`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay'，etc。，vol。iii。，cap。viii。，p。119。
OnJuly2twoshipsarrivedinBuenosAyresbringingthenewsthatthedecreehadbeenputinforceinSpainonApril2withsuccess。
AsallthecrewofboththeshipsknewwhathadhappenedinSpain，concealmentofhisplanbecamenolongerpossible。Thus，hadtheJesuitspossessedeitherthewishorthemeanstomakeanarmedresistance，theyhadampletimetostandontheirdefence。
Nothingwasfurtherfromtheirminds，thoughtheyhadcompletedominionoveraterritoryaslargeasFrance，andwhichcontainedapopulationofoveronehundredandfiftythousandsouls。1
Forarms，theyhadaschiefdefencesome`verylongEnglishguns，withrestsiftheywishedtousethem，whichwerenotveryheavy，andhadatolerablerange。'2ThesewerethepreparationsthattheJesuitswho，notinParaguayalone，butthroughoutalltheAmericandominionsoftheSpanishcrown，ruledoverterritoriesstretchingfromCaliforniatoCapeHorn3hadmade，andtheywerefoundaloneinthemissionsofParaguay，where，byaspecialpermissionoftheKingsofSpain，armswereallowedfordefenceagainstthePortuguese。
1Funes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivil'，etc。，vol。iii。，cap。viii。
2`Tambienenalgunospuebloshayunasescopetasinglesasmuylargasconsushorquillassisequierenusardeellasnosonmuypesadasytienenbuenalcance'
Funes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay'，etc。，vol。iii。，cap。viii。。
3Therewereintheyear1759throughouttheworld271Jesuitmissions，1，542religioushouses，61cattlefarms，340residences，171seminaries，1，542churches，and22，589Jesuits，whereof11，293werepriests。
Oftheabovehouses，missions，andchurches，thegreaterportionwereinAmericaFerrerdelRio，`HistoriadelReinadodeCarlosIII。'，Madrid，1856。
IntheRiverPlateandParaguaytherewereabout400Jesuits，ofwhom300werepriests。Theotherhundred，accordingtoIbanez`RepublicaJesuitica'，were`mostlypoordevilswhowereinwantoffood，andcameintotheOrderforameal。'
Ibanezrarelyspokethetruth，notevenwhenitwouldhavebeenexpedienttodoso；andcertainlyamongstthese`poordevils'
couldnothavebeenincludedAsperger，thewriteronIndianmedicines，andotherdistinguishedmenwhoinhabitedtheParaguayanmissionsaslaybrothers。
Bucareli，whoseemstohavebeenatimidbuthonestanduprightman，madehisfirstexperimentupontheJesuitsofBuenosAyres，Cordoba，andSantaFe。Thecollegesinalltheseplacesweresuppressedonthesamenight，andwithouttheleastresistancefromtheiroccupants。
HewhosuppressesareligiousOrder，takesatownorcountry，or，infact，putsintooperationanyoftheforcesofthelawormilitarypower，alwaysexpects，nomatterhowexaltedbehismotivesatthestart，torecouphimselffromthetreasureoftheconquered。`Vaevictis'，togetherwiththevestmentsofthechurch，theplainsong，andthesaints，cameasapaganheritagetothenewfaith，andhasbeenheldascanonlawsinceConstantinelookedattheskyandthoughthesawacross。
GreatmusthavebeenthedisgustoftheGovernortofindthespoilsopaltry，andnottohavethesatisfactionevenofsayingthattheJesuitshadhiddenalltheirgold，as，hisownmeasureshavingbeentakensecretly，theyhadnoknowledgeofwhatwasinthewind。InthecollegeofCordoba，esteemedtobeamineofwealth，wasfoundonlyninethousanddollars，
whichsumFerandoFabro，thecommissionersentbyBucarelitotakeovertheeffectsoftheJesuitsatCordoba，dulychroniclesinhisreport。
DeanFunes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivil'，etc。，vol。iii。，bookv。，cap。ix。
ButifthecollegeofCordoba1provedamiserableprey，therestillremainedtheJesuitmissionsontheUruguayandParana，withalltherichesoftheirfertileterritory，andtheenormouswealthwhicheverySpaniardfirmlybelievedtheJesuitshadacquired。
NoneoftheJesuits，eitherinBuenosAyres，Cordoba，SantaFe，Corrientes，orMonteVideohavingmadetheleastresistance，buthavingopenedwidetheirdoorstothesoldiers，whoinallthetownsonthesamedayattwoo'clockinthemorningcametosignifytheirexpulsiontothem，itwasonlynaturaltothinkthatthesameconductwouldbeobservedinParaguay。ButGovernorsandGovernmentsneverseemintheleastaccessibletocommon
sense。Almostayearhadpassedbeforehepluckedupcourageforhisdangeroustask。2
HesetaboutitwithmorepreparationthaneitherCortezorPizarromadefortheconquestofMexicoorofPeru。HavingembarkedforSpaininthefrigate`LaEsmeralda'onehundredandfiftyJesuitsfromthetownsofCordoba，BuenosAyres，MonteVideo，andSantaFe，hepreparedtomarchuponthemissions，whenasuspicionofresistancecausedhimtotakeprecautionswhichtheresultprovedquiteridiculous。
HesenttwohundredofthebestofthemilitiaofAsunciontooccupythefordsupontheTebicuari，3andabodyofequalstrengthtooccupytheportofSanMiguel。Allthesemeasuresbeingtakenforhissafety，theconquerorembarkeduponMay24，takingwithhimthreecompaniesofgrenadiersandsixtydragoons。HedisembarkedatthetownofSaltoontheUruguay，andfromthencedespatchedCaptainDonJuanFranciscodelaRivaHerreratooccupythetownsupontheParana。DonFranciscodeZabalawassenttoseizesixofthetownsupontheUruguay。Bucarelihimself，withseveralhundredmen，marcheduponYapeyu，4thesouthernmostofallthemissiontowns。
TheJesuits，however，gavenotroubletoanyofthetroops，andevenstoppedtheGovernorfromgatheringanylaurels，howeverwithered，withwhichtocrownhisarms。
1Thefinelibrarywasdispersed，andmanypricelessMSS。treatingofthediscoveryandconquest，andofexpeditionsbytheJesuitsamongsttribesofIndiansnowextinct，werelost。NothingseemstohavebeenpreservedexceptmatterwhichthedispersersthoughtmightproveincriminatingtotheJesuits。Itisawell
knownprincipletojudgeandcondemnaman，andthentosearchforevidenceagainsthim。
