosarticulosdelaEsperanzasobreCarlosIII。'Madrid，1859，says:
`FueradelasmisionesdelosJesuitasparticularmenteenelParaguayseconsiderabanlosIndiosentrelosseresmasinfelicesdelmundo。'
JorgeJuanandAntoniodeUlloa，intheircelebrated`SecretReport'
`NoticiasSecretasdeAmerica':`Lacompan~iadeJesusatiendeasusfinesparticularmenteconlosmisionerosquellevandeEspan~a；
perocontodoesonoseolvidadelaconversiondelosIndios，nitieneabandonadoesteasuntopuesaunquevanpocoadelanteenel，queesloquenoseesperimentenenlasdemasreligiones。'
3Manytravellers，asAzara，Demersay，DuGraty，andD'Orbigny，haveremarkedhowfondofmusicwastheGuaranirace，andhowsoontheylearnedtheuseofEuropeaninstruments。D'Orbigny`Fragmentd'unVoyageauCentredel'Ame/riqueMe/ridianale'，inhisinterestingaccountofthemissionofElSantoCorazon，inthedistrictofChiquitos，says:`Jefustre\se/tonne/
d'entendreexe/cuterapre\slesdansesindige\nesdesmorceauxdeRossiniet……deWeber……lagrandemessechante/eenmusiquee/taitexe/cute/ed'unemanie\retre\sremarquablepourdesIndiens。'
VargasMachuca，inhismostcuriousandrare`MiliciayDescripciondelasIndias'，says，undertheheadingof`MusicadelIndio':
`Usansusmusicasantiguasensusregocijos，ysonmuytristesenlatonada。'To
daytheIndiansofParaguayhavesongsknownas`tristes'。ThebrigadierDonDiegodeAlvear，inhis`RelaciondeMisiones'ColecciondeAngelis，saysthatthefirsttoteachtheGuaranisEuropeanmusicwasaFlemishJesuit，P。JuanBasco，whohadbeen`maestrodecapilla'
totheArchdukeAlbert。
4SeealsoP。Cardiel，`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'，p。274:
`……yestaacabada，setocaa/Misaa/queentrantodoscantandoelBendito，yalabadoensulengua，o/enCastellano，queenlasdoslenguaslosaben。'
Imagineasemi
communisticsettlementsetclosetothebordersofRhodesia，inwhichthousandsofKaffirspassedalifeanalogoustothatpassedbytheIndiansofthemissions
caredforandfedbythecommunity，lookedafterineverysmallestparticularoftheirlives
andwhatafloodofcalumnywouldbeletlooseupontheunfortunatedevisersofthescheme!Firstly，towithdrawthousandsof`natives'
fromthelabourmarketwouldbeacrimeagainstallprogress，andthentotreatthemkindlywouldbeheresy，andtosecludethemfromthecontaminationofthescumofEuropeinthesettlementswouldbetermedunnatural；forweknowthatnativeracesderivemostbenefitfromfreecompetitionwiththeleastfittedofourpopulationtoinstruct。
Butbesidesagriculturetheenormouscattle
farmsofthemissionterritorygaveoccupationtomanyoftheneophytes。Thelifeoncattle
farmsgavelessscopeforsupervision，andwemaysupposethattheherdersandthecattlemenweremorelikeGauchos；
butGauchosunderreligiousdiscipline，half
centaursinthefield，sittingaplunginghalf
wildcoltasiftheywerepartofhim，andwhenonfootathomesubmissivetotheJesuits，constantinchurch，butnotsofierceandbloodthirstyastheirdescendantssoonbecameafterthewithdrawalofthemissionrule。
DeanFunes，inhis`EnsayodelaHistoriadelParaguay'，etc。，saysthatinthe`estancia'ofSantaTecla，inthemissionsofParaguay，duringthetimeoftheJesuits，therewere50，000headofcattle。
Aswellasagricultureand`estancia'life，theJesuitshadintroducedamongsttheIndiansmostoftheartsandtradesofEurope。
BytheinventoriestakenbyBucareli，ViceroyofBuenosAyres，attheexpulsionoftheOrder，wefindthattheywovecottonlargely；
sometimestheymadeasmuchaseightthousandfivehundredyardsofclothinasingletowninthespaceoftwoorthreemonths。
And，inadditiontoweaving，theyhadtanneries，carpenters'shops，tailors，hat
makers，coopers，cordage
makers，boat
builders，cartwrights，joiners，andalmosteveryindustryusefulandnecessarytolife。
Theyalsomadearmsandpowder，musicalinstruments，andhadsilversmiths，musicians，painters，turners，andprinterstoworktheirprinting
presses:
formanybookswereprintedatthemissions，andtheyproducedmanuscriptsasfinelyexecutedasthosemadebythemonksinEuropeanmonasteries。
`Inventariosdelosbieneshalladosa/laexpulsiondelosJesuitas'，Introduction，xxvii，FranciscoJavierBrabo。
Therareandmuch
sought
