Publicopinionhailedthisdoctrinewithahowlofwildapplause，andsettheprisonersfree，towalkthecity，menofmark，andinfluence，andstation，astheyhadbeenbefore。
　　Publicopinion!whatclassofmenhaveanimmensepreponderanceovertherestofthecommunity，intheirpowerofrepresentingpublicopinioninthelegislature？theslave-owners。TheysendfromtheirtwelveStatesonehundredmembers，whilethefourteenfreeStates，withafreepopulationnearlydouble，returnbutahundredandforty-two。Beforewhomdothepresidentialcandidatesbowdownthemosthumbly，onwhomdotheyfawnthemostfondly，andforwhosetastesdotheycaterthemostassiduouslyintheirservileprotestations？Theslave-ownersalways。
　　Publicopinion!hearthepublicopinionofthefreeSouth，asexpressedbyitsownmembersintheHouseofRepresentativesatWashington。'Ihaveagreatrespectforthechair，'quothNorthCarolina，'Ihaveagreatrespectforthechairasanofficerofthehouse，andagreatrespectforhimpersonally；nothingbutthatrespectpreventsmefromrushingtothetableandtearingthatpetitionwhichhasjustbeenpresentedfortheabolitionofslaveryinthedistrictofColumbia，topieces。'-'Iwarntheabolitionists，'saysSouthCarolina，'ignorant，infuriatedbarbariansastheyare，thatifchanceshallthrowanyofthemintoourhands，hemayexpectafelon'sdeath。'-'LetanabolitionistcomewithinthebordersofSouthCarolina，'criesathird；mildCarolina'scolleague；'andifwecancatchhim，wewilltryhim，andnotwithstandingtheinterferenceofallthegovernmentsonearth，includingtheFederalgovernment，wewillHANGhim。'
　　Publicopinionhasmadethislaw-IthasdeclaredthatinWashington，inthatcitywhichtakesitsnamefromthefatherofAmericanliberty，anyjusticeofthepeacemaybindwithfettersanynegropassingdownthestreetandthrusthimintojail:nooffenceontheblackman'spartisnecessary。Thejusticesays，'I
　　choosetothinkthismanarunaway:'andlockshimup。Publicopinionimpowersthemanoflawwhenthisisdone，toadvertisethenegrointhenewspapers，warninghisownertocomeandclaimhim，orhewillbesoldtopaythejailfees。Butsupposingheisafreeblack，andhasnoowner，itmaynaturallybepresumedthatheissetatliberty。No:HEISSOLDTORECOMPENSEHISJAILER。Thishasbeendoneagain，andagain，andagain。Hehasnomeansofprovinghisfreedom；hasnoadviser，messenger，orassistanceofanysortorkind；noinvestigationintohiscaseismade，orinquiryinstituted。He，afreeman，whomayhaveservedforyears，andboughthisliberty，isthrownintojailonnoprocess，fornocrime，andonnopretenceofcrime:andissoldtopaythejailfees。Thisseemsincredible，evenofAmerica，butitisthelaw。
　　Publicopinionisdeferredto，insuchcasesasthefollowing:
　　whichisheadedinthenewspapers:-
　　'INTERESTINGLAW-CASE。
　　'AninterestingcaseisnowontrialintheSupremeCourt，arisingoutofthefollowingfacts。AgentlemanresidinginMarylandhadallowedanagedpairofhisslaves，substantialthoughnotlegalfreedomforseveralyears。Whilethusliving，adaughterwasborntothem，whogrewupinthesameliberty，untilshemarriedafreenegro，andwentwithhimtoresideinPennsylvania。Theyhadseveralchildren，andlivedunmolesteduntiltheoriginalownerdied，whenhisheirattemptedtoregainthem；butthemagistratebeforewhomtheywerebrought，decidedthathehadnojurisdictioninthecase。THEOWNERSEIZEDTHEWOMANANDHERCHILDRENITSTHE
　　NIGHT，ANDCARRIEDTHEMTOMARYLAND。'
　　'Cashfornegroes，''cashfornegroes，''cashfornegroes，'istheheadingofadvertisementsingreatcapitalsdownthelongcolumnsofthecrowdedjournals。Woodcutsofarunawaynegrowithmanacledhands，crouchingbeneathabluffpursuerintopboots，who，havingcaughthim，graspshimbythethroat，agreeablydiversifythepleasanttext。Theleadingarticleprotestsagainst'thatabominableandhellishdoctrineofabolition，whichisrepugnantaliketoeverylawofGodandnature。'Thedelicatemamma，whosmilesheracquiescenceinthissprightlywritingasshereadsthepaperinhercoolpiazza，quietsheryoungestchildwhoclingsaboutherskirts，bypromisingtheboy'awhiptobeatthelittleniggerswith。'-Butthenegroes，littleandbig，areprotectedbypublicopinion。
　　Letustrythispublicopinionbyanothertest，whichisimportantinthreepointsofview:first，asshowinghowdesperatelytimidofthepublicopinionslave-ownersare，intheirdelicatedescriptionsoffugitiveslavesinwidelycirculatednewspapers；
　　secondly，asshowinghowperfectlycontentedtheslavesare，andhowveryseldomtheyrunaway；thirdly，asexhibitingtheirentirefreedomfromscar，orblemish，oranymarkofcruelinfliction，astheirpicturesaredrawn，notbylyingabolitionists，butbytheirowntruthfulmasters。
　　Thefollowingareafewspecimensoftheadvertisementsinthepublicpapers。Itisonlyfouryearssincetheoldestamongthemappeared；andothersofthesamenaturecontinuetobepublishedeveryday，inshoals。
　　'Ranaway，NegressCaroline。Hadonacollarwithoneprongturneddown。'
　　'Ranaway，ablackwoman，Betsy。Hadanironbaronherrightleg。'
　　'Ranaway，thenegroManuel。Muchmarkedwithirons。'
　　'Ranaway，thenegressFanny。Hadonanironbandaboutherneck。'
