12Bearnomaliceagainstanyone。
13Beequitableandjusttoallmen。
14Libertyandfreedombutnotlicense。
15Donotuntootherswhatyewouldnotthatothersshoulddountoyou。
Ihavejotteddowntheabovejustastheyoccurredtomewhilewriting。
Theycaneasilybeamplified，andbemadethebasisofanethicalinstructioninalltheschools。Inanycase，everynationshouldaimatthehigheststandardofmorals。
Co-educationintheUnitedStatesisnotsounpopularasinsomeothercountries，anditisincreasinginfavor。Inalltheprimaryschools，andinmostofthehighschools，boysandgirlsstudyinthesameclass-room，andgirlsareadmittedasstudentseveninsomecollegesanduniversities。
Thisprincipleofadmittingthefairsextoequaleducationalprivilegesisslowlybutsurelybeingrecognizedeverywhere。Insomeuniversitiestheauthoritieshavegonehalf-way；lecturesaregiventothegirlstudentsinseparaterooms，orseparatebuildings，orhalls，areprovidedforthegirlstudents。Withregardtotheteachingstaff，intheprimaryschoolsnearlyalltheteachersarewomen，andinthehighschoolstheirnumberisatleasthalf，ifnotmore。
Insomeoftheuniversitiesthereareladyprofessorsortutors。
Itgoeswithoutsayingthatgirlshavethenaturaltalentforlearningeverythingthatboyscanlearn。Theobjectionsraisedbytheopponentsofco-educationseemtorestchieflyuponthedangeroftheintellectualorphysicaloverstrainofgirlsduringadolescence，andupontheunequalrateofdevelopmentofboysandgirlsduringthesecondaryschoolperiod。Itisfurtherallegedthatinmixedschoolsthecurriculumissoprescribedthatthegirls'courseofstudyismoreorlessadaptedtothatoftheboys，withtheresultthatitcannothavetheartisticanddomesticcharacterwhichissuitableforthemajorityofgirls；butwhyshouldnotthecurriculumbearrangedinsuchawayastosuitbothsexes？Isitnotgoodforbothtolearnthesamesubjects？Thatwhichisgoodforaboytolearnisitnotequallyadvisableforagirltoknow，andviceversa？
Willnotsuchapolicycreatemutualsympathybetweenthesexes？
Theopponentsoftheco-educationpolicyassertthatitmakesthegirlsmasculine，andthatithasatendencytomaketheboysalittlefeminine。Itcannot，however，bedoubtedthatthesystemreducesthecostofeducation，suchastheduplicationoftheteachingstaff，laboratories，libraries，andotherequipment。
Itisobjectedthatthesystemhasdonemorethananythingelsetorobmarriageofitsattractions，bydivestingmanofmostofhisold-timeglamourandromance。Itisclaimedthatthisearlycontactwiththeothersex，onafootingofequality，andthemannerinwhichthemajorityofthegirlstudentsmorethanmaintaintheirintellectualstandingwiththeboys，hastendedtoproducethatcontemptofthemuch-vauntedsuperiorityofman，that，asarule，isreservedforthosepost-nuptialdiscoverieswhichmakemarriagesuchaninterestingventure。Buttheyforgetthatmarriagesarefrequentlycontractedinplaceswheregirlsandboysaretaughttogether，andwheretheyhavehadampleopportunitiesforknowingeachotherintimately，andthatexperienceprovesthatsuchmarriagesarehappyandlastingunions。
Itisinterestingtoobserve，however，thatasthenumberofeducationalinstitutionshasincreased，thenumberofunmarriedwomenhasbeencorrespondinglyaugmented。Itiseasytoexplainthisbythefactthatalargenumberofwomenearntheirownlivelihoodbygoingintobusinessandtheprofessions。Astheybecomemoreeducated，andareallowedtoparticipateinmanyofthesameprivilegesasmen，itisonlynaturalthattheyshouldshowtheirindependencebyremainingsingle。Thesamethingwouldoccurinanycountry，andwemayexpectalikestateofthingsinChinaasgreaterfacilitiesforinstructionareaffordedtowomen。Idonotfeelalarmedattheprospect；
