Ihavebeenthusparticularindescribingher，becauseshewillservetoexemplifythephysician'smannerofacquiringandretainingtheconfidenceofhispatients。
　　'This，'hesaidaloud，takingmebythehand，andadvancingtothefantasticfigurewithgreatpoliteness-notraisinghersuspicionsbytheslightestlookorwhisper，oranykindofaside，tome:
　　'Thisladyisthehostessofthismansion，sir。Itbelongstoher。
　　Nobodyelsehasanythingwhatevertodowithit。Itisalargeestablishment，asyousee，andrequiresagreatnumberofattendants。Shelives，youobserve，intheveryfirststyle。Sheiskindenoughtoreceivemyvisits，andtopermitmywifeandfamilytoresidehere；forwhichitishardlynecessarytosay，wearemuchindebtedtoher。Sheisexceedinglycourteous，youperceive，'onthishintshebowedcondescendingly，'andwillpermitmetohavethepleasureofintroducingyou:agentlemanfromEngland，Ma'am:newlyarrivedfromEngland，afteraverytempestuouspassage:Mr。Dickens，-theladyofthehouse!'
　　Weexchangedthemostdignifiedsalutationswithprofoundgravityandrespect，andsowenton。Therestofthemadwomenseemedtounderstandthejokeperfectlynotonlyinthiscase，butinalltheothers，excepttheirown，andbehighlyamusedbyit。Thenatureoftheirseveralkindsofinsanitywasmadeknowntomeinthesameway，andwelefteachoftheminhighgoodhumour。Notonlyisathoroughconfidenceestablished，bythosemeans，betweenthephysicianandpatient，inrespectofthenatureandextentoftheirhallucinations，butitiseasytounderstandthatopportunitiesareaffordedforseizinganymomentofreason，tostartlethembyplacingtheirowndelusionbeforetheminitsmostincongruousandridiculouslight。
　　Everypatientinthisasylumsitsdowntodinnereverydaywithaknifeandfork；andinthemidstofthemsitsthegentleman，whosemannerofdealingwithhischarges，Ihavejustdescribed。Ateverymeal，moralinfluencealonerestrainsthemoreviolentamongthemfromcuttingthethroatsoftherest；buttheeffectofthatinfluenceisreducedtoanabsolutecertainty，andisfound，evenasameansofrestraint，tosaynothingofitasameansofcure，ahundredtimesmoreefficaciousthanallthestrait-waistcoats，fetters，andhandcuffs，thatignorance，prejudice，andcrueltyhavemanufacturedsincethecreationoftheworld。
　　Inthelabourdepartment，everypatientisasfreelytrustedwiththetoolsofhistradeasifhewereasaneman。Inthegarden，andonthefarm，theyworkwithspades，rakes，andhoes。Foramusement，theywalk，run，fish，paint，read，andrideouttotaketheairincarriagesprovidedforthepurpose。Theyhaveamongthemselvesasewingsocietytomakeclothesforthepoor，whichholdsmeetings，passesresolutions，nevercomestofisty-cuffsorbowie-knivesassaneassemblieshavebeenknowntodoelsewhere；
　　andconductsallitsproceedingswiththegreatestdecorum。Theirritability，whichwouldotherwisebeexpendedontheirownflesh，clothes，andfurniture，isdissipatedinthesepursuits。Theyarecheerful，tranquil，andhealthy。
　　Onceaweektheyhaveaball，inwhichtheDoctorandhisfamily，withallthenursesandattendants，takeanactivepart。Dancesandmarchesareperformedalternately，totheenliveningstrainsofapiano；andnowandthensomegentlemanorladywhoseproficiencyhasbeenpreviouslyascertainedobligesthecompanywithasong:
　　nordoesiteverdegenerate，atatendercrisis，intoascreechorhowl；wherein，Imustconfess，Ishouldhavethoughtthedangerlay。Atanearlyhourtheyallmeettogetherforthesefestivepurposes；ateighto'clockrefreshmentsareserved；andatninetheyseparate。