　　'Ranaway，anegroboyabouttwelveyearsold。Hadroundhisneckachaindog-collarwith"DeLampert"engravedonit。'
　　'Ranaway，thenegroHown。Hasaringofirononhisleftfoot。
　　Also，Grise，HISWIFE，havingaringandchainontheleftleg。'
　　'Ranaway，anegroboynamedJames。Saidboywasironedwhenheleftme。'
　　'Committedtojail，amanwhocallshisnameJohn。Hehasaclogofirononhisrightfootwhichwillweighfourorfivepounds。'
　　'Detainedatthepolicejail，thenegrowench，Myra。HasseveralmarksofLASHING，andhasironsonherfeet。'
　　'Ranaway，anegrowomanandtwochildren。Afewdaysbeforeshewentoff，Iburntherwithahotiron，ontheleftsideofherface。ItriedtomaketheletterM。'
　　'Ranaway，anegromannamedHenry；hislefteyeout，somescarsfromadirkonandunderhisleftarm，andmuchscarredwiththewhip。'
　　'Onehundreddollarsreward，foranegrofellow，Pompey，40yearsold。Heisbrandedontheleftjaw。'
　　'Committedtojail，anegroman。Hasnotoesontheleftfoot。'
　　'Ranaway，anegrowomannamedRachel。Haslostallhertoesexceptthelargeone。'
　　'Ranaway，Sam。Hewasshotashorttimesincethroughthehand，andhasseveralshotsinhisleftarmandside。'
　　'Ranaway，mynegromanDennis。Saidnegrohasbeenshotintheleftarmbetweentheshoulderandelbow，whichhasparalysedthelefthand。'
　　'Ranaway，mynegromannamedSimon。Hehasbeenshotbadly，inhisbackandrightarm。'
　　'Ranaway，anegronamedArthur。Hasaconsiderablescaracrosshisbreastandeacharm，madebyaknife；lovestotalkmuchofthegoodnessofGod。'
　　'Twenty-fivedollarsrewardformymanIsaac。Hehasascaronhisforehead，causedbyablow；andoneonhisback，madebyashotfromapistol。'
　　'Ranaway，anegrogirlcalledMary。Hasasmallscaroverhereye，agoodmanyteethmissing，theletterAisbrandedonhercheekandforehead。'
　　'Ranaway，negroBen。Hasascaronhisrighthand；histhumbandforefingerbeinginjuredbybeingshotlastfall。Apartofthebonecameout。Hehasalsooneortwolargescarsonhisbackandhips。'
　　'Detainedatthejail，amulatto，namedTom。Hasascarontherightcheek，andappearstohavebeenburnedwithpowderontheface。'
　　'Ranaway，anegromannamedNed。Threeofhisfingersaredrawnintothepalmofhishandbyacut。Hasascaronthebackofhisneck，nearlyhalfround，donebyaknife。'
　　'Wascommittedtojail，anegroman。SayshisnameisJosiah。Hisbackverymuchscarredbythewhip；andbrandedonthethighandhipsinthreeorfourplaces，thusJM。Therimofhisrightearhasbeenbitorcutoff。'
　　'Fiftydollarsreward，formyfellowEdward。Hehasascaronthecornerofhismouth，twocutsonandunderhisarm，andtheletterEonhisarm。'
　　'Ranaway，negroboyEllie。Hasascarononeofhisarmsfromthebiteofadog。'
　　'Ranaway，fromtheplantationofJamesSurgette，thefollowingnegroes:Randal，hasoneearcropped；Bob，haslostoneeye；
　　KentuckyTom，hasonejawbroken。'
　　'Ranaway，Anthony。Oneofhisearscutoff，andhislefthandcutwithanaxe。'
　　'FiftydollarsrewardforthenegroJimBlake。Hasapiececutoutofeachear，andthemiddlefingerofthelefthandcutofftothesecondjoint。'
　　'Ranaway，anegrowomannamedMaria。Hasascarononesideofhercheek，byacut。Somescarsonherback。'
　　'Ranaway，theMulattowenchMary。Hasacutontheleftarm，ascarontheleftshoulder，andtwoupperteethmissing。'
　　Ishouldsay，perhaps，inexplanationofthislatterpieceofdescription，thatamongtheotherblessingswhichpublicopinionsecurestothenegroes，isthecommonpracticeofviolentlypunchingouttheirteeth。Tomakethemwearironcollarsbydayandnight，andtoworrythemwithdogs，arepracticesalmosttooordinarytodeservemention。
　　'Ranaway，mymanFountain。Hasholesinhisears，ascarontherightsideofhisforehead，hasbeenshotinthehindpartofhislegs，andismarkedonthebackwiththewhip。'
　　'TwohundredandfiftydollarsrewardformynegromanJim。Heismuchmarkedwithshotinhisrightthigh。Theshotenteredontheoutside，halfwaybetweenthehipandkneejoints。'
　　'Broughttojail，John。Leftearcropt。'
　　'Takenup，anegroman。Isverymuchscarredaboutthefaceandbody，andhastheleftearbitoff。'
　　'Ranaway，ablackgirl，namedMary。Hasascaronhercheek，andtheendofoneofhertoescutoff。'
　　'Ranaway，myMulattowoman，Judy。Shehashadherrightarmbroke。'
　　'Ranaway，mynegroman，Levi。Hislefthandhasbeenburnt，andI
　　thinktheendofhisforefingerisoff。'
　　'Ranaway，anegroman，NAMEDWASHINGTON。Haslostapartofhismiddlefinger，andtheendofhislittlefinger。'
　　'Twenty-fivedollarsrewardformymanJohn。Thetipofhisnoseisbitoff。'
　　'Twenty-fivedollarsrewardforthenegroslave，Sally。WalksAS
　　THOUGHcrippledintheback。'
　　'Ranaway，JoeDennis。Hasasmallnotchinoneofhisears。'
　　'Ranaway，negroboy，Jack。Hasasmallcropoutofhisleftear。'
　　'Ranaway，anegroman，namedIvory。Hasasmallpiececutoutofthetopofeachear。'
　　Whileuponthesubjectofears，ImayobservethatadistinguishedabolitionistinNewYorkoncereceivedanegro'sear，whichhadbeencutoffclosetothehead，inageneralpostletter。Itwasforwardedbythefreeandindependentgentlemanwhohadcausedittobeamputated，withapoliterequestthathewouldplacethespecimeninhis'collection。'