indeed，IwouldwelcomeitifIcouldseemycountry-womenactingasindependentlyandasorderlyastheirAmericansisters。
Thegamesandsportssanctionedandencouragedinschoolsanduniversitiesareuseful，inthattheyafforddiversionofthepupils'mindsfromtheirschoolwork。Theyshouldnot，however，beindulgedininsuchawayastointerferewiththeirstudies。Take，asanexample，boatracing；severalmonthsofpreparationarenecessarybeforetheeventtakesplace，andduringagreatportionofthistimethestudentsdonotthinkmuchoftheirstudies；theyareallmadwithexcitement。Thecontestbetweenthetworivalpartiesisverykeen；
theyhavebutonethought，andthatistowintherace。Inthisway，atleastsoitseemstome，themainobjectofrecreationisentirelylostsightof；itbecomesnolongeranamusement，butlaborandwork。
Iamtoldthatthecoxswainandtheothermembersoftheboatracegenerallyhavetotakealongrestwhentheraceisover，whichclearlyshowsthattheyhavebeenoverworking。
Ifavorallinnocentgamesandsportswhichmeanrecreationanddiversion，butifitbethoughtthatwithoutacontestgameswouldlosetheirrelishandtheirfun，thenIwouldsuggestthattheaimshouldbetheexhibitionofaperfectbodyandabsolutehealth。Letthestudents，whentheycometotherecreationground，indulgeinanysporttheyplease，butmakethemfeelthatitis"badform"tooverstrain，ordoanythingwhich，eventemporarily，marstheperfectworkingoftheirphysicalorganisms。
Leteachstudentsotrainhimselfastobecomehealthyandstrongbothphysicallyandmentally，andtheonewho，throughreasonableandwholesomeexercises，isabletopresenthimselfinthemostperfecthealthshouldbeawardedthehighestprize。
Chapter6。AmericanBusinessMethodsIfIshouldbeaskedwhatismostessentialforthesuccessfulcarryingonofbusinessinAmericaIwouldsayadvertising。AbusinessmaninAmericawhointendstosucceedmustadvertiseinthedaily，weekly，andmonthlypapers，andalsohavebigpostersinthestreets。
Idonotbelieveanyup-to-datemerchantinAmericafailstodothis。
Everybookandmagazinecontainsmanyadvertisements；sometimesfullyhalfofabigmagazineiscoveredwithnoticesorpicturesofarticlesforsale。
Whereveryougotheinevitableposterconfrontsyou；andevenwhenyoulookoutofthewindowofthetrainyouseelargesign-boardsannouncingsomearticleoftrade。Thenewerthebrandthebiggerthepicture。
Ifwhenyougetintoastreet-caryoulookaroundyouwillseenothingbutadvertisementsofallkindsandsorts，andifyouansweranadvertisementyouwillkeeponreceivingnoticesofthematteraboutwhichyouinquired。
EvennowIreceivelettersurgingmetobuysomethingorotheraboutwhichIsentaletterofinquirywhenIwasinAmerica。
Atnight，ifyoustrollroundthetownyouwillbeamazedbytheingeniousandcleversignswhichthealertmindsofthetradespeoplehaveinvented，suchasrevolvingelectriclightsformingthenameoftheadvertiserwithdifferentcolors，orafigureorshapeofsomesortillustratinghiswares。Buteventhisisnotthoughtsufficient。
Circularsareoftensenttoeveryone，makingspecialoffers，settingforthforcefulreasonswhythecommodityadvertisedisindispensable。
Certainstoresmakeitapointtoannouncecheapsalesonceortwiceayear，withfrom10to25percent。reduction。Itshouldbenotedthatnotradesmanvoluntarilysellshisgoodsataloss，sothatifduringasalehecangiveasmuchas25percent。discountwecaneasilycalculatethepercentageofprofithegenerallymakes。
Therearecaseswheremenwhostartedaspettydealershave，afterafewyears，becomemillionaires。
ToshowtheimportanceofadvertisingIcitethewell-knownsanitarydrinkwhichisasubstituteforteaandcoffee，andwhichbyextensiveadvertisinginalmosteverypaperpublishedineverycountryhasnowbecomeafavoritebeverage。Theproprietorisnowamulti-millionaireandIamtoldthathespendsmorethanamilliondollarsayearinadvertising。