　　Immensepolitenessandgoodbreedingareobservedthroughout。TheyalltaketheirtonefromtheDoctor；andhemovesaveryChesterfieldamongthecompany。Likeotherassemblies，theseentertainmentsaffordafruitfultopicofconversationamongtheladiesforsomedays；andthegentlemenaresoanxioustoshineontheseoccasions，thattheyhavebeensometimesfound'practisingtheirsteps'inprivate，tocutamoredistinguishedfigureinthedance。
　　Itisobviousthatonegreatfeatureofthissystem，istheinculcationandencouragement，evenamongsuchunhappypersons，ofadecentself-respect。SomethingofthesamespiritpervadesalltheInstitutionsatSouthBoston。
　　ThereistheHouseofIndustry。Inthatbranchofit，whichisdevotedtothereceptionofoldorotherwisehelplesspaupers，thesewordsarepaintedonthewalls:'WORTHYOFNOTICE。SELF-
　　GOVERNMENT，QUIETUDE，ANDPEACE，AREBLESSINGS。'Itisnotassumedandtakenforgrantedthatbeingtheretheymustbeevil-disposedandwickedpeople，beforewhoseviciouseyesitisnecessarytoflourishthreatsandharshrestraints。Theyaremetattheverythresholdwiththismildappeal。Allwithin-doorsisveryplainandsimple，asitoughttobe，butarrangedwithaviewtopeaceandcomfort。Itcostsnomorethananyotherplanofarrangement，butitspeaksanamountofconsiderationforthosewhoarereducedtoseekashelterthere，whichputsthematonceupontheirgratitudeandgoodbehaviour。Insteadofbeingparcelledoutingreat，long，ramblingwards，whereacertainamountofweazenlifemaymope，andpine，andshiver，alldaylong，thebuildingisdividedintoseparaterooms，eachwithitsshareoflightandair。
　　Inthese，thebetterkindofpauperslive。Theyhaveamotiveforexertionandbecomingpride，inthedesiretomaketheselittlechamberscomfortableanddecent。
　　Idonotrememberonebutitwascleanandneat，andhaditsplantortwouponthewindow-sill，orrowofcrockeryupontheshelf，orsmalldisplayofcolouredprintsuponthewhitewashedwall，or，perhaps，itswoodenclockbehindthedoor。
　　Theorphansandyoungchildrenareinanadjoiningbuildingseparatefromthis，butapartofthesameInstitution。Somearesuchlittlecreatures，thatthestairsareofLilliputianmeasurement，fittedtotheirtinystrides。Thesameconsiderationfortheiryearsandweaknessisexpressedintheirveryseats，whichareperfectcuriosities，andlooklikearticlesoffurnitureforapauperdoll's-house。IcanimaginethegleeofourPoorLawCommissionersatthenotionoftheseseatshavingarmsandbacks；
　　butsmallspinesbeingofolderdatethantheiroccupationoftheBoard-roomatSomersetHouse，Ithoughteventhisprovisionverymercifulandkind。
　　Hereagain，Iwasgreatlypleasedwiththeinscriptionsonthewall，whichwerescrapsofplainmorality，easilyrememberedandunderstood:suchas'Loveoneanother'-'Godremembersthesmallestcreatureinhiscreation:'andstraightforwardadviceofthatnature。Thebooksandtasksofthesesmallestofscholars，wereadapted，inthesamejudiciousmanner，totheirchildishpowers。Whenwehadexaminedtheselessons，fourmorselsofgirlsofwhomonewasblindsangalittlesong，aboutthemerrymonthofMay，whichIthoughtbeingextremelydismalwouldhavesuitedanEnglishNovemberbetter。Thatdone，wewenttoseetheirsleeping-roomsonthefloorabove，inwhichthearrangementswerenolessexcellentandgentlethanthosewehadseenbelow。Andafterobservingthattheteacherswereofaclassandcharacterwellsuitedtothespiritoftheplace，ItookleaveoftheinfantswithalighterheartthaneverIhavetakenleaveofpauperinfantsyet。