　　Icouldenlargethiscataloguewithbrokenarms，andbrokenlegs，andgashedflesh，andmissingteeth，andlaceratedbacks，andbitesofdogs，andbrandsofred-hotironsinnumerable:butasmyreaderswillbesufficientlysickenedandrepelledalready，Iwillturntoanotherbranchofthesubject。
　　Theseadvertisements，ofwhichasimilarcollectionmightbemadeforeveryyear，andmonth，andweek，andday；andwhicharecoollyreadinfamiliesasthingsofcourse，andasapartofthecurrentnewsandsmall-talk；willservetoshowhowverymuchtheslavesprofitbypublicopinion，andhowtenderitisintheirbehalf。
　　Butitmaybeworthwhiletoinquirehowtheslave-owners，andtheclassofsocietytowhichgreatnumbersofthembelong，defertopublicopinionintheirconduct，nottotheirslavesbuttoeachother；howtheyareaccustomedtorestraintheirpassions；whattheirbearingisamongthemselves；whethertheyarefierceorgentle；whethertheirsocialcustomsbebrutal，sanguinary，andviolent，orbeartheimpressofcivilisationandrefinement。
　　Thatwemayhavenopartialevidencefromabolitionistsinthisinquiry，either，Iwilloncemoreturntotheirownnewspapers，andIwillconfinemyself，thistime，toaselectionfromparagraphswhichappearedfromdaytoday，duringmyvisittoAmerica，andwhichrefertooccurrenceshappeningwhileIwasthere。Theitalicsintheseextracts，asintheforegoing，aremyown。
　　ThesecasesdidnotALLoccur，itwillbeseen，interritoryactuallybelongingtolegalisedSlaveStates，thoughmost，andthosetheveryworstamongthemdid，astheircounterpartsconstantlydo；butthepositionofthescenesofactioninreferencetoplacesimmediatelyathand，whereslaveryisthelaw；
　　andthestrongresemblancebetweenthatclassofoutragesandtherest；leadtothejustpresumptionthatthecharacterofthepartiesconcernedwasformedinslavedistricts，andbrutalisedbyslavecustoms。
　　'HORRIBLETRAGEDY。
　　'ByaslipfromTHESOUTHPORTTELEGRAPH，Wisconsin，welearnthattheHon。CharlesC。P。Arndt，MemberoftheCouncilforBrowncounty，wasshotdeadONTHEFLOOROFTHECOUNCILCHAMBER，byJamesR。Vinyard，MemberfromGrantcounty。THEAFFAIRgrewoutofanominationforSheriffofGrantcounty。Mr。E。S。BakerwasnominatedandsupportedbyMr。Arndt。ThisnominationwasopposedbyVinyard，whowantedtheappointmenttovestinhisownbrother。
　　Inthecourseofdebate，thedeceasedmadesomestatementswhichVinyardpronouncedfalse，andmadeuseofviolentandinsultinglanguage，dealinglargelyinpersonalities，towhichMr。A。madenoreply。Aftertheadjournment，Mr。A。steppeduptoVinyard，andrequestedhimtoretract，whichherefusedtodo，repeatingtheoffensivewords。Mr。ArndtthenmadeablowatVinyard，whosteppedbackapace，drewapistol，andshothimdead。
　　'TheissueappearstohavebeenprovokedonthepartofVinyard，whowasdeterminedatallhazardstodefeattheappointmentofBaker，andwho，himselfdefeated，turnedhisireandrevengeupontheunfortunateArndt。'
　　'THEWISCONSINTRAGEDY。
　　PublicindignationrunshighintheterritoryofWisconsin，inrelationtothemurderofC。C。P。Arndt，intheLegislativeHalloftheTerritory。MeetingshavebeenheldindifferentcountiesofWisconsin，denouncingTHEPRACTICEOFSECRETLYBEARINGARMSINTHE
　　LEGISLATIVECHAMBERSOFTHECOUNTRY。WehaveseentheaccountoftheexpulsionofJamesR。Vinyard，theperpetratorofthebloodydeed，andareamazedtohear，that，afterthisexpulsionbythosewhosawVinyardkillMr。Arndtinthepresenceofhisagedfather，whowasonavisittoseehisson，littledreamingthathewastowitnesshismurder，JUDGEDUNNHASDISCHARGEDVINYARDONBAIL。TheMiners'FreePressspeaksINTERMSOFMERITEDREBUKEattheoutrageuponthefeelingsofthepeopleofWisconsin。Vinyardwaswithinarm'slengthofMr。Arndt，whenhetooksuchdeadlyaimathim，thatheneverspoke。Vinyardmightatpleasure，beingsonear，haveonlywoundedhim，buthechosetokillhim。'
　　'MURDER。
　　ByaletterinaSt。Louispaperofthe'4th，wenoticeaterribleoutrageatBurlington，Iowa。AMr。Bridgmanhavinghadadifficultywithacitizenoftheplace，Mr。Ross；abrother-in-lawofthelatterprovidedhimselfwithoneofColt'srevolvingpistols，metMr。B。inthestreet，ANDDISCHARGEDTHECONTENTSOF
　　FIVEOFTHEBARRELSATHIM:EACHSHOTTAKINGEFFECT。Mr。B。，thoughhorriblywounded，anddying，returnedthefire，andkilledRossonthespot。'
　　'TERRIBLEDEATHOFROBERTPOTTER。
　　'Fromthe"CaddoGazette，"ofthe12thinst。，welearnthefrightfuldeathofColonelRobertPotter……Hewasbesetinhishousebyanenemy，namedRose。Hesprangfromhiscouch，seizedhisgun，and，inhisnight-clothes，rushedfromthehouse。Forabouttwohundredyardshisspeedseemedtodefyhispursuers；but，gettingentangledinathicket，hewascaptured。RosetoldhimTHATHEINTENDEDTOACTAGENEROUSPART，andgivehimachanceforhislife。HethentoldPotterhemightrun，andheshouldnotbeinterruptedtillhereachedacertaindistance。Potterstartedatthewordofcommand，andbeforeagunwasfiredhehadreachedthelake。Hisfirstimpulsewastojumpinthewateranddiveforit，whichhedid。Rosewasclosebehindhim，andformedhismenonthebankreadytoshoothimasherose。Inafewsecondshecameuptobreathe；andscarcehadhisheadreachedthesurfaceofthewaterwhenitwascompletelyriddledwiththeshotoftheirguns，andhesunk，torisenomore!'