AnotherthinginseparablefromAmericanbusinessisthetelephone。
Atelephoneisapartofeverywell-appointedhouse，everypartner'sdeskisprovidedwithatelephone，throughwhichhetalkstohisclientsandtransactsbusinesswiththem。InallofficialdepartmentsinWashingtonscoresoftelephonesareprovided；eventhesecretaryofthedepartmentandthechiefofthebureaugiveordersbytelephone。
Itgoeswithoutsayingthatthismeansofcommunicationisalsofoundinthehomeofalmosteverywell-to-dofamily。
Theinventionofatelephoneisagreatblessingtomankind；
itenablesfriendstotalktoeachotheratadistancewithoutthetroubleofcalling。*Sweetheartscanexchangetheirsweetnothings，andevenproposalsofmarriagehavebeenmadeandacceptedthroughthetelephone。However，oneissubjectedtofrequentannoyancesfromwrongconnectionsattheCentralOffice，andsometimesgraveerrorsaremade。Once，throughaseriousblunder，oramischievousjoke，IlostadinnerinmyLegationinWashington。
Myvaletreceivedatelephonemessagefromaladyfriendinvitingmetodineatherhouse。Igladlyacceptedtheinvitation，andattheappointedtimedrovetoherhome，onlytofindthattherewasnodinner-partyon，andthatIshouldhavetogohungry——
*"Tocall"inthesenseof"tovisit"——A。R。L。，1996——
Withsometrades，inordertocreateanewmarket，commercialtravellersor"drummers"givetheirgoodsawayfornothing。
Experiencehasprovedthatwhattheyloseatthestarttheyrecoverinthecourseoftime，receivinginadditiontripleortenfoldmorebusinessthanthecostoftheoriginaloutlay。Thesecommercialagentstravelthroughallsectionsofthecountrytosolicitbusiness；
theycalluponthosewhocangivethemorders；theylookupthosewhoareengagedinsimilarbusinessestotheirown，and，iftheyareretailers，theyinvitetheirorders，oraskthemtobecomesub-agents。Thesegentlemenpracticallyliveonthetrains:
theyeat，sleep，anddotheirbusinesswhiletravelling。
Oneofthemtoldmethatinonemonthhehadcovered38，000miles，andthathehadnotbeenbacktohisfirmforthreemonths。
ThereisnodoubtthattheAmericanpeopleareactive，strenuousworkers。
Theywillwillinglygoanydistance，andundertakeanyjourney，howeverarduous，ifitpromisesbusiness；theyseemtobealwaysonthego，andtheyarepreparedtostartanywhereatamoment'snotice。
AnAmericanwhocalledonmeashorttimeagoinShanghaitoldmethatwhenhelefthishouseonemorningatNewYork，hehadnottheslightestnotionhewasgoingtoundertakealongjourneythatday；butthatwhenhegottohisofficehisbossaskedhimifhewouldgotoChinaonacertaincommission。
Heacceptedtheresponsibilityatonceandtelephonedtohiswifetopackuphisthings。TwohourslaterhewasonatrainboundforSanFranciscowhereheboardedasteamerforChina。
ThesamegentlemantoldmethatthistripwashissecondvisittoChinawithinafewmonths。
Americansalesmenarecleverandcapable，andwellknowhowtorecommendwhatevertheyhavetosell。Youwalkintoastorejusttolookaround；
theremaybenothingthatyouwant，buttheadroitmannerinwhichthesalesmantalks，andthewayinwhichheexplainsthegoodpointsofeveryarticleatwhichyoulook，makesitextremelydifficultforyoutoleavethestorewithoutmakingsomepurchases。SalesmenandcommercialtravellersintheUnitedStateshavecertainlylearnedtheartofspeaking。
Ionce，however，metaremarkableexceptiontothisruleinthepersonofanAmericangentlemanwhowassingularlylackingintact；
hewasinChinawiththeintentionofobtainingaconcession，andhehadnearlyaccomplishedhisobjectwhenhespoilteverythingbyhisbluntspeech。HesaidhehadnotcometoChinaforanyphilanthropicpurposes，butthathewasinthecountrytomakemoney。