　　ConnectedwiththeHouseofIndustry，thereisalsoanHospital，whichwasinthebestorder，andhad，Iamgladtosay，manybedsunoccupied。Ithadonefault，however，whichiscommontoallAmericaninteriors:thepresenceoftheeternal，accursed，suffocating，red-hotdemonofastove，whosebreathwouldblightthepurestairunderHeaven。
　　Therearetwoestablishmentsforboysinthissameneighbourhood。
　　OneiscalledtheBoylstonschool，andisanasylumforneglectedandindigentboyswhohavecommittednocrime，butwhointheordinarycourseofthingswouldverysoonbepurgedofthatdistinctioniftheywerenottakenfromthehungrystreetsandsenthere。TheotherisaHouseofReformationforJuvenileOffenders。
　　Theyarebothunderthesameroof，butthetwoclassesofboysnevercomeincontact。
　　TheBoylstonboys，asmaybereadilysupposed，haveverymuchtheadvantageoftheothersinpointofpersonalappearance。Theywereintheirschool-roomwhenIcameuponthem，andansweredcorrectly，withoutbook，suchquestionsaswherewasEngland；howfarwasit；
　　whatwasitspopulation；itscapitalcity；itsformofgovernment；
　　andsoforth。Theysangasongtoo，aboutafarmersowinghisseed:withcorrespondingactionatsuchpartsas''tisthushesows，''heturnshimround，''heclapshishands；'whichgaveitgreaterinterestforthem，andaccustomedthemtoacttogether，inanorderlymanner。Theyappearedexceedinglywell-taught，andnotbettertaughtthanfed；foramorechubby-lookingfull-waistcoatedsetofboys，Ineversaw。
　　Thejuvenileoffendershadnotsuchpleasantfacesbyagreatdeal，andinthisestablishmentthereweremanyboysofcolour。Isawthemfirstattheirworkbasket-making，andthemanufactureofpalm-leafhats，afterwardsintheirschool，wheretheysangachorusinpraiseofLiberty:anodd，and，onewouldthink，ratheraggravating，themeforprisoners。Theseboysaredividedintofourclasses，eachdenotedbyanumeral，wornonabadgeuponthearm。
　　Onthearrivalofanew-comer，heisputintothefourthorlowestclass，andleft，bygoodbehaviour，toworkhiswayupintothefirst。ThedesignandobjectofthisInstitutionistoreclaimtheyouthfulcriminalbyfirmbutkindandjudicioustreatment；tomakehisprisonaplaceofpurificationandimprovement，notofdemoralisationandcorruption；toimpressuponhimthatthereisbutonepath，andthatonesoberindustry，whichcaneverleadhimtohappiness；toteachhimhowitmaybetrodden，ifhisfootstepshaveneveryetbeenledthatway；andtolurehimbacktoitiftheyhavestrayed:inaword，tosnatchhimfromdestruction，andrestorehimtosocietyapenitentandusefulmember。Theimportanceofsuchanestablishment，ineverypointofview，andwithreferencetoeveryconsiderationofhumanityandsocialpolicy，requiresnocomment。
　　Oneotherestablishmentclosesthecatalogue。ItistheHouseofCorrectionfortheState，inwhichsilenceisstrictlymaintained，butwheretheprisonershavethecomfortandmentalreliefofseeingeachother，andofworkingtogether。ThisistheimprovedsystemofPrisonDisciplinewhichwehaveimportedintoEngland，andwhichhasbeeninsuccessfuloperationamongusforsomeyearspast。
