"FromtheilluminedhallLonglanesofsplendourslantedo'erapressOfsnowyshoulders，thickasherdedewes，Andrainbowrobes，andgemsandgem-likeeyes，Andgoldandgoldenheads；theytoandfroFluctuated，asflowersinstorm，somered，somepale。"
The"smallsweetIdyll"from"Avolumeofthepoetsofherland"
pureTheocritus。IthasbeenadmirablyrenderedintoGreekbyMrGilbertMurray。Theexquisitebeautiesofstylearenotlessexquisitelyblendedintheconfusionsofadream，foradreamisthethingmostakintoThePrincess。TimedoesnotexistintherealmofGama，orintheidealuniversityofIda。WehaveabooklessNorth，severedbutbyafrontierpillarfromagoldenandlearnedSouth。
Thearts，fromarchitecturetominiature-painting，areintheirhighestperfection，whileknightsstilltourneyinarmour，andthequarreloftwonationsisdecidedasinthegentleandjoyouspassageofarmsatAshbydelaZouche。Suchconfusionsarepurposefullydream-like:thevisionbeingacompositething，asdreamsare，hauntedbythemodernsceneoftheholidayinthepark，the"gallantgloriouschronicle，"theAbbey，andthat"oldcrusadingknightaustere，"SirRalph。Thesevennarratorsoftheschemearelikethe"splitpersonalities"ofdreams，andthewholeschemeisofgreattechnicalskill。Theearliereditionslackedthebeautifulsongsoftheladies，andthatadditionaltraitofdream，thestrangetrance-
likeseizuresofthePrince:"fallingsfromus，vanishings，"inWordsworthianphrase；instancesof"dissociation，"inmodernpsychologicalterminology。Tennysonhimself，likeShelleyandWordsworth，hadexperienceofthiskindofdreamingawakewhichheattributestohisPrince，tostrengthentheshadowyyetbrilliantcharacterofhisromance。Itisathingofnormalandnaturalpointsderepere；ofdaylightsuggestion，touchedaswiththemagnifyingandintensifyingelementsofhaschish-begottenphantasmagoria。InthesamewayopiumraisedintotheregionofbrilliantvisionthatpassageofPurchaswhichColeridgewasreadingbeforehedreamedKublaKhan。ButinTennysontheeffectsweredeliberatelysoughtandsecured。
Onemightconjecture，thoughLordTennysonsaysnothingonthesubject，thatamongthesuggestionsforThePrincesswastheopeningofLove'sLabour'sLost。HeretheKingofNavarredevisestheCollegeofRecluses，whichisbrokenupbythearrivalofthePrincessofFrance，Rosaline，andtheotherladies:-
King。OurCourtshallbealittleAcademe，Stillandcontemplativeinlivingart。
Youthree，Biron，Domain，andLongaville，Haveswornforthreeyears'termtolivewithme，Myfellow-scholars，andtokeepthosestatutes。
***
Biron。Thatis，toliveandstudyherethreeyears。
Butthereareotherstrictobservances；
As，nottoseeawomaninthatterm。
***
[Reads]'ThatnowomanshaltcomewithinamileofmyCourt:'Haththisbeenproclaimed？
Long。Fourdaysago。
Biron。Let'sseethepenalty。[Reads]'Onpainoflosinghertongue。'
ThePrincessthenarriveswithherladies，asthePrincedoeswithCyrilandFlorian，asCharlesdid，withBuckingham，inSpain。TheconclusionofShakespeareisTennyson'sconclusion-
"Wecannotcrossthecausewhyweareborn。"
ThelaterpoetreversestheattitudeofthesexesinLove'sLabour'sLost:itisthewomenwhomakeandbreakthevow；andthewomeninThePrincessinsistonthe"grand，epic，homicidal"scenes，whilethemenaredebarred，moreorless，fromasportivetreatmentofthesubject。ThetaverncatchofCyril；thelaughablepursuitofthePrincebythefeminineProctors；thedraggledappearanceoftheadventurersinfemalegarb，areconcessionstothehumourofthesituation。ShakespearewouldcertainlyhavegivenusthesongofCyrilatthepicnic，andcomicenoughtheeffectwouldhavebeenonthestage。Itmaybeagrossemployment，butThePrincess，withtheprettychorusofgirlundergraduates，"Incoloursgayerthanthemorningmist，"