WeallknowthattheaveragebusinessmanisneitheraPeabodynoraCarnegie，butitwasquiteunnecessaryforthisgentlemantoannouncethathissoleobjectwastomakemoneyoutoftheChinese。
UptoafewyearsagobusinessmeninAmerica，especiallycapitalists，hadscarcelyanyideaoftransactingbusinessinChina。
IwellrememberthedifficultyIhadinraisingarailwayloaninAmerica。
Itwasin1897。IhadreceivedpositiveinstructionsfrommygovernmenttoobtainabigloanforthepurposeofconstructingtheproposedrailwayfromHankowtoCanton。Iendeavoredtointerestwell-knownbankersandcapitalistsinNewYorkCitybutnoneofthemwouldconsidertheproposals。
Theyinvariablysaidthattheirmoneycouldbejustaseasily，andjustasprofitably，investedintheirowncountry，andwithbettersecurity，thanwasobtainableinChina。
Itwasonlyafternearlytwelvemonthsofhardwork，ofcarefulexplanationandmuchpersuasion，thatIsucceededinfindingacapitalistwhowaspreparedtodiscussthematterandmaketheloan。
Conditionshavenowchanged。AmericanbankersandothershavefoundthatinvestmentsinChinaarequitesafe。TheyhavesentagentstoChinatorepresenttheminthematterofabiginternationalloan，andtheyarenowjustasreadytolendmoneyinChinaasinEurope，andonthesameterms。InconjunctionwiththerepresentativesofsomelargeEuropeancapitaliststheyevenformedapowerfulsyndicateinChina，forthepurposeofarrangingloanstoresponsibleChineseinvestors。
Inthespringof1913，however，theywithdrewfromthesyndicate。
TheopportunitiestomakemoneyinAmericaaregreatandayoungmanwithonlyfairability，butanhonestpurpose，willalwaysgetsomethingtodo；andifheisindustriousandreadyforhardwork，ifhepossesscourageandperseverance，hewillmostsurelygoforwardandprobablyintimebecomeindependent。
Therearehundredsofmillionairesandmulti-millionairesinAmericawho，intheiryoungerdays，wereaspoorassparrowsinasnowstorm，butthroughperseverance，combinedwithindustriousandeconomicalhabitstheyhaveprosperedfarbeyondtheirownexpectations。
Theclevermethodstheyadoptinthecarryingonoftheirbusinesscannotbutarouseouradmiration，andChinesemerchantswoulddowelltosendsomeoftheirsonstoAmericatostudythevarioussystemspractisedthere。Butnonationoranyclassofpeopleisperfect，andthereisonemoney-makingdevicewhichseemstomenotquitesoundinprinciple。Toincreasethecapitalofacorporationnewsharesaresometimesissued，withoutacorrespondingincreaseintheactualcapital。Thesenewsharesmayrepresenthalf，orasmuchoftheactualcapitalashasbeenalreadysubscribed。
Suchacourseisusuallydefendedbytheclaimthatasthepropertyandfranchiseshaveincreasedinvaluesincetheformationofthecorporationtheincreaseofthestockisnecessaryinordertofairlyrepresenttheexistingcapital。Itissaidthatsomerailwaystockhasbeen"watered"inthiswaytoanalarmingextent，sothatagreatdealofitisfictitious，yetthoughitexistsonlyonpaperitranksastheequalofthegenuinestockwhenthedividendsarepaid。
Whetherornotsuchanactionreallyisjustifiable，orevenmoral，IleavetotheChristianclergyandtheirfollowerstodecide。
Thepromotersanddirectorsofsuchconcernshaveatleasthituponaveryclevermethodforbecomingrich，andifthesecuritiesoftheoriginalshareholdersarenotinjured，andtheholdersofthegenuineandthewateredstockcanshareequallywithoutendangeringtheinterestsofall，perhapssuchanactionmaybelessblamable，butitisanewkindofproceedingtoOrientals。
Imustnotomittomention，however，theconfidencewhichisplacedinthehonestyofthepeopleingeneral；forexample，youenteranomnibus，youwillfindthedriver，butnoconductortocollectthefare。