　　'MURDERINARKANSAS。
　　'WeunderstandTHATASEVERERENCONTRECAMEOFFafewdayssinceintheSenecaNation，betweenMr。Loose，thesub-agentofthemixedbandoftheSenecas，Quapaw，andShawnees，andMr。JamesGillespie，ofthemercantilefirmofThomasG。AllisonandCo。，ofMaysville，Benton，CountyArk，inwhichthelatterwasslainwithabowie-
　　knife。Somedifficultyhadforsometimeexistedbetweentheparties。ItissaidthatMajorGillespiebroughtontheattackwithacane。Asevereconflictensued，duringwhichtwopistolswerefiredbyGillespieandonebyLoose。LoosethenstabbedGillespiewithoneofthosenever-failingweapons，abowie-knife。
　　ThedeathofMajorG。ismuchregretted，ashewasaliberal-mindedandenergeticman。Sincetheabovewasintype，wehavelearnedthatMajorAllisonhasstatedtosomeofourcitizensintownthatMr。Loosegavethefirstblow。Weforbeartogiveanyparticulars，asTHEMATTERWILLBETHESUBJECTOFJUDICIALINVESTIGATION。'
　　'FOULDEED。
　　ThesteamerThames，justfromMissouririver，broughtusahandbill，offeringarewardof500dollars，forthepersonwhoassassinatedLilburnW。Baggs，lateGovernorofthisState，atIndependence，onthenightofthe6thinst。GovernorBaggs，itisstatedinawrittenmemorandum，wasnotdead，butmortallywounded。
　　'Sincetheabovewaswritten，wereceivedanotefromtheclerkoftheThames，givingthefollowingparticulars。Gov。BaggswasshotbysomevillainonFriday，6thinst。，intheevening，whilesittinginaroominhisownhouseinIndependence。Hisson，aboy，hearingareport，ranintotheroom，andfoundtheGovernorsittinginhischair，withhisjawfallendown，andhisheadleaningback；
　　ondiscoveringtheinjurydonetohisfather，hegavethealarm。
　　Foottrackswerefoundinthegardenbelowthewindow，andapistolpickedupsupposedtohavebeenoverloaded，andthrownfromthehandofthescoundrelwhofiredit。Threebuckshotsofaheavyload，tookeffect；onegoingthroughhismouth，oneintothebrain，andanotherprobablyinornearthebrain；allgoingintothebackpartoftheneckandhead。TheGovernorwasstillaliveonthemorningofthe7th；butnohopesforhisrecoverybyhisfriends，andbutslighthopesfromhisphysicians。
　　'Amanwassuspected，andtheSheriffmostprobablyhaspossessionofhimbythistime。
　　'ThepistolwasoneofapairstolensomedayspreviousfromabakerinIndependence，andthelegalauthoritieshavethedescriptionoftheother。'
　　'RENCONTRE。
　　'AnunfortunateAFFAIRtookplaceonFridayeveninginChatresStreet，inwhichoneofourmostrespectablecitizensreceivedadangerouswound，fromapoignard，intheabdomen。FromtheBeeNewOrleansofyesterday，welearnthefollowingparticulars。ItappearsthatanarticlewaspublishedintheFrenchsideofthepaperonMondaylast，containingsomestricturesontheArtilleryBattalionforfiringtheirgunsonSundaymorning，inanswertothosefromtheOntarioandWoodbury，andtherebymuchalarmwascausedtothefamiliesofthosepersonswhowereoutallnightpreservingthepeaceofthecity。MajorC。Gally，Commanderofthebattalion，resentingthis，calledattheofficeanddemandedtheauthor'sname；thatofMr。P。Arpinwasgiventohim，whowasabsentatthetime。Someangrywordsthenpassedwithoneoftheproprietors，andachallengefollowed；thefriendsofbothpartiestriedtoarrangetheaffair，butfailedtodoso。OnFridayevening，aboutseveno'clock，MajorGallymetMr。P。ArpininChatresStreet，andaccostedhim。"AreyouMr。Arpin？"
　　'"Yes，sir。"
　　'"ThenIhavetotellyouthatyouarea-"applyinganappropriateepithet。
　　'"Ishallremindyouofyourwords，sir。"
　　'"ButIhavesaidIwouldbreakmycaneonyourshoulders。"
　　'"Iknowit，butIhavenotyetreceivedtheblow。"
　　'Atthesewords，MajorGally，havingacaneinhishands，struckMr。Arpinacrosstheface，andthelatterdrewapoignardfromhispocketandstabbedMajorGallyintheabdomen。
　　'Fearsareentertainedthatthewoundwillbemortal。WE
　　UNDERSTANDTHATMR。ARPINHASGIVENSECURITYFORHISAPPEARANCEAT
　　THECRIMINALCOURTTOANSWERTHECHARGE。'
　　'AFFRAYINMISSISSIPPI。
　　'Onthe27thult。，inanaffraynearCarthage，Leakecounty，Mississippi，betweenJamesCottinghamandJohnWilburn，thelatterwasshotbytheformer，andsohorriblywounded，thattherewasnohopeofhisrecovery。Onthe2ndinstant，therewasanaffrayatCarthagebetweenA。C。SharkeyandGeorgeGoff，inwhichthelatterwasshot，andthoughtmortallywounded。Sharkeydeliveredhimselfuptotheauthorities，BUTCHANGEDHISMINDANDESCAPED!'
　　'PERSONALENCOUNTER。
　　'AnencountertookplaceinSparta，afewdayssince，betweenthebarkeeperofanhotel，andamannamedBury。ItappearsthatBuryhadbecomesomewhatnoisy，ANDTHATTHEBARKEEPER，DETERMINEDTO
　　PRESERVEORDER，HADTHREATENEDTOSHOOTBURY，whereuponBurydrewapistolandshotthebarkeeperdown。Hewasnotdeadatthelastaccounts，butslighthopeswereentertainedofhisrecovery。'
　　'DUEL。
　　'TheclerkofthesteamboatTRIBUNEinformsusthatanotherduelwasfoughtonTuesdaylast，byMr。Robbins，abankofficerinVicksburg，andMr。Fall，theeditoroftheVicksburgSentinel。
　　Accordingtothearrangement，thepartieshadsixpistolseach，which，aftertheword"Fire!"THEYWERETODISCHARGEASFASTAS
　　THEYPLEASED。Fallfiredtwopistolswithouteffect。Mr。Robbins'
　　firstshottookeffectinFall'sthigh，whofell，andwasunabletocontinuethecombat。'
　　'AFFRAYINCLARKECOUNTY。
　　'AnUNFORTUNATEAFFRAYoccurredinClarkecountyMO。，nearWaterloo，onTuesdaythe19thult。，whichoriginatedinsettlingthepartnershipconcernsofMessrs。M'KaneandM'Allister，whohadbeenengagedinthebusinessofdistilling，andresultedinthedeathofthelatter，whowasshotdownbyMr。M'Kane，becauseofhisattemptingtotakepossessionofsevenbarrelsofwhiskey，thepropertyofM'Kane，whichhadbeenknockedofftoM'Allisteratasheriff'ssaleatonedollarperbarrel。M'KaneimmediatelyfledANDATTHELATESTDATESHADNOTBEENTAKEN。
　　'THISUNFORTUNATEAFFRAYcausedconsiderableexcitementintheneighbourhood，asboththepartiesweremenwithlargefamiliesdependinguponthemandstoodwellinthecommunity。'