wentreasonablywellinopera。Merelyconsideredasaromanticfiction，ThePrincesspresentshigherproofsoforiginalnarrativegeniusthananyothersuchattemptbyitsauthor。
ThepoemisfarfrombeingdeficientinthathumaninterestwhichShelleysaidthatitwasasvaintoaskfromHIM，astoseektobuyalegofmuttonatagin-shop。Thecharacters，theprotagonists，withCyril，Melissa，LadyBlanche，thechildAglaia，KingGama，theotherking，Arac，andthehero'smother——beautifullystudiedfromthemotherofthepoet——areallsufficientlyhuman。Buttheyseemtowaverinthemagicair，"asallthegoldenautumnwoodlandreelsathwartthefiresofautumnleaves。Forthesereasons，andbecauseofthedesignedfantasyofthewholecomposition，ThePrincessisessentiallyapoemforthetrueloversofpoetry，ofSpenserandofColeridge。Theseriousmotive，thequestionofWoman，herwrongs，herrights，hereducation，hercapabilities，wasnot"intheair"in1847。Tobesureithadoftenbeen"intheair。"TheAlexandrianPlatonists，theRenaissance，eventheageofAnne，hadtheiremancipatedandlearnedladies。EarlyGreecehadSappho，Corinna，andErinna，thefirstthechiefoflyricpoets，eveninherfragments，thetwoothersapplaudedbyallHellas。TheFrenchRevolutionhadbegottenMaryWollstonecraftGodwinandherVindicationoftheRightsofWomen，andinFranceGeorgeSandwasprominentandemancipatedenoughwhilethepoetwrote。But，thequestionofloveapart，GeorgeSandwas"very，verywoman，"shiningasadomesticcharacterandfondofneedlework。Englandwasnotexcitedaboutthequestionwhichhassinceproducedsomanydisputants，inevitablyshrill，andhasnotbeengreatlymeddledwithbywomenofgenius，GeorgeEliotorMrsOliphant。Thepoem，inthepublicindifferenceastofeminineeducation，cameratherprematurely。Wehavenowladies'colleges，notinhauntsremotefromman，butbythesedgedbanksofCamandCherwell。Therehavebeennorevolutionaryresults:noboyshavespiedthesechastenests，withechoingromanticconsequences。ThebeautyandsplendourofthePrincess'suniversityhavenotariseninlightandcolour，anditisonlyatStAndrewsthatgirlsweartheacademicandbecomingcostumeofthescarletgown。Therealisfarbelowtheideal，buttherealin1847seemedeminentlyremote，orevenimpossible。
ThelearnedPrincessherselfwasnotonourlevelastoknowledgeandthepastofwomankind。SheknewnotoftheirmasterlypositioninthelawofancientEgypt。Gynaeocracyandmatriarchy，thewomantheheadofthesavageorprehistoricgroup，werethingshiddenfromher。
She"glancedattheLyciancustom，"butnotatthePictish，acustomwhichwouldhavesuitedGeorgeSandtoamarvel。ShemalignedtheHottentots。
"Thehighestisthemeasureoftheman，AndnottheKaffir，Hottentot，Malay。"
TheHottentotshadlongagoanticipatedthePrincessandhershrillmodernsisterhood。IfwetaketheGreeks，orevenourselves，wemaysay，withDampier1689，"TheHodmadods，thoughanastypeople，yetaregentlementothese"asregardsthepositionofwomen。LetushearMrHartland:"IneveryHottentot'shousethewifeissupreme。
Herhusband，poorfellow，thoughhemaywieldwidepowerandinfluenceoutofdoors，athomedarenoteventakeamouthfulofsour-milkoutofthehouseholdvatwithoutherpermission……Thehighestoathamancantakeistoswearbyhiseldestsister，andifheabusesthisnameheforfeitstoherhisfinestgoodsandsheep。"
However，in1847EnglandhadnotyetthoughtofimitatingtheHodmadods。Consequently，andbyreasonofthepurelyliteraryandelaboratelyfantasticalcharacterofThePrincess，itwasnotofanaturetoincreasethepoet'sfameandsuccess。"Mybookisout，andIhateit，andsonodoubtwillyou，"TennysonwrotetoFitzGerald，whohateditandsaidso。"LikeCarlyle，IgaveupallhopesofhimafterThePrincess，"indeeditwasnotapttoconciliateCarlyle。