　　America，asanewandnotover-populatedcountry，hasinallherprisons，theonegreatadvantage，ofbeingenabledtofindusefulandprofitableworkfortheinmates；whereas，withus，theprejudiceagainstprisonlabourisnaturallyverystrong，andalmostinsurmountable，whenhonestmenwhohavenotoffendedagainstthelawsarefrequentlydoomedtoseekemploymentinvain。
　　EvenintheUnitedStates，theprincipleofbringingconvictlabourandfreelabourintoacompetitionwhichmustobviouslybetothedisadvantageofthelatter，hasalreadyfoundmanyopponents，whosenumberisnotlikelytodiminishwithaccessofyears。
　　Forthisveryreasonthough，ourbestprisonswouldseematthefirstglancetobebetterconductedthanthoseofAmerica。Thetreadmillisconductedwithlittleornonoise；fivehundredmenmaypickoakuminthesameroom，withoutasound；andbothkindsoflabouradmitofsuchkeenandvigilantsuperintendence，aswillrenderevenawordofpersonalcommunicationamongsttheprisonersalmostimpossible。Ontheotherhand，thenoiseoftheloom，theforge，thecarpenter'shammer，orthestonemason'ssaw，greatlyfavourthoseopportunitiesofintercourse-hurriedandbriefnodoubt，butopportunitiesstill-whichtheseseveralkindsofwork，byrenderingitnecessaryformentobeemployedveryneartoeachother，andoftensidebyside，withoutanybarrierorpartitionbetweenthem，intheirverynaturepresent。Avisitor，too，requirestoreasonandreflectalittle，beforethesightofanumberofmenengagedinordinarylabour，suchasheisaccustomedtooutofdoors，willimpresshimhalfasstronglyasthecontemplationofthesamepersonsinthesameplaceandgarbwould，iftheywereoccupiedinsometask，markedanddegradedeverywhereasbelongingonlytofelonsinjails。InanAmericanstateprisonorhouseofcorrection，IfounditdifficultatfirsttopersuademyselfthatIwasreallyinajail:aplaceofignominiouspunishmentandendurance。AndtothishourIverymuchquestionwhetherthehumaneboastthatitisnotlikeone，hasitsrootinthetruewisdomorphilosophyofthematter。
　　IhopeImaynotbemisunderstoodonthissubject，foritisoneinwhichItakeastronganddeepinterest。Iinclineaslittletothesicklyfeelingwhichmakeseverycantinglieormaudlinspeechofanotoriouscriminalasubjectofnewspaperreportandgeneralsympathy，asIdotothosegoodoldcustomsofthegoodoldtimeswhichmadeEngland，evensorecentlyasinthereignoftheThirdKingGeorge，inrespectofhercriminalcodeandherprisonregulations，oneofthemostbloody-mindedandbarbarouscountriesontheearth。IfIthoughtitwoulddoanygoodtotherisinggeneration，Iwouldcheerfullygivemyconsenttothedisintermentofthebonesofanygenteelhighwaymanthemoregenteel，themorecheerfully，andtotheirexposure，piecemeal，onanysign-post，gate，orgibbet，thatmightbedeemedagoodelevationforthepurpose。Myreasonisaswellconvincedthatthesegentrywereasutterlyworthlessanddebauchedvillains，asitisthatthelawsandjailshardenedthemintheirevilcourses，orthattheirwonderfulescapeswereeffectedbytheprison-turnkeyswho，inthoseadmirabledays，hadalwaysbeenfelonsthemselves，andwere，tothelast，theirbosom-friendsandpot-companions。AtthesametimeIknow，asallmendoorshould，thatthesubjectofPrisonDisciplineisoneofthehighestimportancetoanycommunity；andthatinhersweepingreformandbrightexampletoothercountriesonthishead，Americahasshowngreatwisdom，greatbenevolence，andexaltedpolicy。Incontrastinghersystemwiththatwhichwehavemodelleduponit，Imerelyseektoshowthatwithallitsdrawbacks，ourshassomeadvantagesofitsown。