　　Iwillquotebutonemoreparagraph，which，byreasonofitsmonstrousabsurdity，maybearelieftotheseatrociousdeeds。
　　'AFFAIROFHONOUR。
　　'WehavejustheardtheparticularsofameetingwhichtookplaceonSixMileIsland，onTuesday，betweentwoyoungbloodsofourcity:SamuelThurston，AGEDFIFTEEN，andWilliamHine，AGED
　　THIRTEENyears。Theywereattendedbyyounggentlemenofthesameage。Theweaponsusedontheoccasion，wereacoupleofDickson'sbestrifles；thedistance，thirtyyards。Theytookonefire，withoutanydamagebeingsustainedbyeitherparty，excepttheballofThurston'sgunpassingthroughthecrownofHine'shat。THROUGH
　　THEINTERCESSIONOFTHEBOARDOFHONOUR，thechallengewaswithdrawn，andthedifferenceamicablyadjusted。'
　　IfthereaderwillpicturetohimselfthekindofBoardofHonourwhichamicablyadjustedthedifferencebetweenthesetwolittleboys，whoinanyotherpartoftheworldwouldhavebeenamicablyadjustedontwoporters'backsandsoundlyfloggedwithbirchenrods，hewillbepossessed，nodoubt，withasstrongasenseofitsludicrouscharacter，asthatwhichsetsmelaughingwheneveritsimagerisesupbeforeme。
　　Now，Iappealtoeveryhumanmind，imbuedwiththecommonestofcommonsense，andthecommonestofcommonhumanity；toalldispassionate，reasoningcreatures，ofanyshadeofopinion；andask，withtheserevoltingevidencesofthestateofsocietywhichexistsinandabouttheslavedistrictsofAmericabeforethem，cantheyhaveadoubtoftherealconditionoftheslave，orcantheyforamomentmakeacompromisebetweentheinstitutionoranyofitsflagrant，fearfulfeatures，andtheirownjustconsciences？
　　Willtheysayofanytaleofcrueltyandhorror，howeveraggravatedindegree，thatitisimprobable，whentheycanturntothepublicprints，and，running，readsuchsignsasthese，laidbeforethembythemenwhoruletheslaves:intheirownactsandundertheirownhands？
　　Dowenotknowthattheworstdeformityanduglinessofslaveryareatoncethecauseandtheeffectoftherecklesslicensetakenbythesefreebornoutlaws？Dowenotknowthatthemanwhohasbeenbornandbredamongitswrongs；whohasseeninhischildhoodhusbandsobligedatthewordofcommandtoflogtheirwives；women，indecentlycompelledtoholduptheirowngarmentsthatmenmightlaytheheavierstripesupontheirlegs，drivenandharriedbybrutaloverseersintheirtimeoftravail，andbecomingmothersonthefieldoftoil，undertheverylashitself；whohasreadinyouth，andseenhisvirginsistersread，descriptionsofrunawaymenandwomen，andtheirdisfiguredpersons，whichcouldnotbepublishedelsewhere，ofsomuchstockuponafarm，oratashowofbeasts:-dowenotknowthatthatman，wheneverhiswrathiskindledup，willbeabrutalsavage？Dowenotknowthatasheisacowardinhisdomesticlife，stalkingamonghisshrinkingmenandwomenslavesarmedwithhisheavywhip，sohewillbeacowardoutofdoors，andcarryingcowards'weaponshiddeninhisbreast，willshootmendownandstabthemwhenhequarrels？Andifourreasondidnotteachusthisandmuchbeyond；ifweweresuchidiotsastocloseoureyestothatfinemodeoftrainingwhichrearsupsuchmen；shouldwenotknowthattheywhoamongtheirequalsstabandpistolinthelegislativehalls，andinthecounting-house，andonthemarketplace，andinalltheelsewherepeacefulpursuitsoflife，mustbetotheirdependants，eventhoughtheywerefreeservants，somanymercilessandunrelentingtyrants？
　　What!shallwedeclaimagainsttheignorantpeasantryofIreland，andmincethematterwhentheseAmericantaskmastersareinquestion？Shallwecryshameonthebrutalityofthosewhohamstringcattle:andsparethelightsofFreedomuponearthwhonotchtheearsofmenandwomen，cutpleasantposiesintheshrinkingflesh，learntowritewithpensofred-hotirononthehumanface，racktheirpoeticfanciesforliveriesofmutilationwhichtheirslavesshallwearforlifeandcarrytothegrave，breakinglivinglimbsasdidthesoldierywhomockedandslewtheSaviouroftheworld，andsetdefencelesscreaturesupfortargets!
　　ShallwewhimperoverlegendsofthetorturespractisedoneachotherbythePaganIndians，andsmileuponthecrueltiesofChristianmen!Shallwe，solongasthesethingslast，exultabovethescatteredremnantsofthatrace，andtriumphinthewhiteenjoymentoftheirpossessions？Rather，forme，restoretheforestandtheIndianvillage；inlieuofstarsandstripes，letsomepoorfeatherflutterinthebreeze；replacethestreetsandsquaresbywigwams；andthoughthedeath-songofahundredhaughtywarriorsfilltheair，itwillbemusictotheshriekofoneunhappyslave。
　　Ononetheme，whichiscommonlybeforeoureyes，andinrespectofwhichournationalcharacterischangingfast，lettheplainTruthbespoken，andletusnot，likedastards，beataboutthebushbyhintingattheSpaniardandthefierceItalian。WhenknivesaredrawnbyEnglishmeninconflictletitbesaidandknown:'WeowethischangetoRepublicanSlavery。ThesearetheweaponsofFreedom。Withsharppointsandedgessuchasthese，LibertyinAmericahewsandhacksherslaves；or，failingthatpursuit，hersonsdevotethemtoabetteruse，andturnthemoneachother。'
　　CHAPTERXVIII-CONCLUDINGREMARKS
　　THEREaremanypassagesinthisbook，whereIhavebeenatsomepainstoresistthetemptationoftroublingmyreaderswithmyowndeductionsandconclusions:preferringthattheyshouldjudgeforthemselves，fromsuchpremisesasIhavelaidbeforethem。Myonlyobjectintheoutset，was，tocarrythemwithmefaithfullywheresoeverIwent:andthattaskIhavedischarged。
　　ButImaybepardoned，ifonsuchathemeasthegeneralcharacteroftheAmericanpeople，andthegeneralcharacteroftheirsocialsystem，aspresentedtoastranger'seyes，Idesiretoexpressmyownopinionsinafewwords，beforeIbringthesevolumestoaclose。