"Noneofthesongshadtheoldchampagneflavour，"saidFitz；andLordTennysonadds，"NothingeitherbyThackerayorbymyfathermetFitzGerald'sapprobationunlesshehadfirstseenitinmanuscript。"
Thisprejudicewasveryhuman。LordTennysonremarks，astothepoet'smeaninginthiswork，borntooearly，that"thesoonerwomanfindsout，beforethegreateducationalmovementbegins，that'womanisnotundevelopedman，butdiverse，'thebetteritwillbefortheprogressoftheworld。"
Butprobablythe"educationalmovement"willnotmakemuchdifferencetowomankindonthewhole。TheoldPlatonicremarkthatwoman"doesthesamethingsasman，butnotsowell，"willeternallyholdgood，atleastinthearts，andinletters，exceptinrarecasesofgenius。
AnewJeanned'Arc，themostsignalexampleofabsolutegeniusinhistory，willnotcomeagain；andtheageshavewaitedvainlyforanewSapphooranewJaneAusten。Literature，poetry，painting，havealwaysbeenfieldsopentowoman。Buttwonamesexhausttherollofwomenofthehighestrankinletters——SapphoandJaneAusten。And"whendidwomaneveryetinvent？"In"artsofgovernment"Elizabethhadcourage，andjustsavingsenseenoughtoyieldtoCecilattheeleventhhour，andescapethefateof"hersisterandherfoe，"thebeautifulunhappyqueenwhotoldherladiesthatshedaredtolookonwhatevermendaredtodo，andherselfwoulddoitifherstrengthsoservedher。"{6}"ThefoundressoftheBabylonianwalls"isamyth；
"theRhodopethatbuiltthePyramid"isnotacreditablemyth；forexceptionstoKnox's"MonstrousRegimentofWomen"wemustfallbackon"ThePalmyrenethatfoughtAurelian，"andthereverednameofthegreatestofEnglishqueens，Victoria。Thushistorydoesnotencouragethehopethataman-likeeducationwillraisemanywomentothelevelofthehighestoftheirsexinthepast，oreventhattheenormousmajorityofwomenwilltakeadvantageoftheopportunityofaman-likeeducation。Aglanceatthenumerousperiodicalsdesignedforthereadingofwomendepressesoptimism，andthePrincess'sprophecyof"TwoplummetsdroppedforonetosoundtheabyssOfscience，andthesecretsofthemind，"
isnotnearfulfilment。Fortunatelythesexdoesnot"lovetheMetaphysics，"andperhapshasnotyetproducedevenamanualofLogic。Itmustsufficemanandwomanto"WalkthisworldYokedinallexerciseofnobleend，"
ofamorepracticalcharacter，whilewomanisatliberty"ToliveandlearnandbeAllthatnotharmsdistinctivewomanhood。"
Thiswastheconclusionofthepoetwhohadthemostchivalrousreverenceforwomanhood。Thisistheeireniconofthatoldstrifebetweenthewomenandthemen——thatwarinwhichbotharmiesarecaptured。Itmaynotbeacceptabletoexcitedladycombatants，whothinkmantheirfoe，whentherealenemyiswhatPorsondamnedtheNatureofThings。
AnewpoemlikeThePrincesswouldsoonreachthepublicofourday，sogreatlyincreasedaretheusesofadvertisement。ButThePrincessmovedslowlyfromeditiontorevisedandimprovededition，bringingneithermoneynormuchincreaseoffame。ThepoetwaslivingwithhisfamilyatCheltenham，whereamonghisnewacquaintanceswereSydneyDobell，thepoetofafewexquisitepieces，andF。W。
Robertson，latersopopularasapreacheratBrighton。Meetinghimforthefirsttime，andknowingRobertson's"wishtoplucktheheartfrommymystery，frompurenervousnessIwouldonlytalkofbeer。"
ThiskindofshynessbesetTennyson。Aladytellsmethatasagirlandaverybeautifulgirlsheandhersister，andathird，necdiversa，metthepoet，andexpectedhighdiscourse。Buthisspeechwasallofthatwinglessinsectwhich"getsthere，allthesame，"