ThebookswerekeptinaplaceknownasLaGranjadeSantaCatalina，andamanofletters，Dr。DonAntonioAldao，waschargedtocatalogueandremitthemtothecapital。DeanFunessaysbookv。，cap。ix。，p。156thathecompliedwithhisinstructions`verifico/lafelizmenteyconarregloasusinstrucciones'，but，anyhow，mostofthebookswerelost。Itisacommonphraseamongstdoctors，`Theoperationwasentirelysuccessful，butthepatientunfortunatelysuccumbed。'Amongstthebookswasthecelebrated`MonitaSecreta'，usedbyIbanezinhischargesaftertheexpulsionagainsttheJesuits。
2DeanFunes`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivil'，vol。iii。，cap。viii。
seemstohavegaugedthefeelingsoftheGovernorwhenhesays:
`TemblodesustoBucareliconsiderandoenriesgounaconquista，quedebiaaumentarsugloriaysufortuna。'`Sufortuna'isdelicious，andshowsyourtrueconqueror'smelancholy。
3TheTebicuariformsthenorthernboundarybetweentheterritoryofMisionesandtherestofParaguay。Itisalargeriver，andinmytime1872
1875wasbridgeless，andhadtobecrossedincanoes，whilstthehorsesswam，orweretowedbehindthecanoeswithropes。
4Yapeyuwasthelargestofallthemissions。ThenamesignifiesachiselinGuarani。
Asheadvancedfromtowntotown，thepriests，onhisarrivalateachplace，althoughlivinginthemidstofIndians，someofwhomwerearmed，andmanyofwhomhadservedtheKingofSpaininvariouswars，andallofwhomlookedontheJesuitsalmostasgods，cameoutandpeacefullygaveupthekeysofalltheirhouses，andsubmittedquietlytobemadeprisonersandbecarriedoffinchainsfromtheterritorieswhichtheyandtheirorderhadcivilizedandruledoveralmosttwohundredyears。Seventy
eightJesuitsandtheirprovincialsweresentprisonerstoBuenosAyres，andtheirplacesallfilledupwithotherprieststakenfromdifferentOrders，andnoneofwhomhadanyexperienceinmission
work。AsDeanFunestartlywrites，themiraclethatBucareliwished，butscarcelydaredtohopefor，hadtakenplace。TheJesuits，inParaguay，atleast，bytheirconductintheirlastpublicact，mostamplyvindicatedtheirloyaltytotheSpanishcrown。Nothingwouldhavebeeneasier，depletedastheviceroyaltywasatthetimeoftroops，
thantohavedefiedtheforceswhichBucarelihadathisdisposal，andtohavesetupaJesuitState，whichwouldhavetaxedtheutmostresourcesoftheSpanishcrowntoovercome。
NodoubttheveryfacilitywithwhichBucarelicarriedouthisplansconfirmedhiminhisownmindoftheirexpediency，formeningeneralarepronetothinkthatrightwhichtheyaccomplishwithsuccess。
However，bethatasitmay，hereturnedintriumphtoBuenosAyresonSeptember16，havingexpendedinhisexpeditionlessthanfourmonths。
SoinaquarterofayeartheJesuits，aftermorethantwohundredyearsofrule，wereallexpelledfromParaguay。
Bucareli，inalettertoElCondedeArandaBrabo，`ColecciondeDocumentosrelativosa/laExpulsiondelosJesuitas'，Madrid，1872，saysinreferencetotheperilsbywhichheimaginedhimselfsurrounded:
`Elmiserodiminutoestadodelatropa，porelatrasodesuspagasylafaltaqueencontre/decaudalesenestascajas，eraunaurgenciaquemeatormentaba。'
Theymadenofight，norofferedanyresistance，lettingthemselvesbetakenasabutchertakesasheep，andthatsurroundedastheywerebyapopulationofupwardsofonehundredandfiftythousandsouls，cutoffbycountlessleaguesfromtheoutsideworld，defendedonthreesidesbyvirginforestsandbymarsheshardlypassabletoEuropeantroops。
OnewordfromtheProvincialwouldhavesetthemissionsinablaze。
Awordwouldhavebroughtcloudsofhorsemen
badlyarmed，'tistrue，butknowingeveryfootofmarshandforest，allthedeep
beatentrackswhichwindintheredearthacrossthelonelyplains，thepassesoftherivers，springs，naturalfastnesses，andhavingthevariedknowledgeofacountrywhichofoldmadeBorderhorsemenandNorthumbrianprickersformidableupontheScottishmarches
intothefield。
ThedoggedParaguayanIndians，ancestorsoftheinfantrywhich，underLopez，1diedsobravelyunderthefireoftheBrazilianguns，would，intheirredcloaksandscantylinenclothes，havemarchedfrom`capilla'2andfrommissionagainsttheenemiesofthe`father
priests'。Seventy
eightJesuitsweremarchedofftoBuenosAyres，andthenshippedofftoEurope3
tojointheirfellows，whohadbeenbroughttogetherbytheministersofthemostliberalKingwhoeverfilledtheSpanishthronefromeveryquarteroftheworld。HavingexpelledtheJesuits，Bucareliwasboundbytheexigenciesofhispositiontocalumniatethem。Perhaps，asanofficial，hideboundinhisbeliefintheinalterablerightofGovernmentstocommitinjustices，hebelievedallthathewrote。Forthewelfareofhumanity，onecouldhopeheknewallthathewrotewasfalse。Whathopeisthereleftformankindaslongasaddle
headed，honestmenseenaughtbutjusticeinwhateverordertheyreceive?Betterathousandtimesaroguewhoknowsheisaroguethanagood，well
intentioned，blunderingmanquiteunawareheisafool。
1Thiswar，undertakenbyafoolLopezagainstenormousodds，servedtoshowwhatapeopleevenwheninthewrong，andinabadcause，candowhenitbelievesitselftobefightingfornationalliberty。
Asamatteroffact，Paraguayanlibertywasnotthreatenedforaninstant，andLopezdeclaredwaragainstbothBrazilandtheArgentineRepublicoutofmereambitiontobeasecondNapoleon。Hissolitaryqualificationsforthecharacterwerethat，likehisprototype，hewasfatandlovedwomen。
Thewarcommencedin1865andfinishedin1870，andleftthecountryalmostadesert。Solonelywasit，thatIhaveofteninthosedaysseentigerscalmlywalkacrossaroadinmid
day，andashoutorapistol
shotbutlittlequickenedtheirmovements。
2`Capilla'wasthenamegiveninParaguaytosomeofthesmallervillageswhichhadachapel，thechapel`capilla'beingmoreimportantthanthehouses。
3ElV。P。JosePignatelli，inhis`LaCompan~iadeJesusensuExtincionyRestablecimento'，saysthattheParaguayanJesuitswereallsenttoFaenza。