　　Theyare，bynature，frank，brave，cordial，hospitable，andaffectionate。Cultivationandrefinementseembuttoenhancetheirwarmthofheartandardententhusiasm；anditisthepossessionoftheselatterqualitiesinamostremarkabledegree，whichrendersaneducatedAmericanoneofthemostendearingandmostgenerousoffriends。Ineverwassowonupon，asbythisclass；neveryieldedupmyfullconfidenceandesteemsoreadilyandpleasurably，astothem；nevercanmakeagain，inhalfayear，somanyfriendsforwhomIseemtoentertaintheregardofhalfalife。
　　Thesequalitiesarenatural，Iimplicitlybelieve，tothewholepeople。Thattheyare，however，sadlysappedandblightedintheirgrowthamongthemass；andthatthereareinfluencesatworkwhichendangerthemstillmore，andgivebutlittlepresentpromiseoftheirhealthyrestoration；isatruththatoughttobetold。
　　Itisanessentialpartofeverynationalcharactertopiqueitselfmightilyuponitsfaults，andtodeducetokensofitsvirtueoritswisdomfromtheirveryexaggeration。OnegreatblemishinthepopularmindofAmerica，andtheprolificparentofaninnumerablebroodofevils，isUniversalDistrust。YettheAmericancitizenplumeshimselfuponthisspirit，evenwhenheissufficientlydispassionatetoperceivetheruinitworks；andwilloftenadduceit，inspiteofhisownreason，asaninstanceofthegreatsagacityandacutenessofthepeople，andtheirsuperiorshrewdnessandindependence。
　　'Youcarry，'saysthestranger，'thisjealousyanddistrustintoeverytransactionofpubliclife。Byrepellingworthymenfromyourlegislativeassemblies，ithasbredupaclassofcandidatesforthesuffrage，who，intheirveryact，disgraceyourInstitutionsandyourpeople'schoice。Ithasrenderedyousofickle，andsogiventochange，thatyourinconstancyhaspassedintoaproverb；foryounosoonersetupanidolfirmly，thanyouaresuretopullitdownanddashitintofragments:andthis，becausedirectlyyourewardabenefactor，orapublicservant，youdistrusthim，merelybecauseheisrewarded；andimmediatelyapplyyourselvestofindout，eitherthatyouhavebeentoobountifulinyouracknowledgments，orheremissinhisdeserts。Anymanwhoattainsahighplaceamongyou，fromthePresidentdownwards，maydatehisdownfallfromthatmoment；foranyprintedliethatanynotoriousvillainpens，althoughitmilitatedirectlyagainstthecharacterandconductofalife，appealsatoncetoyourdistrust，andisbelieved。Youwillstrainatagnatinthewayoftrustfulnessandconfidence，howeverfairlywonandwelldeserved；
　　butyouwillswallowawholecaravanofcamels，iftheybeladenwithunworthydoubtsandmeansuspicions。Isthiswell，thinkyou，orlikelytoelevatethecharacterofthegovernorsorthegoverned，amongyou？'
　　Theanswerisinvariablythesame:'There'sfreedomofopinionhere，youknow。Everymanthinksforhimself，andwearenottobeeasilyoverreached。That'showourpeoplecometobesuspicious。'
　　Anotherprominentfeatureistheloveof'smart'dealing:whichgildsovermanyaswindleandgrossbreachoftrust；manyadefalcation，publicandprivate；andenablesmanyaknavetoholdhisheadupwiththebest，whowelldeservesahalter；thoughithasnotbeenwithoutitsretributiveoperation，forthissmartnesshasdonemoreinafewyearstoimpairthepubliccredit，andtocripplethepublicresources，thandullhonesty，howeverrash，couldhaveeffectedinacentury。Themeritsofabrokenspeculation，orabankruptcy，orofasuccessfulscoundrel，arenotgaugedbyitsorhisobservanceofthegoldenrule，'Doasyouwouldbedoneby，'butareconsideredwithreferencetotheirsmartness。Irecollect，onbothoccasionsofourpassingthatill-
　　fatedCairoontheMississippi，remarkingonthebadeffectssuchgrossdeceitsmusthavewhentheyexploded，ingeneratingawantofconfidenceabroad，anddiscouragingforeigninvestment:butIwasgiventounderstandthatthiswasaverysmartschemebywhichadealofmoneyhadbeenmade:andthatitssmartestfeaturewas，thattheyforgotthesethingsabroad，inaveryshorttime，andspeculatedagain，asfreelyasever。ThefollowingdialogueIhaveheldahundredtimes:'IsitnotaverydisgracefulcircumstancethatsuchamanasSo-and-soshouldbeacquiringalargepropertybythemostinfamousandodiousmeans，andnotwithstandingallthecrimesofwhichhehasbeenguilty，shouldbetoleratedandabettedbyyourCitizens？Heisapublicnuisance，ishenot？''Yes，sir。''Aconvictedliar？''Yes，sir。''Hehasbeenkicked，andcuffed，andcaned？''Yes，sir。''Andheisutterlydishonourable，debased，andprofligate？''Yes，sir。''Inthenameofwonder，then，whatishismerit？''Well，sir，heisasmartman。'
　　Inlikemanner，allkindsofdeficientandimpoliticusagesarereferredtothenationalloveoftrade；though，oddlyenough，itwouldbeaweightychargeagainstaforeignerthatheregardedtheAmericansasatradingpeople。Theloveoftradeisassignedasareasonforthatcomfortlesscustom，soveryprevalentincountrytowns，ofmarriedpersonslivinginhotels，havingnofiresideoftheirown，andseldommeetingfromearlymorninguntillateatnight，butatthehastypublicmeals。TheloveoftradeisareasonwhytheliteratureofAmericaistoremainforeverunprotected'Forweareatradingpeople，anddon'tcareforpoetry:'thoughweDO，bytheway，professtobeveryproudofourpoets:whilehealthfulamusements，cheerfulmeansofrecreation，andwholesomefancies，mustfadebeforethesternutilitarianjoysoftrade。
　　Thesethreecharacteristicsarestronglypresentedateveryturn，fullinthestranger'sview。But，thefoulgrowthofAmericahasamoretangledrootthanthis；anditstrikesitsfibres，deepinitslicentiousPress。
　　Schoolsmaybeerected，East，West，North，andSouth；pupilsbetaught，andmastersreared，byscoresuponscoresofthousands；
　　collegesmaythrive，churchesmaybecrammed，temperancemaybediffused，andadvancingknowledgeinallotherformswalkthroughthelandwithgiantstrides:butwhilethenewspaperpressofAmericaisin，ornear，itspresentabjectstate，highmoralimprovementinthatcountryishopeless。Yearbyyear，itmustandwillgoback；yearbyyear，thetoneofpublicfeelingmustsinklowerdown；yearbyyear，theCongressandtheSenatemustbecomeoflessaccountbeforealldecentmen；andyearbyyear，thememoryoftheGreatFathersoftheRevolutionmustbeoutragedmoreandmore，inthebadlifeoftheirdegeneratechild。