accordingtoanAmericanlyrist；theinsectwhichfillsMrsCarlyle'sletterswithbulletinsofhersuccessorfailureindomesticcampaigns。
TennysonkeptvisitingLondon，wherehesawThackerayandthedespairofCarlyle，andatBathHousehewastoomodesttobeintroducedtothegreatDukewhoserequiemhewastosingsonobly。OddlyenoughDouglasJerroldenthusiasticallyassuredTennyson，atadinnerofaSocietyofAuthors，that"youaretheonewhowilllive。"Tothatend，humanlyspeaking，heplacedhimselfunderthecelebratedDrGullyandhis"water-cure，"afoibleofthatperiod。In1848hemadeatourtoKingArthur'sCornishbounds，andanothertoScotland，wherethePassofBranderdisappointedhim:perhapshesawitonafineday，and，likeGlencoe，itneedstempestandmistlitupbythewhitefiresofmanywaterfalls。BybonnyDoonhe"fellintoapassionoftears，"forhehadallofKeats'ssentimentforBurns:
"Thereneverwasimmortalpoetifhebenotone。"OfallEnglishpoets，thewarmestinthepraiseofBurnshavebeenthetwomostunlikehimself——TennysonandKeats。ItwasthesongsthatTennysonpreferred；WordsworthlikedtheCottar'sSaturdayNight。
CHAPTERV——INMEMORIAM。
InMay1850afew，copiesofInMemoriamwereprintedforfriends，andpresentlythepoemwaspublishedwithoutauthor'sname。Thepieceshadbeencomposedatintervals，from1833onwards。Itistobeobservedthatthe"sectionaboutevolution"waswrittensomeyearsbefore1844，whentheingenioushypothesesofRobertChambers，inVestigesofCreation，weregiventotheworld，andcausedagooddealoftalk。Tenyears，again，afterInMemoriam，cameDarwin'sOriginofSpecies。Thesedatesareworthobserving。Thetheoryofevolution，ofcourseinarudemythicalshape，isatleastasoldasthetheoryofcreation，andisfoundamongthespeculationsofthemostbackwardsavages。TheAruntaofCentralAustralia，araceremotefromthepolite，haveahypothesisofevolutionwhichpostulatesonlyafewrudimentaryformsoflife，amarineenvironment，andtheminimumofsupernormalassistanceinthewayofstimulatingtheprimalformsinthedirectionofmorehighlydifferentiateddevelopments。"Therudimentaryforms，Inapertwa，wereinrealitystagesinthetransformationofvariousplantsandanimalsintohumanbeings……Theyhadnodistinctlimbsororgansofsight，hearing，orsmell。"Theyexistedinakindoflumps，andweresetfreefromthecaulswhichenvelopedthembytwobeingscalledUngambikula，"awordwhichmeans'outofnothing，'or'self-
existing。'Mendescendfromloweranimalsthusevolved。"{7}
Thisexampleofthedoctrineofevolutioninanearlyshapeisonlymentionedtoprovethattheideahasbeenfamiliartothehumanmindfromthelowestknownstageofculture。Notlessfamiliarhasbeenthetheoryofcreationbyakindofsupremebeing。Thenotionofcreation，however，upto1860，heldtheforemostplaceinmodernEuropeanbelief。ButLamarck，theelderDarwin，Monboddo，andothershadsubmittedhypothesesofevolution。NowitwaspartoftheoriginalityofTennyson，asaphilosophicpoet，thathehadbroodedfromboyhoodontheseearlytheoriesofevolution，inanagewhentheywerepracticallyunknowntotheliterary，andwerenotpatronisedbythescientific，world。InNovember1844hewrotetoMrMoxon，"IwantyoutogetmeabookwhichIseeadvertisedintheExaminer:itseemstocontainmanyspeculationswithwhichIhavebeenfamiliarforyears，andonwhichIhavewrittenmorethanonepoem。"ThisbookwasVestigesofCreation。ThesepoemsarethestanzasinInMemoriamabout"thegreaterape，"andaboutNatureascarelessofthetype:"allshallgo。"ThepoeticandphilosophicoriginalityofTennysonthusfacedthepopularinferencesastotheeffectofthedoctrineofevolutionuponreligiousbeliefslongbeforetheworldwasmovedinallitsdeepsbyDarwin'sOriginofSpecies。