But，still，hehadtojustifyhimselfeitheruponhisownaccountorforthebenefitofthatposteritytoconciliatewhichsomanypublicmenhavepalteredwiththetruth。SohisfirstcarewastoextractaletterfromthirtyIndianswhomhechosetodignifywiththetitleofthemayorsofthethirtytowns，firsthaving，ashesayshimselfinalettertotheCondedeAranda，theministerofCharlesIII。，dressedthemintheSpanishfashion，andtreatedtheminsuchawaythattheymightknowhowmuchtheirlothadbeenimproved。Theletter，writtenoriginallyinGuarani，
bearsuponeverylineofitthedictationoftheGovernor。
Afterafineparagraphofsalutations，itgoesontogivetheKingmanyandrepeatedthanks`muchasyrepetidasgracias'forhavingsenthisExcellencyCaptain
GeneralDonFranciscoBucareli，`whohasfulfilled，fortheloveofGodandfortheloveofyourMajesty，allthejustorderswhichyourMajestylaidtohischarge，aidingourpoverty，andclothinguslikegentlemen。'Mostpeople，eventheheathen，likethosewhohelptheirpovertyandclothetheminthegarbofgentlemen。
IthadnotoccurredtothepoorIndiansthatthefineclothesmightturnoutliveries。ThemayorsallsigntheirIndiannames，whichseemstogivethelietotheaccusationthattheJesuitskeptthemignorant。Theletter，datedBuenosAyres，March10，1768，seemstoshowthattheIndians，betheywhotheymighthavebeen，werenotfreeagentsatthetimetheywrote。TheIndians'letterdulydespatched，theGovernorinditedareport，inwhichhefairlyandwithcircumstancereiteratesalltheoldchargesagainsttheJesuitsinParaguaywhichtheinventivebrainofCardenashadfirstconceived；buttothemheaddsseverallittletouchesofhisown，whichshowhehadsomeobservationandanimaginativemind。
`CartadelGobernadordeBuenosAyresBucarelialComtedeAranda'。
Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentosRelativosalaExpulsiondelosJesuitos'，p。8，Madrid，1872:`LeshicevestiralaEspan~olaasistiendolosytratandolosdemodoqueconozcanlamejoradesusuerte……'
Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentos'，etc。，p。101。Theletterisheaded`I。H。T。，OreReyNituDonCarlosTercero'。
AmongsthisnumerousletterstoArandaandtotheKing，onedatedBuenosAyres，October14，1768，containsthefullestaccountofhisproceedingsinthemissionsandofhisviewsorofwhathethoughttobehisviewsabouttheworkinwhichhewasengaged。
Timewasofsmallaccountin1768eitherinParaguayorinMadrid，soBucarelirelateswithsomeprolixityallthathedid，withcomments，movementsoftroops，regrettableoccurrences
aswhenhissoldiersletthemselvesbesurprisedandlosttheirhorses
andnowandthenscrapsofmoralityandtheology，whichshowsquiteplainlythattheartofwritingmaunderingdespatchesisnotsonewasoptimistsmayhavesupposed。Quiteinthemannerofamodernspecialcorrespondent，hesetsdownallthathesufferedfromtheweather；thatitrainedincessantly，and，marvelloustotell，thatafterraintheriversrose，andgavehimdifficultytocross。Theroadswerebad，provisionsscarceanddear，andnowandthenwildIndians`massacred'
anoutpostofhismen，whilsthisbravefellows，whenGodwilledit，occasionally`chastised'theinfidel，andbythegraceofHeavenslewnosmallnumberofthem。Still，inthemonstrousfarragoofwords，extendingtosomesixteenpagesofcloseprint，heletsusseehewasamanofsomecapacity，butleavesitdoubtfulwhetherhereallythoughthewasengageduponanoblework，orifhewroteironically，orifhisonlyobjectwastosatisfyhisconscienceandhisKing。
ButmakingmuchoflittledifficultiesisbuttobeexpectedfromaleaderofanexpeditionorfromaGeneralinthefield。Withoutit，howcouldtheyjustifytheirexistence，orprovetotheworldatlargethattheywereneeded，orbutmoreimportantthanamereceremony?
Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentos'，etc。，p。185。
Ceremonies，nodoubt，havetheirusesinenslavingmankind。AcourtieroncesaidtoaSpanishKing，`YourMajestyisbutaceremonyyourself。'
Whenthelandtroublesweregotover，andBucareli，havingarrivedatYapeyu，embarkedupontheriver，theverywindsprovedcontrary，sothatittookhimmanydaystoarriveatCandelaria，whichporthereacheduponAugust27，1768。ButbeforequittingYapeyutheGovernormadeasolemnfeast，ridinghimselfbeforehisgrenadiers，whosecaps，hesays，causedmuchamazement，theIndiansneverhavingseensuchheadgearintheirlives。Thedifficultiesofhisjourneyover，theJesuitsdispossessedandsentdown
streamtoberemittedhome，Bucareliinhisletternextdealswithquestionsofreligion，aboutwhichheshowshimselfaswellinformedasalltheSpanishconquerorsseemtohavebeenintheNewWorld。Ifforthedogmaofthefaithhewasabarofiron，for`coldmorality'，asScottishpreachersoftheperfervidtypeusedtorefertoit，hewasmostkeen。TheIndians'clothes，especiallythegraceful`tupoi'wornbythewomen，shockedhimexceedingly。
Itwasimpossibletotouchuponitwithoutanoutrageuponmodesty。
Masculinevirtueisamostprecariousthing，butlittle，ifatall，morestablethanitsfemalecounterpart；thereforeperhapstheGovernorwasrightnottoexposehissoldierstotemptation，sohedidwell，asheinformsus，inservingoutclotheswhichobscuredtheircharms，orperhapshidthemquitefromview。`Suchtyrannies，'
saysthemodestGovernor，`occasionedmanyoffencesagainstGod，andfrequentillnessesandepidemics。'Thesentenceisalittledoubtfulinitsmeaning，forifascantinessofwomen'sdressoccasionedillnessesandepidemicsamongstthepopulationofatown，BelgraviaandMayfairshouldsurelybethemostunhealthyspotsonearth；
thougheventhere，Iverilybelieve，nomoreoffencesagainstGodoccurthanamongsttheMoors，whosewomenshowonlytheireyestotheshrinkinggazeofeasilyoffendedmen。
LettertoAranda:Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentos'，p。196:
`Ylasmujeresentalextremo，queesimpossibledemostralosinfaltaralamodestia。'
`Semejantestiranias'。
Asindutybound，BucarelikeptfortheendofhisdespatcharehashofalltheoldchargesmadeagainsttheJesuits。
TheykepttheIndiansinslavery，wouldneverletthemlearnSpanish，andwerethemselvesinordinatelyrich。ThefirsttwoaccusationsFatherJoseCardiel，inhis`DeclaraciondelaVerdad'，abundantlydisproves。ThelasttheGovernordisproveshimself；
forhadhefoundmuchtreasurehemostassuredlywouldhavemadehastetosendittotheKing。Whathedidfind，areferencelatertoBrabo'sinventorieswillshow，andthesamesourcedisclosesallthewealththerichestOrderintheworld，accordingtotheirenemies，tookwiththemintheirinvoluntaryjourneybacktoSpain。
AllbeingfinishedinthemissionsandtheJesuitsexpelled，BucarelifoundhimselfobligedtoinstitutesomesystemforthegovernmentoftheIndianpopulation，whichhehaddeprivedbothofitsspiritualandofitstemporalguides。
P。222:`YteniendopresentequeporloquemiraaestepuntoresultadelosinformesquesolohablanestosIndiossuidiomanatural，peroquenoesprohibiciondelosPP。Jesuitos，sinoporelamorquetienenasunativolenguagepuesencadaunodelospuebloshanestablecidoesculasdeleeryescriberenlenguaespan~ola，yqueporestemotivoseencuentraunnumerograndedeIndiosmuyhabilesenescribirdosdeellosetancopiandohoraestoqueyoescriboydemejorletraquelamia。'Alsopp。223
225，etc。
TheJesuits'governmenthavingbeensobad，accordingtohisowndespatch，theIndianshavingbeenkeptinsuchamiserablestate，theireducationhavingbeensoneglected，and，aboveall，theirwomenhavingbeendressedinsuchlightattirethatBucarelicouldnotwithmodestyevendescribetheirdress，itmighthaveseemedbutnaturalthatheshouldhaveevolvedsomesystemofgovernmentdifferinginallrespectsfromthathehaddestroyed。Sofarfromthat，inhisinstructionstohisinterimsuccessor，datedatCandelaria，August23，1768，hepracticallyfollowedslavishlyallthepolicywhichtheJesuitshadpursued。HeorderedCaptainsRivaHerreraandBrunodeZavala，towhomthearrangementswerecommitted，toseethattheIndianswereinstructed`inthetrueknowledgeofourholyfaith'，aworkwhichtheJesuits，whatevermightbetheirfaults，hadnotneglectedtoinsure。
Aftersomeplatitudesastothevivifyingeffectsoffreeandopentrade，andaninjunctiontohiscaptainstotakecaretheIndiangirlsweredecorouslyandvirtuouslydressed，helaunchedintoasermonabouthonestwork，which，ashesaid，wouldmaketheIndiansrich，happy，andvirtuous，andalonecouldevermakeakingdomprosper；
infact，heusedalmostpreciselysimilarlanguagetothatto
dayusedbyaEuropeanGovernorinAfricawhenabouttomakeapeopleslaves。
Onthewhole，however，hisinstructionswerewiseandliberal，andhadtheybeencarriedoutinthesamespirit，andwithfidelity，theIndiansmighthavelongcontinuedinthesamehalf
Arcadian，half
ChristianstateinwhichtheJesuitsleftthem，andtowhichitseemstheycouldattain，butnotgofartherwithoutexposuretothatvivifyingcommercewithoutwhichnationscannotprosper，butwithwhichthegreaterportionoftheircitizensmustremaineverslaves。
Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentos'，etc。，p。200。
Theinstructionsgiven，heleftthemissionsnevertoreturn，leavingbehindhimthereputationofanhonestman，havingmade，asitwouldappear，nomoneyduringhissojournintheirterritories。
OnOctober20，1768，hewrotefromBuenosAyrestoAranda，tellinghimthathisworkwasdone，andaskinghimasaparticularfavourtoimploretheKingtogivehimsomeemployment`outofAmerica，andparticularlynotundereitherthesecretaryshiportheCounciloftheIndies。'1
Thusitappearsthateithertheworkinwhichhehadbeenengagedwasuncongenialtohim，orhemistrustedthefutureandtheIndianswhentheJesuits'shelteringhandshadbeenwithdrawn，andthoughttheKingmightblamehimforwhatwassuretocome。
Onepassageinhisletterofinstructionsshowsthattheantique，butstillcurrent，fashionofgoingtoanylengthtoobtainacountryinwhicharesituatedevensupposititiousgold
mineshaditsinfluenceevenwithsuchanhonestmanasBucareliwas。Hespeciallyenjoinsupontheofficialsleftincharge`tofindoutfromwhatquartertheIndiansofthosetownsextractthosepiecesofthepreciousmetalswhichtheysometimesbringtotheirpriests。'SothatthefableofthefalseminesstartedbyCardenas，althoughathousandtimesdisproved，stilllingeredinthemindsofthosewhocouldnotunderstandwhatmotiveexceptthatofgrowingrichcouldcausetheJesuitstoburythemselvesintherecessesoftheParaguayanwoods。ThereleasefromthingsAmericanandunderthejurisdictionoftheCounciloftheIndiesdidnotcometoBucareliforalmosttwomoreyears，duringwhichtimehestruggledmanfullywiththeaffairsoftheJesuitmissions，repelledtheChacoIndiansononeside，andontheotherimploredfortroopstodefendtheislandofChiloeagainstthehereticEnglish，whoatthattimeappeartohavebeenmeditatingtheadvancementoftheirempireintheextremestsouth。OnecuriousletterwasreservedforBucarelitoinditebeforehequittedBuenosAyresforthelasttime。
OnJanuary15，1770，hesentalongdeclarationsignedbythecelebratedNicolasNeenguiruandotherIndians，givinganaccountofthepartplayedbyhimintheabortiveresistancewhichhemadeagainstthecessionoftheseventowns。ThisisthelasttimethatNicolas，the`King'ofParaguayand`EmperoroftheMamelucos'，appearsinanydocumentasfarasIcanfind。HisnameatonetimewaswellknowninParaguay，theRiverPlateandSpain，andservedtofathermanyliesupon；andatthelast，theJesuitsgone，heseemstohaveturnedagainstthem，andsaidallthatwasrequiredbyBucarelitogetuphiscase。
ItappearsfromBucareli'sletterthatthefamilyoftheNeenguiruhadbeenwellknowninthemissionsfromthetimeofCardenas。