　　AmongtheherdofjournalswhicharepublishedintheStates，therearesome，thereaderscarcelyneedbetold，ofcharacterandcredit。Frompersonalintercoursewithaccomplishedgentlemenconnectedwithpublicationsofthisclass，Ihavederivedbothpleasureandprofit。ButthenameoftheseisFew，andoftheothersLegion；andtheinfluenceofthegood，ispowerlesstocounteractthemoralpoisonofthebad。
　　AmongthegentryofAmerica；amongthewell-informedandmoderate:
　　inthelearnedprofessions；atthebarandonthebench:thereis，astherecanbe，butoneopinion，inreferencetotheviciouscharacteroftheseinfamousjournals。Itissometimescontended-
　　Iwillnotsaystrangely，foritisnaturaltoseekexcusesforsuchadisgrace-thattheirinfluenceisnotsogreatasavisitorwouldsuppose。Imustbepardonedforsayingthatthereisnowarrantforthisplea，andthateveryfactandcircumstancetendsdirectlytotheoppositeconclusion。
　　Whenanyman，ofanygradeofdesertinintellectorcharacter，canclimbtoanypublicdistinction，nomatterwhat，inAmerica，withoutfirstgrovellingdownupontheearth，andbendingthekneebeforethismonsterofdepravity；whenanyprivateexcellenceissafefromitsattacks；whenanysocialconfidenceisleftunbrokenbyit，oranytieofsocialdecencyandhonourisheldintheleastregard；whenanymaninthatfreecountryhasfreedomofopinion，andpresumestothinkforhimself，andspeakforhimself，withouthumblereferencetoacensorshipwhich，foritsrampantignoranceandbasedishonesty，heutterlyloathesanddespisesinhisheart；
　　whenthosewhomostacutelyfeelitsinfamyandthereproachitcastsuponthenation，andwhomostdenounceittoeachother，daretosettheirheelsupon，andcrushitopenly，inthesightofallmen:then，Iwillbelievethatitsinfluenceislessening，andmenarereturningtotheirmanlysenses。ButwhilethatPresshasitsevileyeineveryhouse，anditsblackhandineveryappointmentinthestate，fromapresidenttoapostman；while，withribaldslanderforitsonlystockintrade，itisthestandardliteratureofanenormousclass，whomustfindtheirreadinginanewspaper，ortheywillnotreadatall；solongmustitsodiumbeuponthecountry'shead，andsolongmusttheevilitworks，beplainlyvisibleintheRepublic。
　　TothosewhoareaccustomedtotheleadingEnglishjournals，ortotherespectablejournalsoftheContinentofEurope；tothosewhoareaccustomedtoanythingelseinprintandpaper；itwouldbeimpossible，withoutanamountofextractforwhichIhaveneitherspacenorinclination，toconveyanadequateideaofthisfrightfulengineinAmerica。Butifanymandesireconfirmationofmystatementonthishead，lethimrepairtoanyplaceinthiscityofLondon，wherescatterednumbersofthesepublicationsaretobefound；andthere，lethimformhisownopinion。1
　　Itwouldbewell，therecanbenodoubt，fortheAmericanpeopleasawhole，iftheylovedtheRealless，andtheIdealsomewhatmore。
　　Itwouldbewell，ifthereweregreaterencouragementtolightnessofheartandgaiety，andawidercultivationofwhatisbeautiful，withoutbeingeminentlyanddirectlyuseful。Buthere，Ithinkthegeneralremonstrance，'weareanewcountry，'whichissooftenadvancedasanexcusefordefectswhicharequiteunjustifiable，asbeing，ofright，onlytheslowgrowthofanoldone，maybeveryreasonablyurged:andIyethopetohearoftherebeingsomeothernationalamusementintheUnitedStates，besidesnewspaperpolitics。
　　Theycertainlyarenotahumorouspeople，andtheirtemperamentalwaysimpressedmeisbeingofadullandgloomycharacter。Inshrewdnessofremark，andacertaincast-ironquaintness，theYankees，orpeopleofNewEngland，unquestionablytakethelead；astheydoinmostotherevidencesofintelligence。Butintravellingabout，outofthelargecities-asIhaveremarkedinformerpartsofthesevolumes-Iwasquiteoppressedbytheprevailingseriousnessandmelancholyairofbusiness:whichwassogeneralandunvarying，thatateverynewtownIcameto，IseemedtomeettheverysamepeoplewhomIhadleftbehindme，atthelast。Suchdefectsasareperceptibleinthenationalmanners，seem，tome，tobereferable，inagreatdegree，tothiscause:whichhasgeneratedadull，sullenpersistenceincoarseusages，andrejectedthegracesoflifeasundeservingofattention。ThereisnodoubtthatWashington，whowasalwaysmostscrupulousandexactonpointsofceremony，perceivedthetendencytowardsthismistake，eveninhistime，anddidhisutmosttocorrectit。
　　IcannotholdwithotherwritersonthesesubjectsthattheprevalenceofvariousformsofdissentinAmerica，isinanywayattributabletothenon-existencethereofanestablishedchurch:
　　indeed，Ithinkthetemperofthepeople，ifitadmittedofsuchanInstitutionbeingfoundedamongstthem，wouldleadthemtodesertit，asamatterofcourse，merelybecauseitWASestablished。But，supposingittoexist，Idoubtitsprobableefficacyinsummoningthewanderingsheeptoonegreatfold，simplybecauseoftheimmenseamountofdissentwhichprevailsathome；andbecauseIdonotfindinAmericaanyoneformofreligionwithwhichweinEurope，oreveninEngland，areunacquainted。Dissentersresortthitheringreatnumbers，asotherpeopledo，simplybecauseitisalandofresort；andgreatsettlementsofthemarefounded，becausegroundcanbepurchased，andtownsandvillagesreared，wheretherewerenoneofthehumancreationbefore。ButeventheShakersemigratedfromEngland；ourcountryisnotunknowntoMr。
　　JosephSmith，theapostleofMormonism，ortohisbenighteddisciples；IhavebeheldreligiousscenesmyselfinsomeofourpopuloustownswhichcanhardlybesurpassedbyanAmericancamp-
　　meeting；andIamnotawarethatanyinstanceofsuperstitiousimpostureontheonehand，andsuperstitiouscredulityontheother，hashaditsoriginintheUnitedStates，whichwecannotmorethanparallelbytheprecedentsofMrs。Southcote，MaryToftstherabbit-breeder，orevenMr。ThornofCanterbury:whichlattercasearose，sometimeafterthedarkageshadpassedaway。