Thusthegeologicalrecordisinconsistent，welearned，withtherecordofthefirstchaptersofGenesis。Ifmanisadifferentiatedmonkey，andifamonkeyhasnosoul，orfuturelifewhichistakenforgranted，whereareman'stitle-deedstothesepossessions？Withotherdifficultiesofanobviouskind，thesepresentedthemselvestothepoetwithrenewedforcewhenhisonlychanceofhappinessdependedonbeingabletobelieveinafuturelife，andreunionwiththebeloveddead。Unbeliefhadalwaysexisted。WehearofatheistsintheRigVeda。Intheearlyeighteenthcentury，intheageofSwift-
"Menproved，assureasGod'sinGloucester，ThatMoseswasagreatimpostor。"
distrustofMosesincreasedwiththeincreaseofhypothesesofevolution。ButwhatEnglishpoet，beforeTennyson，everattempted"tolaythespectresofthemind"；everfacedworld-oldproblemsintheirmostrecentaspects？Iamnotacquaintedwithanypoetwhoattemptedthistask，and，whateverwemaythinkofTennyson'ssuccess，Idonotseehowwecandenyhisoriginality。
MrFredericHarrison，however，thinksthatneither"thetheologynorthephilosophyofInMemoriamarenew，original，withanindependentforceanddepthoftheirown。""Theyareexquisitelygracefulre-
statementsofthetheologyoftheBroadChurchmanoftheschoolofF。
D。MauriceandJowett——acombinationofMaurice'ssomewhatillogicalpietywithJowett'sphilosophyofmystification。"ThepietyofMauricemaybeasillogicalasthatofPositivismislogical，andthephilosophyoftheMasterofBalliolmaybewhateverMrHarrisonpleasestocallit。ButasJowett'searliestworkexceptanessayonEtruscanreligionisof1855，onedoesnotseehowitcouldinfluenceTennysonbefore1844。AndwhathadtheDukeofArgyllwrittenonthesethemessomeyearsbefore1844？ThelateDuke，towhomMrHarrisonrefersinthisconnection，wasbornin1823。Hisphilosophicideas，iftheyweretoinfluenceTennyson'sInMemoriam，musthavebeensetforthbyhimatthetenderageofseventeen，orthereabouts。MrHarrison'ssentenceis，"ButdoesInMemoriamteachanything，ortransfigureanyideawhichwasnotaboutthattime"thetimeofwritingwasmainly1833-1840"commonformwithF。D。
Maurice，withJowett，C。Kingsley，F。Robertson，StopfordBrooke，MrRuskin，andtheDukeofArgyll，BishopsWestcottandBoydCarpenter？"
ThedatesanswerMrHarrison。JowettdidnotpublishanythingtillatleastfifteenyearsafterTennysonwrotehispoemsonevolutionandbelief。DrBoydCarpenter'sworkspreviousto1840areunknowntobibliography。F。W。RobertsonwasayoungparsonatCheltenham。
RuskinhadnotpublishedthefirstvolumeofModernPainters。HisOxfordprizepoemisof1839。MrStopfordBrookewasatschool。TheDukeofArgyllwasbeingprivatelyeducated:andsowiththerest，exceptthecontemporaryMaurice。HowcanMrHarrisonsaythat，inthetimeofInMemoriam，Tennysonwas"intouchwiththeideasofHerschel，Owen，Huxley，Darwin，andTyndall"？{8}WhenTennysonwrotethepartsofInMemoriamwhichdealwithscience，nobodybeyondtheirfamiliesandfriendshadheardofHuxley，Darwin，andTyndall。
Theyhadnotdeveloped，muchlesshadtheypublished，their"generalideas。"EveninhisjournaloftheCruiseoftheBeagleDarwin'sideaswerereligious，andhenaivelyadmiredtheworksofGod。ItisstrangethatMrHarrisonhasbasedhiscriticism，andhistheoryofTennyson'swantoforiginality，onwhatseemstobeahistoricalerror。HecitespartsofInMemoriam，andremarks，"Noonecandenythatallthisisexquisitelybeautiful；thattheseeternalproblemshaveneverbeencladinsuchinimitablegrace……ButthetrainofthoughtisessentiallythatwithwhichordinaryEnglishreadershavebeenmadefamiliarbyF。D。