after`ManualeadusumPatrumSocietatisJesuquiinReductionibusParaquariaeversantur，exRitualeRomanoadToletanodecerptum'，wasprintedatthemissionofLoreto。
ItcontainsprayersinGuaraniaswellasinLatin。
HerealsowasprintedacuriousbookofGuaranisermonsbyNicolasYapuguay，manyGuaranivocabularies，andthe`ArtedelaLenguaGuarani/'ofRuizMontoya。
Allthe`estancias'，theagriculturallandsandworkshopswere，sotospeak，thepropertyofthecommunity；thatistosay，thecommunityworkedthemincommon，wasfedandmaintainedbytheirproductions，thewholeunderthedirectionofthetwoJesuitswholivedineverytown。
Aportioncalled`tupinambal'inGuaraniwassetasideespeciallyforthemaintenanceoforphansandofwidows。Thecattleandthehorses，withtheexceptionof`loscaballosdelsanto'，destinedforshowatfeasts，werealsousedincommon。ThesurplusofthecapitalwasreservedtopurchasenecessarycommoditiesfromBuenosAyresandfromSpain。
Eachfamilyreceivedfromthecommonstocksufficientforitsmaintenanceduringgoodconduct，fortheJesuitsheldinitsentiretythePaulinedictumthatifamanwillnotwork，thenneithershallheeat。
Butastheyheldit，sotheypractiseditthemselves，fortheirlivesweremostlaborious
teachingandpreaching，andactingasoverseerstotheIndiansintheirlabourscontinually，fromthefirstmomentoftheirarrivalatthemissionstilltheirdeath。
Thus，ifthemayorofthetownshipcomplainedofanymanforremissnessathiswork，hereceivednorationstillhehadimproved。
P。Cardiel，`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'，p。295:`Deestosgranoscomunalessedaparasembrar'，etc。
ToinculcatehabitsofprovidenceamongsttheIndians，alwaysinclinedtoconsumewhateverwasgiventothemandgofastingafterwards，theyissuedtheprovisionsbutonceaweek，andwhentheykilledtheiroxenforcedtheIndiansto`jerk'acertainquantityofbeeftolastthroughouttheweek。Vegetableseachfamilywasobligedtoplantbothintheirgardensandinthecommonfields；
andallthatwerenotactuallyconsumedweredealtouttotheworkersinthecommonworkshopsorpreservedforsale。
Thisjerkedbeefiscalled`charqui'inSouthAmerica。
CertainoftheIndiansownedtheirowncowsandhorses，andhadgardensinwhichtheyworked；butalltheproductwasobligedtobedisposedoftotheJesuitsforthecommongood，andinexchangeforthemtheygaveknives，scissors，cloth，andlooking
glasses，andotherarticlesmadeintheoutsideworld。ClotheswereservedouttoeveryIndian，andconsistedforthemenoftrousers，coarse`ponchos'，strawhatsorcaps，andshirts；butneithermennorwomeneverworeshoes，andthesolecostumeofthelatterwastheGuarani`tipoi'，
alongandsleevelessshiftcutratherhigh，andwithcoarseembroideryroundtheshoulders，andmadeofaroughcottoncloth。Forornamentstheyhadglassbeadsandrosariesofbrassorsilver，withsilverrings，andnecklacesofglassorhorn，fromwhichhungcrucifixes。
ThusfoodandclothingcosttheJesuitsorthecommunity
butlittle，andarudeplentywastheorderoftheland。
ThegreatestluxuryoftheIndianswas`mate'，andtoproduceittheyworkedinthe`yerbales'inthesamewayinwhichtheyworkedtheirfields
inbandsandwithprocessions，tothesoundofhymnsandheadedbyapriest。
ThepoorerclassesinParaguayallusedtowearthe`tipoi'。
Theycoveredthemselveswhenitwascoldwithawhitecottonsheetwrappedinmanyfolds。
TheJesuitsthemselvesweredressedinhomespunclothes，forMatiasAngles
quotedintheintroductiontothe`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'ofFatherCardiel，publishedatBuenosAyresin1900theintroductionbyP。PabloHernandez
says:
`ElvestuariodelosPadresesdelienzodealgodonten~idodenegro，hiladoyfabricadoporlasmismasIndiasdelospueblos；
ysitalqualPadretieneuncapoteo/manteodepan~adeCastillasesucededeunosa/otros，yduraunsigloentero。'
This，then，wasthesystembymeansofwhichtheJesuitssucceeded，withoutemployingforceofanykind，whichintheircasewouldhavebeenquiteimpossible，lostastheywereamongstthecrowdofIndians，inmakingtheGuaranisenduretheyokeoftoil。Thesemi
communalcharacteroftheirruleaccountsforthehostilityofLiberalswho，likeAzara，sawincompetitionthebestroadtoprogress，butwho，likehim，intheirconsumingthirstforprogresslostsightofhappiness。