In17702wefindhimshornofhiskinglyandimperialdignities，themayorofConcepcioninParaguay，tall，taciturn，withlong，lankhair，andmuchrespectedbyhisbrotherIndians，whoheldhisstirrupforhimwhenhegotuponhishorse。TofindhiminthehumourtogivetongueabouttheJesuitswasatrump
cardinBucareli'shand，forifitcouldbeprovedthatin1750theyhadresistedtheforcesofthecrownofSpain，thepublic，alwaysanxioustobelievealie，wouldnaturallyapplaudtheactionoftheKingintheirexpulsionfromhisterritories。Nicolas，whoseemstohavebeenbutapoorcreatureatthebest，testifiedthateverythingwhichhehaddoneasGeneraloftheIndianswasbytheorderofFathersLimpandEnnis，andthathewasapoorIndianwhodidbutthatwhichhewastold。
HefinisheduphistestimonywiththankstothegoodKingforhavingtakenhimoutofthepoweroftheJesuits，andkepthiminhispostofmayoratConcepcion。Infact，allwasthesametohimaslongashewasleftwithhisalcalde'sstaff。3
1`Ysobretodo，fueradelaAmericaylibredeSecretariayConsejodeIndias。'Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentos'，etc。:
LetterofBucarelitoAranda，p。231。
2Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentos'，etc。，p。280。
3ThealcaldesofIndianvillagesusuallyhavealongcanewithasilverhead，likethoseformerlycarriedbyfootmen，asabadgeoftheiroffice。InremoteplacesIhaveseenthem，withtheircanesintheirhands，abatteredtallhatupontheirheads，alinenjacketandtrousers，andbarefooted，ridingonanox，andthoughtthattheyservedtomaintainthemajestyofthelawquiteaswellasiftheyhadhadstuffgowns，horsehairwigs，andhadbeenseatedonasackofwool。
UponAugust14，1778，BucarelisailedforSpain，leavingDonJuanJoseVertizashissuccessorintheviceroyaltyoftheprovincesoftheRiverPlate。
ThemissionswereallplacedunderthecareoffriarsofthebeggingOrders，chieflyFranciscans，andthesystemoftheJesuitgovernmentwasleftunchanged。In1771，writingfromSanLorenzoelEscorialinSpain，Bucareli，whoseemedfatednevertoescapefromtheaffairsofParaguay，sendsalongconstitutionforthethirtytownswhichfollowsalltheJesuits'
rulesofgovernmenttothelasttittleoftheirpolicy。Brabohaspreservedthedocument，whichrunstoforty
sevenpagesofcloseprintinitsentirety。
Acarefullythought
outandwell
conceiveddigestofaconstitutionitmostcertainlyis，andyetitfollowstothemostminuteparticularthepolicytheJesuitslaiddown。
DeanFunesseemedtoseethattheflatteringofNicolasNeenguiruandtheotherIndianchiefswasanentireaffairofartifice，andthatitwasbutamerecrowningofthevictimswhoweredestinedtobesacrificed。ItmaybethattheconstitutionmadebyBucareliattheEscorialwassimilarlybutablindtokeeptheIndiansquiettilltheGovernmenthadtimetoexploitthematitsease。
Still，Bucareliinallhisactionsseemstohavebeenanhonestman；
oneofthosehonest，narrow
mindedmenwhohavesownmoremiseryintheworldthanalltheroguesandscoundrelssincetheflood。Beallthatasitmay，hisconstitutioninathousandwaysrecalledtheJesuits'polityintheirdaysofrule。InaformerchapterIhavepointedoutacuriousinstanceinwhichthisconstitutiontraversesentirelystatementsmadebytheJesuits'enemiesthattheirexclusivepolicywasfortheirownends，andnot，astheyalleged，fortheprotectionoftheIndians。
ButthereareotherinstancesquiteasremarkablewhichshowthattheJesuitsnotonlyhadgraspedperfectlywhatthebestcourseoftreatmentwasfortheirsubjects，butthattheofficialmindofBucareli，trainedashewas，sotospeak，inthestrictestsectofPharisees，andprejudicedagainsttheJesuitsineveryway，yetdiscernedclearlyasanhonestmanthattheplantheyhadlaiddownwasthemostsuitableforfuturerulerstopursue。
Vol。iii。，bookv。，cap。viii。，p。130`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay'，etc。:`LosCaciquesycorregidoresqueacompan~abanaBucareli，habiansidoalhagadosportodoslosartificiosdesugestion。
Estoa/laverdad，noeramasquecoronarlasvictimas，quesedestinabanalsacrificio。'
ChapterIX。
AtthetimeofforminghisconstitutionhehadbeengonebutscarceayearfromBuenosAyres，andyethewritescomplainingbitterlyofwhatwashappeninginthemissionsofParaguay。Hepointsoutthatallhistroublewillhavebeeninvain`iftheGovernorandhislieutenantsarenotstimulatedtoaddressthemselvestotheserviceofGodandoftheKing，withthatzealwhicheveryoneshouldimparttohisduty。'
Then，afterapuffpreliminaryofthebeautyoffreedom，humanandDivine，hesetsforthhowtheIndiansareinfuturetoberuled。
First，asindutybound，hepointsoutthatanythingsavouringofcommunismisagainstthelawsofHeavenandofman；thattheIndiansintheirsemi
communismwerereallyslaves，theindustriousworkingfortheidle，andsoforth；thattheirclotheswerescanty；
thattheywerenotallowedtofreelymixwithSpaniards，andwerekeptaraceapart。Thenlikeaprudentstatesmanhavingmadehisapologia`proexistentiasua'，andblownoffmuchvirtuoussteam，hecomestobusiness，andbusiness，asweknow，isthegreatsobereroftheorists，nomatteronwhatsidetheytheorize。
Brabo，p。304。
AfterthearticletowhichIhavereferredinChapterIX。comesthismostcuriousparagraph，takeninconnectionwiththeinalienablerightwhich，accordingtohimself，theIndianshadoffreecommunicationwiththeouterworld:1`AndbecauseIaminformedthatmanyIndianswhohavebeenabsentinthearmyofthePortuguese，andhaveresidedforlengthenedperiodsinRioPardo，Viamontandotherparts，havereturnedtotheirtowns，youwilltakecarethatallthesewiththeirfamiliesshallberemovedtothosetownseitherintheinteriorordistantfromthosefrontiers，asitisnotconvenientthattheyshouldremainonthemthefrontiersorclosetothem；