　　TheRepublicanInstitutionsofAmericaundoubtedlyleadthepeopletoasserttheirself-respectandtheirequality；butatravellerisboundtobearthoseInstitutionsinhismind，andnothastilytoresentthenearapproachofaclassofstrangers，who，athome，wouldkeepaloof。Thischaracteristic，whenitwastincturedwithnofoolishpride，andstoppedshortofnohonestservice，neveroffendedme；andIveryseldom，ifever，experienceditsrudeorunbecomingdisplay。Onceortwiceitwascomicallydeveloped，asinthefollowingcase；butthiswasanamusingincident，andnottherule，ornearit。
　　Iwantedapairofbootsatacertaintown，forIhadnonetotravelin，butthosewiththememorablecorksoles，whichweremuchtoohotforthefierydecksofasteamboat。Ithereforesentamessagetoanartistinboots，importing，withmycompliments，thatIshouldbehappytoseehim，ifhewoulddomethepolitefavourtocall。Heverykindlyreturnedforanswer，thathewould'lookround'atsixo'clockthatevening。
　　Iwaslyingonthesofa，withabookandawine-glass，ataboutthattime，whenthedooropened，andagentlemaninastiffcravat，withinayearortwooneithersideofthirty，entered，inhishatandgloves；walkeduptothelooking-glass；arrangedhishair；tookoffhisgloves；slowlyproducedameasurefromtheuttermostdepthsofhiscoat-pocket；andrequestedme，inalanguidtone，to'unfix'
　　mystraps。Icomplied，butlookedwithsomecuriosityathishat，whichwasstilluponhishead。Itmighthavebeenthat，oritmighthavebeentheheat-buthetookitoff。Then，hesathimselfdownonachairoppositetome；restedanarmoneachknee；
　　and，leaningforwardverymuch，tookfromtheground，byagreateffort，thespecimenofmetropolitanworkmanshipwhichIhadjustpulledoff:whistling，pleasantly，ashedidso。Heturneditoverandover；surveyeditwithacontemptnolanguagecanexpress；
　　andinquiredifIwishedhimtofixmeabootlikeTHAT？I
　　courteouslyreplied，thatprovidedthebootswerelargeenough，I
　　wouldleavetheresttohim；thatifconvenientandpracticable，I
　　shouldnotobjecttotheirbearingsomeresemblancetothemodelthenbeforehim；butthatIwouldbeentirelyguidedby，andwouldbegtoleavethewholesubjectto，hisjudgmentanddiscretion。
　　'Youan'tpartickler，aboutthisscoopintheheel，Isupposethen？'sayshe:'wedon'tfollerthat，here。'Irepeatedmylastobservation。Helookedathimselfintheglassagain；wentclosertoittodashagrainortwoofdustoutofthecornerofhiseye；
　　andsettledhiscravat。Allthistime，mylegandfootwereintheair。'Nearlyready，sir？'Iinquired。'Well，prettynigh，'hesaid；'keepsteady。'IkeptassteadyasIcould，bothinfootandface；andhavingbythistimegotthedustout，andfoundhispencil-case，hemeasuredme，andmadethenecessarynotes。Whenhehadfinished，hefellintohisoldattitude，andtakingupthebootagain，musedforsometime。'Andthis，'hesaid，atlast，'isanEnglishboot，isit？ThisisaLondonboot，eh？''That，sir，'I
　　replied，'isaLondonboot。'Hemusedoveritagain，afterthemannerofHamletwithYorick'sskull；noddedhishead，aswhoshouldsay，'IpitytheInstitutionsthatledtotheproductionofthisboot!'；rose；putuphispencil，notes，andpaper-glancingathimselfintheglass，allthetime-putonhishat-drewonhisglovesveryslowly；andfinallywalkedout。Whenhehadbeengoneaboutaminute，thedoorreopened，andhishatandhisheadreappeared。Helookedroundtheroom，andatthebootagain，whichwasstilllyingonthefloor；appearedthoughtfulforaminute；andthensaid'Well，goodarternoon。''Goodafternoon，sir，'saidI:
　　andthatwastheendoftheinterview。
　　ThereisbutoneotherheadonwhichIwishtoofferaremark；andthathasreferencetothepublichealth。Insovastacountry，wheretherearethousandsofmillionsofacresoflandyetunsettledanduncleared，andoneveryroodofwhich，vegetabledecompositionisannuallytakingplace；wheretherearesomanygreatrivers，andsuchoppositevarietiesofclimate；therecannotfailtobeagreatamountofsicknessatcertainseasons。ButI
　　mayventuretosay，afterconversingwithmanymembersofthemedicalprofessioninAmerica，thatIamnotsingularintheopinionthatmuchofthediseasewhichdoesprevail，mightbeavoided，ifafewcommonprecautionswereobserved。Greatermeansofpersonalcleanliness，areindispensabletothisend；thecustomofhastilyswallowinglargequantitiesofanimalfood，threetimesa-day，andrushingbacktosedentarypursuitsaftereachmeal，mustbechanged；thegentlersexmustgomorewiselyclad，andtakemorehealthfulexercise；andinthelatterclause，themalesmustbeincludedalso。Aboveall，inpublicinstitutions，andthroughoutthewholeofeverytownandcity，thesystemofventilation，anddrainage，andremovalofimpuritiesrequirestobethoroughlyrevised。ThereisnolocalLegislatureinAmericawhichmaynotstudyMr。Chadwick'sexcellentReportupontheSanitaryConditionofourLabouringClasses，withimmenseadvantage。
　　IHAVEnowarrivedatthecloseofthisbook。Ihavelittlereasontobelieve，fromcertainwarningsIhavehadsinceIreturnedtoEngland，thatitwillbetenderlyorfavourablyreceivedbytheAmericanpeople；andasIhavewrittentheTruthinrelationtothemassofthosewhoformtheirjudgmentsandexpresstheiropinions，itwillbeseenthatIhavenodesiretocourt，byanyadventitiousmeans，thepopularapplause。
　　Itisenoughforme，toknow，thatwhatIhavesetdowninthesepages，cannotcostmeasinglefriendontheothersideoftheAtlantic，whois，inanything，deservingofthename。Fortherest，Iputmytrust，implicitly，inthespiritinwhichtheyhavebeenconceivedandpenned；andIcanbidemytime。
　　Ihavemadenoreferencetomyreception，norhaveIsufferedittoinfluencemeinwhatIhavewritten；for，ineithercase，Ishouldhaveofferedbutasorryacknowledgment，comparedwiththatIbearwithinmybreast，towardsthosepartialreadersofmyformerbooks，acrosstheWater，whometmewithanopenhand，andnotwithonethatcloseduponanironmuzzle。