　　TheHouseofCorrectionwhichhasledtotheseremarks，isnotwalled，likeotherprisons，butispalisadedroundaboutwithtallroughstakes，somethingafterthemannerofanenclosureforkeepingelephantsin，asweseeitrepresentedinEasternprintsandpictures。Theprisonerswearaparti-coloureddress；andthosewhoaresentencedtohardlabour，workatnail-making，orstone-
　　cutting。WhenIwasthere，thelatterclassoflabourerswereemployeduponthestoneforanewcustom-houseincourseoferectionatBoston。Theyappearedtoshapeitskilfullyandwithexpedition，thoughtherewereveryfewamongthemifanywhohadnotacquiredtheartwithintheprisongates。
　　Thewomen，allinonelargeroom，wereemployedinmakinglightclothing，forNewOrleansandtheSouthernStates。Theydidtheirworkinsilencelikethemen；andlikethemwereover-lookedbythepersoncontractingfortheirlabour，orbysomeagentofhisappointment。Inadditiontothis，theyareeverymomentliabletobevisitedbytheprisonofficersappointedforthatpurpose。
　　Thearrangementsforcooking，washingofclothes，andsoforth，aremuchupontheplanofthoseIhaveseenathome。Theirmodeofbestowingtheprisonersatnightwhichisofgeneraladoption
　　differsfromours，andisbothsimpleandeffective。Inthecentreofaloftyarea，lightedbywindowsinthefourwalls，arefivetiersofcells，oneabovetheother；eachtierhavingbeforeitalightirongallery，attainablebystairsofthesameconstructionandmaterial:exceptingthelowerone，whichisontheground。
　　Behindthese，backtobackwiththemandfacingtheoppositewall，arefivecorrespondingrowsofcells，accessiblebysimilarmeans:
　　sothatsupposingtheprisonerslockedupintheircells，anofficerstationedontheground，withhisbacktothewall，hashalftheirnumberunderhiseyeatonce；theremaininghalfbeingequallyundertheobservationofanotherofficerontheoppositeside；andallinonegreatapartment。Unlessthiswatchbecorruptedorsleepingonhispost，itisimpossibleforamantoescape；forevenintheeventofhisforcingtheirondoorofhiscellwithoutnoisewhichisexceedinglyimprobable，themomentheappearsoutside，andstepsintothatoneofthefivegalleriesonwhichitissituated，hemustbeplainlyandfullyvisibletotheofficerbelow。Eachofthesecellsholdsasmalltrucklebed，inwhichoneprisonersleeps；nevermore。Itissmall，ofcourse；andthedoorbeingnotsolid，butgrated，andwithoutblindorcurtain，theprisonerwithinisatalltimesexposedtotheobservationandinspectionofanyguardwhomaypassalongthattieratanyhourorminuteofthenight。Everyday，theprisonersreceivetheirdinner，singly，throughatrapinthekitchenwall；andeachmancarrieshistohissleepingcelltoeatit，whereheislockedup，alone，forthatpurpose，onehour。Thewholeofthisarrangementstruckmeasbeingadmirable；andIhopethatthenextnewprisonweerectinEnglandmaybebuiltonthisplan。
　　Iwasgiventounderstandthatinthisprisonnoswordsorfire-
　　arms，orevencudgels，arekept；norisitprobablethat，solongasitspresentexcellentmanagementcontinues，anyweapon，offensiveordefensive，willeverberequiredwithinitsbounds。
　　SucharetheInstitutionsatSouthBoston!Inallofthem，theunfortunateordegeneratecitizensoftheStatearecarefullyinstructedintheirdutiesbothtoGodandman；aresurroundedbyallreasonablemeansofcomfortandhappinessthattheirconditionwilladmitof；areappealedto，asmembersofthegreathumanfamily，howeverafflicted，indigent，orfallen；areruledbythestrongHeart，andnotbythestrongthoughimmeasurablyweaker