andthusyouwillproceedsuccessivelywiththeIndianswhoreturn，withoutleavingone，inordertoavoidanychanceofcommunication，whichmightbemostprejudicial。'SurelyasatireonhisownabuseoftheJesuitsforkeepingtheIndiansmewedupfromintercoursewiththeoutsideworld。ItmaybethathehadperceivedtheIndianswerenotfittoholdtheirown；indeed，itiscertainhehaddoneso，foronp。326hewrites，`ItisnotconvenienttoleavethemtheIndians
entireliberty，2foritwouldbeintheextremefatalandprejudicialtotheirinterests，becausetheastutenessandsagacityoftheSpaniardswouldtriumpheasilyovertheirrusticity。'`Sagacity'isaningeniouseuphuism，andmightwellbeusedwithgoodeffectinthelikecircumstances，whenoccasionserves，to
day。
ButasnosinglearticleofanydocumentsetforthbyanyGovernmentcanbestraightforwardandsingleinitspurpose，andasalllawsaremadewithaneyeuponsomepartypresentlyinpower，aftertheparagraphjustquoted，onthenextpageoccursthefollowingsentenceundertheheadof`CommercewiththeSpaniardsistobefree'。3
`ItislaiddownthatbetweentheIndiansandtheSpaniardscommerceshouldbefree，inorderthatmutualdealingsshouldunitetheminfriendship。'Thereforetotheordinaryminditisimpossibletomakeoutwhatreallywasintended，andwhethercommercewastobefreeornot。Thoselittledifferencesapart，theconstitutionranentirelyuponJesuitlines。Thatsemi
communismwhichwassoprejudicialduringtheJesuits'rulewasformallyre
organizedinchapteriv。oftheconstitutionp。343theinstantthattheirpowerwasplacedinotherhands。EventheprohibitiontotheSpaniardstoentertheJesuittowns，andresidethere，wasformallykeptupinchapteriii。，withthesolealterationthatforthreemonthsoftheyeartheymightresideamongsttheIndiansoncertainwell
definedconditionsmostprolixlysetforth。Sothatitwillbeseenthat，iftheJesuitsdidill，asusual，anyilltheydidwascarefullyperpetuatedbytheirsuccessors，and，quiteasnaturally，allthattheystrovetodoinfavouroftheIndianswasmostcarefullyundone。
1Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentos'，p。320:`YporqueestoyinformadoquemuchosIndiosdelosquesehabianausentadoconlastropasPortuguesas，yquehanresididoporgrantiempoenelRioPardo，Viamont，yotraspartessehanrestituidoasuspueblos，ciudaran……dequetodosestosconsusfamiliesserantrasladosalosmasinterioresodistantesdeaquellasfronteraspornoserconvenientesemantenganenellasosusinmediaciones，yasienlosucesivoloejecutaran……conlosIndiosqueserestituyan，sindejaralguno，paraevitartodomotivodecommunicacionquepuedesermuyprejudicial。'
2`Noconvienedejarlesunaenteralibertad，queseriaporextremofatalyprejudiciala/susinteresespueslaastuciaysagacidaddelosespan~olestriumfariafacilementedesurudeza。'
3Brabo，`Bucareli'sInstructions'，p。327:`Queelcommerciodelosespan~oleshadeserlibre。'
ChapterXI
ConclusionItisthefashionofsometosaythathistory，ofwhatevernature，canbutbewrittendispassionatelyataperiodsufficientlyremovedfromtheeventsofwhichittreatstohaveallowedtheheatofpassiontoevaporate。Thisisasfalseasalmosteveryotherdictumwhichmentakeontrust，forgettingthattohavepassedintotheproverbialstageasayingmusthavebeenfoolishatthestart，inorderthatitshouldhavegotitselfcommendedbythemajorityofmankind。
Theheatofpassionneverevaporatesinregardtoeventswhichattheepochoftheiractingcausedgreatcontroversies。
Fromwritingsofcontemporariesthecoolest
headedtakeabias，inthesamewaythatmenunconsciouslypassonthemicrobesofdiseasetotheirbestfriends。Onlyfrominventoriesandrollsofcourt，StatePapersandthelikeisitpossibletogetunbiassedmatter，andeventhenfigures，thosechiefdeceiversofmankind，canbewellcookedfororagainst，accordingtothebiasofthemanwhodrawsthemup。Still，whentheyaredrawnupbyenemies，theyoftenquiteunwittinglyshowoutthetruth。InaletterdatedOctober30，1768，BucarelisendsalisttoArandaoftheeffectsofmanyoftheJesuitstakenfromParaguayandsentbyhimtoSpain。ThelistitselfspeaksvolumesindefenceoftheJesuitsinParaguay。Whatevermayhavebeentheirfaults，theGovernorhimselforevenCharlesIII。couldnothavechargeduponthecapturedprieststhattheyhadgottogetheralargestockofpropertyduringtheirmissionlife。1Thefirstuponthelist，P。PedroZabaleta，tooktenshirts，twopillow
cases，twosheets，threepocket
handkerchiefs，twopairsofshoes，twopairsofsocks，andapoundandahalfofsnuff。
Theotherswereingenerallesswellsetupwithshirts，2somefewhadcloaks，andoneP。SigismundoGrieraanightcap；butallofthemhadtheirsnuff，theonlyrelicoftheirluxuriousmissionlife。
ManuelVergara，theirProvincial，testifiesinapapersentwiththelistthatmostoftheclothesweretakenfromthecommonstock，andallthesnuff。Whatsortoftreatmenttheyenduredupontheirpassageinthetwofrigates`SanFernando'and`SanNicolas'isquiteunknown，butcertainlytheirluggagecouldnothavebeenintheway；
andfortheirsnuff，nodoubttheyhusbandeditwithcareduringthelongtwomonths，whichinthosedayswasthoughtarecordrun。3
Inthemissionswhichtheyhadsolongtendedwithsuchcare，givingtheirmuddle
headedlovetotheIndiansintheirMachiavelianway，allwasconfusioninthespaceofsixshortmonths。
DeanFunesandDonFelizdeAzara4aretheonlytwocontemporarywriterswhotreatoftheexpulsionoftheJesuitsfromParaguayoutsidetheofficialworld。TheDean，amanoftheoldschool，waskindlyandhumane，welleducated，and，havingbeenbroughtupinTucumanamongstanIndianpopulation，lookedontheIndiansinakindlywayasfellow
creatures，thoughdifferinginessentialpointsfromraceswhichhadbeenforcenturiesexposedtocivilizationanditseffects。
HisdescriptionoftheIndianshasforveracityandobservationnotoftenbeensurpassed。`Thosenatives5hesaysareofapalecolour，wellmade，andwellsetup。Theirtalentandcapacityarecapableofmuchadvancement。Thoughtheylackinventioninthemselves，yetaretheyexcellentinimitation。Idlenessseemsnaturaltothem，althoughitmaybemoretheeffectofhabitthanoftemperament；