"Itisuptoyou"toputthefareintoabox，andifyoudonotpaynoonewillaskforit。Yeteveryfareispaid。Ihaveneverseenadishonestmanwhoomittedtopay。ThisisaremarkablefactwhichIhavenoticednowherebutinAmerica。Isupposeitisbecausethepeoplearenotpoor，andastheyarealwaysabletopaythefaretheydoso。Theyaretoohonesttocheat。Itiscertainlyagoodwaytoencouragepeopletobehonest，toputthemontheirhonorandthenrelyontheirownsenseofuprightness。
ThemostcurioussightIhaveeverseenwastheStockExchangeinNewYork。
Itisusedasamarketforthepurchaseandsaleofvariousarticles，buttherewerenogoodsexposedforsale。Isawagoodmanypeoplerunningabouttalking，yellingandhowling，andhadInotbeeninformedbeforehandwhattoexpectIshouldhavethoughtthatthemenweregettingready，intheirexcitement，forageneralallroundfight。
However，Ididnotseeanyexchangeofblows，andIdidnothearthatanybloodwasshed。
AnotherremarkablefeatureofthescenewasthatIdidnotseeasinglewomanthere；shewasconspicuousbyherabsence。
WhetherornottherulesoftheExchangeallowhertobecomeamemberIdonotknow；thatisaquestionforthewomansuffragiststoinvestigate，butIlearnedthatitisawealthyassociationconsistingof1，100members，andthattobecomeamemberonemustbeacitizenoftheUnitedStatesof21yearsofageormore。Thenumberofmembersislimited。
Personsobtainmembershipbyelection，orbythetransferofthemembershipofamemberwhohasresignedordied。
Anewmemberwhoisadmittedbytransferpaysaninitiationfeeof2，000golddollars，inadditiontoalargefeetothetransferrer，forhis"seatintheHouse"。Amembermaytransferhisseattohisson，iftheCommitteeoftheExchangeapprove，withoutchargingforit；
butinallcasesthetransferreepaystheabove-mentionedinitiationfeeof2，000golddollars。
Thepricesfortheseseatsvary，thefluctuationsbeingduetotheupwardordownwardtrendofthestockmarket。Withinrecentyearsthepricehasrisenconsiderably，andasmuchas95，000golddollarshasbeenpaidtothetransferrer。ThisismuchhigherthanthepriceusuallypaidbynewmembersinStockExchangesinEurope，yetwhenaseatbecomesvacantthereisnolackofpurchasers。
Itisclearthataseatinthe"House"isveryvaluabletotheholder。
Inthebuildingeachmemberhasastallallottedtohimwherehehasatelephoneforhisexclusiveuse；thisenableshimtocommunicateeverytransactiondoneintheExchangetohisbusinesshouse，andtokeepupconnectionswithhisconstituentsinothercities。
Whenoneofhisconstituents，sayinWashington，D。C。，desirestobuyacertainsecuritytheorderisconveyedtohimdirect，andexecutedwithoutdelay。Ihaveseenatransactionofthiskindexecutedintenminutes，thoughtherewasadistanceofseveralhundredmilesbetweenclientandbroker。Theamountofbusinesstransactedinthe"House"everydayisenormous，aggregatingmanymillionsofdollars。
NewYorkalsohasotherExchanges，wheredifferentarticlesofmerchandisearepurchasedandsold，suchascorn，coffee，cotton，etc。，andthevolumeofbusinesstransacteddailyinthat"EmpireCity"
mustbeimmense，andalmostbeyondcalculation。
OfcoursethereareExchangesinChicago，Boston，Cincinnati，St。Louis，Philadelphia，Baltimore，Washingtonandothercities，allconductedonsimilarlines，butthepricesarealwaysgovernedbythequotationsfromNewYork。Thisskilfulandsystematicwayofdoingbusinessisremarkable，andIaminclinedtobelievethatNewYorkisaheadofmanycitiesinSouthAmericaandinEurope。
NowonderthattheservicesofAmericansarerequiredbyothercountriesinindustrialandtechnicalconcerns。Someyearsago，whenIwasinMadrid，Inoticedthatthestreettram-carwasrunningaccordingtotheAmericansystem，anduponinquiryIwastolditwascontrolledbyanAmericansyndicate。