　　Hand。Ihavedescribedthematsomelength；firstly，becausetheirworthdemandedit；andsecondly，becauseImeantotakethemforamodel，andtocontentmyselfwithsayingofotherswemaycometo，whosedesignandpurposearethesame，thatinthisorthatrespecttheypracticallyfail，ordiffer。
　　Iwishbythisaccountofthem，imperfectinitsexecution，butinitsjustintention，honest，Icouldhopetoconveytomyreadersone-hundredthpartofthegratification，thesightsIhavedescribed，affordedme。
　　ToanEnglishman，accustomedtotheparaphernaliaofWestminsterHall，anAmericanCourtofLawisasoddasightas，Isuppose，anEnglishCourtofLawwouldbetoanAmerican。ExceptintheSupremeCourtatWashingtonwherethejudgeswearaplainblackrobe，thereisnosuchthingasawigorgownconnectedwiththeadministrationofjustice。ThegentlemenofthebarbeingbarristersandattorneystooforthereisnodivisionofthosefunctionsasinEnglandarenomoreremovedfromtheirclientsthanattorneysinourCourtfortheReliefofInsolventDebtorsare，fromtheirs。Thejuryarequiteathome，andmakethemselvesascomfortableascircumstanceswillpermit。Thewitnessissolittleelevatedabove，orputalooffrom，thecrowdinthecourt，thatastrangerenteringduringapauseintheproceedingswouldfinditdifficulttopickhimoutfromtherest。Andifitchancedtobeacriminaltrial，hiseyes，inninecasesoutoften，wouldwandertothedockinsearchoftheprisoner，invain；forthatgentlemanwouldmostlikelybeloungingamongthemostdistinguishedornamentsofthelegalprofession，whisperingsuggestionsinhiscounsel'sear，ormakingatoothpickoutofanoldquillwithhispenknife。
　　Icouldnotbutnoticethesedifferences，whenIvisitedthecourtsatBoston。Iwasmuchsurprisedatfirst，too，toobservethatthecounselwhointerrogatedthewitnessunderexaminationatthetime，didsoSITTING。Butseeingthathewasalsooccupiedinwritingdowntheanswers，andrememberingthathewasaloneandhadno'junior，'Iquicklyconsoledmyselfwiththereflectionthatlawwasnotquitesoexpensiveanarticlehere，asathome；andthattheabsenceofsundryformalitieswhichweregardasindispensable，haddoubtlessaveryfavourableinfluenceuponthebillofcosts。
　　IneveryCourt，ampleandcommodiousprovisionismadefortheaccommodationofthecitizens。ThisisthecaseallthroughAmerica。IneveryPublicInstitution，therightofthepeopletoattend，andtohaveaninterestintheproceedings，ismostfullyanddistinctlyrecognised。Therearenogrimdoor-keeperstodoleouttheirtardycivilitybythesixpenny-worth；noristhere，I
　　sincerelybelieve，anyinsolenceofofficeofanykind。Nothingnationalisexhibitedformoney；andnopublicofficerisashowman。Wehavebegunoflateyearstoimitatethisgoodexample。
　　Ihopeweshallcontinuetodoso；andthatinthefulnessoftime，evendeansandchaptersmaybeconverted。
　　Inthecivilcourtanactionwastrying，fordamagessustainedinsomeaccidentuponarailway。Thewitnesseshadbeenexamined，andcounselwasaddressingthejury。ThelearnedgentlemanlikeafewofhisEnglishbrethrenwasdesperatelylong-winded，andhadaremarkablecapacityofsayingthesamethingoverandoveragain。