theirinclinationtowardsacquiringknowledgeisdecided，andnoveltyhasitsfulleffectupontheirminds。Ambitiousofcommand，theyacquitthemselveswithhonourinthepositionstowhichtheymayattain。
Eloquenceisheldamongsttheminthefirstplace，andavariceinnorespectdegradestheirminds。Aninjuriouswordoffendsthemmorethanpunishments，whichtheysolicitratherthanundergotheformeroutrage。
Incontinencyintheirwomentheylookuponbutwithindifference，andevenhusbandsarelittlesensibletoactsofinfidelity。
Conjugallovehasbutslightinfluenceuponthetreatmentwhichtheygivetheirwives。Fathersoffamiliescarefortheirsonsbutlittle。TheserenityofmindofalltheseIndiansinthemidstofthegreatesttroublesiswithoutequalintheworld；
neverasighwiththemtakesoffthebitternessofsuffering。'
1TheParaguayanJesuitswereallowedtotakeawayalltheirpersonalproperty，anditappearsthattheydidso。
2CayetanoIbarguenhadonlytwo，P。LorenzoBaldathree，andsoonBrabo，`ColecciondeDocumentos'，p。388。
3Solateas1818Rengger，inhis`EssaiHistoriquesurlaRe/volutionduParaguay'，etc。，talksofarrivinginBuenosAyres`apre\suncourttrajetdesoixantejours。'FromthencetoCorrienteshetooksevenweeks，butdoesnotsayifthepassagewasconsideredshortorlong。
4Funes，`EnsayoCriticodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay'，etc。；
DonFelizdeAzara，`DescripcionyHistoriadelParaguay'，etc。；
andalso`MemoriassobreelestadoruraldelRiodelaPlataen1801'。
5`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivil'，vol。i。，bookii。，p。341。
NoonewhoknowstheIndiansbutmustconfessthatDeanFuneshadmadeastudyoftheircharacterdeeperthanishisown。
Azara，ontheotherhand，wasamanofscience；hisbooksuponthebirdsandquadrupedsofParaguaystillholdthefield，andareesteemedforcuriousandminuteobservationandaccuracyastoscientificfacts。Themanhimselfwasanextremelyablewriter，acaptainintheSpanishnavy，andwelleducated。
FortwentyyearsheservedinParaguayandintheRiverPlate，withcredittohimselfandprofittothecountrywhichheserved。
EducatedashewasintheschooloftheEncyclopaedists，amongstthestrictestofthephariseesofLiberalism，tohimtheverynameofJesuitwasanathema。Afterthefashionofhiskind，heseemedunabletodistinguishbetweentheschemingJesuitsatEuropeancourtsandthesimpleandhard
workingmissionariesinParaguay。
Allwereanathema，andthereforealltheirsystemwasrepugnanttohim；
andthoughakindlyman，asissetforthabundantlyinallhisworks，heneverpausedtothinkthattherecouldbeadifferencebetweenhisidealfreeLiberalcitizen，votingandexercisingallhisrightofcitizenshipinafreecommonwealth，afterthefashionofadormousefreelyexercisinghisnaturalfunctionsinthereceiverofanair
pump，andasimpleIndianoftheParaguayanwoods。
Freedomtohim，asithasbeentomanytheorists，wasanabstractthing，possessingwhichaman，eventhoughstarving，mustinitsmerepossessionfindtruehappiness。Heneverpausedtoinquire，asevenBucarelidid，ifthemissionIndianscouldholdtheirownunderfreecompetitionwiththe`sagacity'ofthesurroundingSpanishsettlers。
ThereforeheistheauthoritywhomLiberalsalwaysquoteagainstthesystemoftheJesuits。Whenheinveighsagainsttheirsemi
communism，themodernLiberalclapshishands，andseesakindredDanielcometojudgment，ashewoulddoto
dayifinDamaralandtheGermanssetupaSocialisticsettlementamongstthenegrotribes，andsomeLiberaleconomistdenounceditwithanoath。Azaraquiteforgetsthat，asDeanFunessays，the`sentimentofpropertywasveryweakamongsttheIndians，'
andthattheirmindswere`notdegradedbytheviceofavarice。'
Still，Azarawasanhonestman
akeenobserverandimpartial，asfarashisupbringingandthetenetshehadimbibedinyouthpermittedhimtobe。UponthequestionoftheJesuitshewasentirelyprejudiced，althoughfewhavestoodupmorestoutlytocondemnthefaultysystemwhichtheSpaniardspursuedtowardstheIndiansinbothAmericas。ButonaccountofhispoliticalproclivitiesAzaraisquitesilentastothestateintowhichthemissionsfellaftertheJesuitshadbeenexpelled。Nodoubthethoughtthat，oncetheirfaultysystemwasremoved，theIndianswouldsoonbecomewhathejudgedcivilized，andholdtheirownwiththosearoundthem，thoughofanotherraceandblood。
Funes，uponthecontrary，fullyexposesalltherapacityandincompetenceofthenewshepherdsleftbyBucarelitoguardtheJesuits'sheep。
`IgnorantofGuarani，andwithoutpatiencetoacquireit，confusionreignedinthemissionsasinatowerofBabel，'
andhegoesontosay`animperioustoneoforderwassubstitutedforthepaternalmanneroftheJesuits，andasadeafmanwhocannothearhastobetaughtbyblows，thatwastheteachingtheytheIndians
hadtobear。'Shortly，hesays，`awallofhatredandcontemptbegantorisebetweentheIndiansandtheirmasters；andthepriests，whobythevirtueoftheirofficeoughttohavebeentheministersofpeace，beingwithoutinfluencetocommand……andnotentirelyirreproachableintheirministry……addedthemselvestothediscordanddissensionwhicharose。'
Funes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivil'，etc。，bookv。，cap。viii。，p。133。
Bucareli，assoonasheknewwhatwasgoingon，advisedthatallthepriestsappointedbyhimselfshouldbereplacedbyothers。Thisaccordinglywasdone，butitwaseventhentoolate:themissionswentfrombadtoworse；
ofthevastquantitiesofcattlefewwereleft；thepriestsfollowedtheexampleoftheirprototypesHofniandPhineas，wentaboutarmed，tookIndianmistresses，andneglectedallreligiousduties，treatingtheIndiansafterthefashionoftheSpaniardsinthesettlements。
ThustheArcadianlife，whichhadsubsistedmorethantwohundredyears，inthebriefspaceoftwoshortyearswaslost。