ThepursuitofwealthinAmericaisintense；itisapparenteverywhereandseemstobethechiefaimoftheAmericanpeople。
Becauseoftheireagernesstobecomerichassoonaspossibletheyareallinaconstanthurry。Youmayseepeopleinthestreetsalmostrunningtotheiroffices，atluncheontheydonotmasticatetheirfood，theyboltit，andinlessthantenminutesareontheirwaybacktotheirofficeagain。Everyoneisurgedonbythisspiritofhaste，andyoufrequentlyhearofsuddendeathswhichdoctorsattributetoheartfailure，orsomeothermalady，butwhichIsuspectarecausedbythecontinualrestlesshurryandworry。
Peoplewhoaresounnaturallyeagertogetrichnaturallysufferforit。
ItisthegeneralbeliefthatAmericansdonotliveaslongasEuropeans。
Theymakemoneyeasilyandtheirexpectationsarehigh。
IhaveknownmanyAmericanswho，inmyopinion，werewealthypeople，buttheythemselvesdidnotthinkso；infact，theysaidtheywerepoor。
OnceIaskedagentleman，whowasknowntobeworthhalfamillionofgolddollars，whetheritwasnottimeforhimtoretire。
Hepooh-poohedtheideaandsaidthathecouldnotaffordtogiveuphiswork。
Inreplytomyinquiriesheinformedmethathewouldnotcallamanwealthyunlessheshouldbepossessedofoneortwomillionsofdollars。
Withsuchextravagantideas，itisnowonderthatAmericansworksohard。
Igrantthataman'smissioninthisworldistoattainhappiness。
AccordingtoWebster，happinessis"thatstateofbeingwhichisattendedwithenjoyment，"butitiscurioustoobservewhatdifferentnotionspeoplehaveastowhathappinessis。
IknowanEnglishmaninChinawhobyhisskilfulbusinessmanagement，combinedwithgoodluck，hasamassedimmensewealth；infact，heisconsideredtherichestmanintheportwhereheresides。
Heisabachelor，overseventyyearsold，andleadsaverysimplelife。
Buthestillgoestohisofficeeveryday，andtoilsasifhehadtoworkforaliving。Beingtoldthatheshoulddiscontinuehisdrudgery，asathisdeathhewouldhavetoleavehislargefortunetorelativeswhowouldprobablysquanderit，hegaveananswerwhichischaracteristicoftheman。"Ilove，"hesaid，"accumulatingdollarsandbanknotes，andmyenjoymentisincountingthem；ifmyrelativeswhowillinheritmyfortune，takeasmuchpleasureinspendingitasIhavehadinmakingit，theywillbequitewelcometotheirjoy。"
Notmanypeople，Ifancy，willagreewiththeoldbachelor'sviewoflife。
Ioncesuggestedtoamulti-millionaireofNewYorkthatitwastimeforhimtoretirefromactivework，leavinghissonstocarryonhisbusiness。
Hetoldmethathewouldbeunhappywithoutworkandthatheenjoyedthedemandshisbusinessmadeonhimeachday。
Manyaman'slifehasbeenshortenedbyhisretiringfrombusiness。
Itisthemindratherthanthebodythatlives，andapartfromtheirbusinessthesemenhavenothoughtsandthereforenolife。Aman'sideaofhappinessisgreatlygovernedbyhispersonaltastes，andisinfluencedbyhisenvironment，hiseducationandtheclimate。
Theformwhichitistoassumemayvarywithpersonsofdifferenttastesandpositions，butitshouldnotbecarriedoutforhisownbenefitsolelyanditshouldnotbeinjurioustohishealthortohisintellectualandspiritualimprovement，norshoulditbedetrimentaltotheinterestsofotherpeople。
Chapter7。AmericanFreedomandEqualityWhenanOriental，who，throughouthislife，haslivedinhisowncountrywherethewillofhisSovereignissupreme，andthepersonallibertyofthesubjectunknown，firstsetsfootonthesoiloftheUnitedStates，hebreathesanatmosphereunlikeanythinghehaseverknown，andexperiencescurioussensationswhichareabsolutelynew。
Forthefirsttimeinhislifehefeelsthathecandowhateverhepleaseswithoutrestraint，andthathecantalkfreelytopeoplewithoutfear。