Maurice，ProfessorJowett，EcceHomo，Hypatia，andnowbyArthurBalfour，MrDrummond，andmanyvaliantcompaniesofSeptem[whySeptem？]contraDiabolum。"OnemustkeeprepeatingthehistoricalveritythattheideasofInMemoriamcouldnothavebeen"madefamiliarby"authorswhohadnotyetpublishedanything，orbybooksyetundreamedofandunborn，suchasEcceHomoandJowett'sworkonsomeofStPaul'sEpistles。IfthesebookscontaintheideasofInMemoriam，itisbydintofrepetitionandborrowingfromInMemoriam，orbycoincidence。TheoriginalitywasTennyson's，forwecannotdisputetheevidenceofdates。
Whenonespeaksof"originality"onedoesnotmeanthatTennysondiscoveredtheexistenceoftheultimateproblems。ButatCambridge1828-1830hehadvoted"No"inanswertothequestiondiscussedby"theApostles，""Isanintelligible[intelligent？]FirstCausededuciblefromthephenomenaoftheuniverse？"{9}Hehadalsopropoundedthetheorythat"thedevelopmentofthehumanbodymightpossiblybetracedfromtheradiatedvermicularmolluscousandvertebrateorganisms，"thirtyyearsbeforeDarwinpublishedTheOriginofSpecies。Tobeconcernedsoearlywithsuchhypotheses，andtoface，inpoetry，thereligiousorirreligiousinferenceswhichmaybedrawnfromthem，decidedlyconstitutespartofthepoeticoriginalityofTennyson。Hisattitude，asapoet，towardsreligiousdoubtisonlysofarnotoriginal，asitispartofthegeneralreactionfromthefreethinkingoftheeighteenthcentury。Menhadthenbeenfreethinkersavecdelices。Itwasajoyousthingtobeanatheist，orsomethingverylikeone；atallevents，itwasglorioustobe"emancipated。"Manystillfinditglorious，aswereadinthetoneofMrHuxley，whenhetriumphsandtramplesoverpiousdukesandbishops。Shelleysaidthatacertainschoolgirl"wouldmakeadearlittleatheist。"Butby1828-1830menwerelessjoyousintheirescapefromallthathadhithertoconsoledandfortifiedhumanity。
LongbeforehedreamedofInMemoriam，inthePoemschieflyLyricalof1830Tennysonhadwritten-
"'Yet，'saidI，inmymornofyouth，Theunsunn'dfreshnessofmystrength，WhenIwentforthinquestoftruth，'Itisman'sprivilegetodoubt。'……
Ayme!IfearAllmaynotdoubt，buteverywhereSomemustclaspIdols。Yet，myGod，WhomcallIIdol？LetThydoveShadowmeover，andmysinsBeunremember'd，andThyloveEnlightenme。OhteachmeyetSomewhatbeforetheheavyclodWeighsonme，andthebusyfretOfthatsharp-headedwormbeginsInthegrossblacknessunderneath。
Ohwearylife!ohwearydeath!
Ohspiritandheartmadedesolate!
Ohdamnedvacillatingstate!"
NowthephilosophyofInMemoriammaybe，indeedis，regardedbyrobust，first-rate，andfarfromsensitiveminds，asa"damnedvacillatingstate。"Thepoetisnotsoimbuedwiththespiritofpopularscienceastobesurethatheknowseverything:knowsthatthereisnothingbutatomsandether，withnoroomforGodorasoul。
Heisfarfromthathappycock-certainty，andconsequentlyisexposedtothecontemptofthecock-certain。Thepoem，saysMrHarrison，"hasmadeTennysontheidoloftheAnglicanclergyman——theworldinwhichhewasbornandtheworldinwhichhislifewasideallypassed——
theidolofallculturedyouthandofallaestheticwomen。Itisanhonourableposttofill"——thatofidol。"TheargumentofInMemoriamapparentlyis……thatweshouldfaintlytrustthelargerhope。"
That，Ithink，isnottheargument，nottheconclusionofthepoem，butisacasualexpressionofonemoodamongmanymoods。
TheargumentandconclusionofInMemoriamaretheargumentandconclusionofthelifeofTennyson，andoftheloveofTennyson，thatimmortalpassionwhichwasapartofhimself，andwhich，ifaughtofusendure，islivingyet，andmustliveeternally。FromtherecordofhisLifebyhissonweknowthathistrustin"thelargerhope"