Thevastestancias，inwhichattheexpulsionmorethanamillionheadofcattlepastured，werebutbareplains，inwhichthecattlethatwerelefthadallrunwildorperishedfromneglect。
Wildbeastsroamedroundtheoutskirtsofthehalf
desertedtowns。
Adenselowscrubofyataisandofpalmettosinvadedallthepasture
lands，andintheerstwhilecultivatedfieldsrankweedssprangup，andchokedthecropswhichintheJesuits'timeshadmadethemissionterritoriesthemostproductiveoftheAmericanpossessionsoftheSpanishcrown。
Thechurcheswereunserved，andintheeveningairnomorethehymnsresounded，nordidthelongwhite
robedprocessionsheadedbyacrosspasstothefieldstopeacefullabour，marshalledbytheirpriests。Thefruit
treesroundthemissionswereeitherallcutdownforfirewoodorhaddegenerated，andtheplantationsoftheIlexParaguayensis，fromwhichtheymadetheir`yerba'，whichhadbeenbroughtfromtheup
countryforestswithvastpains，wereindecay，andquiteuncultivated。
Brabo，`Inventarios'，Appendix，p。669。
Demersay`HistoireduParaguay'，writingin1847，saysofthemissionofLaCruzhesawafewtreesstillstandinginamiserablestate。
TheIndianpopulationhadalmostdisappearedwithinthespaceofeight
and
twentyyears。TheGuaraniscollectedfromthewoodswithsomuchefforttothemissionary，thenguideddowntheParanabythemostnobleandself
sacrificingoftheirpriests，RuizMontoya，andafterthatredeemedwithbloodfromthefierceMamelucobands，hadshrunkawaybeforethebanefulbreathofunaccustomedcontactwiththecivilizingwhites。
Funes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivil'，etc。，bookvi。，cap。viii。，p。395。
Thesimpleceremonious，ifperhapsfutile，mission
lifehadwitheredupatthefirsttouchofvivifyingcompetition
thatcompetitionwhichhasmadethewholeworldgray，reducingeverythingandeveryonetothemostbaseandcommonestdenominator。
Theself
createdgoddessProgresswasjustifiedbyworks，andallthelandleftbarren，waitingthetimewhenfactoriesshallpolluteitssky，andrendermiserabletheEuropeanemigrants，who，flyingfromtheirslaveryathome，shallhavefounditwaitingforthemintheirnewparadisebeyondtheseas。
Theworld，itwouldappear，isavastclass
room，anditsCreatorbutaprofessorofpoliticaleconomy，apparentlyunabletocarryouthistheorieswitheffect。Therefore，tous，theWesternEuropeans，hehasturnedforhelp，anduponusdevolvedthetaskofextirpatingallthosepeoplesuponwhomhetriedhis'prenticehand。Onushelaidinjunctionstoincreaseathome，andtothehappierportionsoftheworldtocarrydeathundertheguiseoflifeunsuitabletothoseintowhoselandswespread。
LetthosemadecruelbythewantofsympathywithmenthatthemereporingoverbookssooftensuperinducesinthemindprotestwhenjudgingoftheJesuitsinParaguayagainsttheoutragedonetotheirtheoriesbytheschemetheJesuitspursued。
Ithasbeennoblysaid`thattheextinctionofthesmallestanimalisafargreaterlossthaniftheworksofalltheGreekshadperished。'
HowmuchthegreaterlossthatofatypeofmansuchastheIndians，whomthesemi
communisticJesuitgovernmentsuccessfullypreserved，shelteringthemfromthedeath
dealingbreathofourcoldnorthernlifeanditsfull，felleffects!
Hudson，`NaturalistinLaPlata'。
Therearethose，nodoubt，whothinkthatatreebroughtfromthetropicsshouldbeplantedoutathome，totakeitschanceoflifeinthekeenwinterofthenorth，inholycompetitionwiththeashandoak；
andifitdies，therearestillpinesenough，withstoresofdogwood，thicketsofelder，andawildernessofjunipers。Theymayberight；
but，afterall，thatwhichhasfeltthetropicsunisforthetropics，andtogrowunderthetantalizingsunshineofthenorth，whichlightsbutdoesnotwarm，itmusthaveglass，andshelterfromthecold。
Butofaforethoughttodeliberatelytransplantourfogsandchillingatmosphere，andsotonipandkillplantswhichcraveonlythesuntolive，thatisacrimeagainsthumanity；
acrimeposteritywithexecrationwillonedaytauntuswith，andholdusuptoexecration，asweto
dayinourhypocrisypiouslycursethememoriesofPizarroandCortes。
Intheeternalwarfarebetweenthosewhothinkthatprogress
whichtothemmeanstramwaysandelectriclight
ispreferabletoaquietlifeoffutilehappinessofmindthereisscanttruce，sothatmyreadershavetotaketheirchoicewhethertosidewithFunesorAzarainjudgingoftheJesuits'ruleinParaguay。Thereisnomiddlecoursebetweentheoldandnew；nohalting
place；nochinkinwhichimaginationcandriveinitsnailtostopthewheelsoftime；therefore，nodoubt，theJesuitcommonwealthwasdoomedtodisappear。Butformyself，Iamgladthatfive
and
twentyyearsagoIsawtheIndianswhostilllingeredabouttheruinedmissiontowns，mumblingtheirmaimedriteswhentheAngelusateventideawoketheechoesoftheencroachingwoods，whilstscreechingcrowdsofparrotsandmacawshoveredaroundthedate
palmswhichintheplazarearedtheirslenderheads，silentmemorialsofthedepartedJesuits'rule。
IndiansandJesuitsaregonefromParaguay，theIndianstothatTrapalandawhichistheirappointedplace；andfortheJesuits，theyareforgotten，exceptbythosewhodiveintooldchronicles，orwhowritebooks，proposingsomethingandconcludingnothing，orbytravellers，who，wanderingintheTarumensianwoods，comeonaclumpoforange
treesrunwildamongsttheurundeys。
FINISNONCORONATOPUS
Abouttheauthor:
RobertBontineCunninghameGraham1852
1936
BorninLondon。LivedinArgentina，mostlyranching，from1869to1883，whenhereturnedtoScotland。MemberoftheBritishHouseofCommonsforNorthWestLanark1886
1892。Strongsocialisttendencies。
WaselectedfirstpresidentoftheScottishLabourPartyin1888，firstpresidentoftheNationalPartyofScotlandin1928，andfirstHonoraryPresidentoftheScottishNationalPartyin1934。
DiedinArgentina。Hewasthemodelforanumberoffictionalcharactersinbooksbyhisfriend，JosephConrad，andalsobyG。