　　Hisgreatthemewas'WarrentheENGINEdriver，'whomhepressedintotheserviceofeverysentenceheuttered。Ilistenedtohimforaboutaquarterofanhour；and，comingoutofcourtattheexpirationofthattime，withoutthefaintestrayofenlightenmentastothemeritsofthecase，feltasifIwereathomeagain。
　　Intheprisoner'scell，waitingtobeexaminedbythemagistrateonachargeoftheft，wasaboy。Thislad，insteadofbeingcommittedtoacommonjail，wouldbesenttotheasylumatSouthBoston，andtheretaughtatrade；andinthecourseoftimehewouldbeboundapprenticetosomerespectablemaster。Thus，hisdetectioninthisoffence，insteadofbeingthepreludetoalifeofinfamyandamiserabledeath，wouldlead，therewasareasonablehope，tohisbeingreclaimedfromvice，andbecomingaworthymemberofsociety。
　　Iambynomeansawholesaleadmirerofourlegalsolemnities，manyofwhichimpressmeasbeingexceedinglyludicrous。Strangeasitmayseemtoo，thereisundoubtedlyadegreeofprotectioninthewigandgown-adismissalofindividualresponsibilityindressingforthepart-whichencouragesthatinsolentbearingandlanguage，andthatgrossperversionoftheofficeofapleaderforTheTruth，sofrequentinourcourtsoflaw。Still，IcannothelpdoubtingwhetherAmerica，inherdesiretoshakeofftheabsurditiesandabusesoftheoldsystem，maynothavegonetoofarintotheoppositeextreme；andwhetheritisnotdesirable，especiallyinthesmallcommunityofacitylikethis，whereeachmanknowstheother，tosurroundtheadministrationofjusticewithsomeartificialbarriersagainstthe'Hailfellow，wellmet'deportmentofeverydaylife。AlltheaiditcanhaveintheveryhighcharacterandabilityoftheBench，notonlyherebutelsewhere，ithas，andwelldeservestohave；butitmayneedsomethingmore:
　　nottoimpressthethoughtfulandthewell-informed，buttheignorantandheedless；aclasswhichincludessomeprisonersandmanywitnesses。Theseinstitutionswereestablished，nodoubt，upontheprinciplethatthosewhohadsolargeashareinmakingthelaws，wouldcertainlyrespectthem。Butexperiencehasprovedthishopetobefallacious；fornomenknowbetterthanthejudgesofAmerica，thatontheoccasionofanygreatpopularexcitementthelawispowerless，andcannot，forthetime，assertitsownsupremacy。
　　ThetoneofsocietyinBostonisoneofperfectpoliteness，courtesy，andgoodbreeding。Theladiesareunquestionablyverybeautiful-inface:butthereIamcompelledtostop。Theireducationismuchaswithus；neitherbetternorworse。Ihadheardsomeverymarvellousstoriesinthisrespect；butnotbelievingthem，wasnotdisappointed。Blueladiesthereare，inBoston；butlikephilosophersofthatcolourandsexinmostotherlatitudes，theyratherdesiretobethoughtsuperiorthantobeso。
　　Evangelicalladiesthereare，likewise，whoseattachmenttotheformsofreligion，andhorroroftheatricalentertainments，aremostexemplary。Ladieswhohaveapassionforattendinglecturesaretobefoundamongallclassesandallconditions。Inthekindofprovinciallifewhichprevailsincitiessuchasthis，thePulpithasgreatinfluence。ThepeculiarprovinceofthePulpitinNewEnglandalwaysexceptingtheUnitarianMinistrywouldappeartobethedenouncementofallinnocentandrationalamusements。
　　Thechurch，thechapel，andthelecture-room，aretheonlymeansofexcitementexcepted；andtothechurch，thechapel，andthelecture-room，theladiesresortincrowds。
　　Whereverreligionisresortedto，asastrongdrink，andasanescapefromthedullmonotonousroundofhome，thoseofitsministerswhopepperthehighestwillbethesuresttoplease。
　　TheywhostrewtheEternalPathwiththegreatestamountofbrimstone，andwhomostruthlesslytreaddowntheflowersandleavesthatgrowbythewayside，willbevotedthemostrighteous；
　　andtheywhoenlargewiththegreatestpertinacityonthedifficultyofgettingintoheaven，willbeconsideredbyalltruebelieverscertainofgoingthere:thoughitwouldbehardtosaybywhatprocessofreasoningthisconclusionisarrivedat。Itissoathome，anditissoabroad。Withregardtotheothermeansofexcitement，theLecture，ithasatleastthemeritofbeingalwaysnew。Onelecturetreadssoquicklyontheheelsofanother，thatnoneareremembered；andthecourseofthismonthmaybesafelyrepeatednext，withitscharmofnoveltyunbroken，anditsinterestunabated。
　　Thefruitsoftheearthhavetheirgrowthincorruption。Outoftherottennessofthesethings，therehassprungupinBostonasectofphilosophersknownasTranscendentalists。Oninquiringwhatthisappellationmightbesupposedtosignify，Iwasgiventounderstandthatwhateverwasunintelligiblewouldbecertainlytranscendental。Notderivingmuchcomfortfromthiselucidation，I
　　pursuedtheinquirystillfurther，andfoundthattheTranscendentalistsarefollowersofmyfriendMr。Carlyle，orI
　　shouldrathersay，ofafollowerofhis，Mr。RalphWaldoEmerson。
　　ThisgentlemanhaswrittenavolumeofEssays，inwhich，amongmuchthatisdreamyandfancifulifhewillpardonmeforsayingso，thereismuchmorethatistrueandmanly，honestandbold。
　　Transcendentalismhasitsoccasionalvagarieswhatschoolhasnot？，butithasgoodhealthfulqualitiesinspiteofthem；notleastamongthenumberaheartydisgustofCant，andanaptitudetodetectherinallthemillionvarietiesofhereverlastingwardrobe。AndthereforeifIwereaBostonian，IthinkIwouldbeaTranscendentalist。
　　TheonlypreacherIheardinBostonwasMr。Taylor，whoaddresseshimselfpeculiarlytoseamen，andwhowasonceamarinerhimself。
　　Ifoundhischapeldownamongtheshipping，inoneofthenarrow，old，water-sidestreets，withagayblueflagwavingfreelyfromitsroof。Inthegalleryoppositetothepulpitwerealittlechoirofmaleandfemalesingers，avioloncello，andaviolin。Thepreacheralreadysatinthepulpit，whichwasraisedonpillars，andornamentedbehindhimwithpainteddraperyofalivelyandsomewhattheatricalappearance。Helookedaweather-beatenhard-
　　featuredman，ofaboutsixoreightandfifty；withdeeplinesgravenasitwereintohisface，darkhair，andastern，keeneye。
　　Yetthegeneralcharacterofhiscountenancewaspleasantandagreeable。Theservicecommencedwithahymn，towhichsucceededanextemporaryprayer。Ithadthefaultoffrequentrepetition，incidentaltoallsuchprayers；butitwasplainandcomprehensiveinitsdoctrines，andbreathedatoneofgeneralsympathyandcharity，whichisnotsocommonlyacharacteristicofthisformofaddresstotheDeityasitmightbe。Thatdoneheopenedhisdiscourse，takingforhistextapassagefromtheSongofSolomon，laiduponthedeskbeforethecommencementoftheservicebysomeunknownmemberofthecongregation:'Whoisthiscomingupfromthewilderness，leaningonthearmofherbeloved!'
　　Hehandledhistextinallkindsofways，andtwisteditintoallmannerofshapes；butalwaysingeniously，andwitharudeeloquence，welladaptedtothecomprehensionofhishearers。
　　IndeedifIbenotmistaken，hestudiedtheirsympathiesandunderstandingsmuchmorethanthedisplayofhisownpowers。Hisimagerywasalldrawnfromthesea，andfromtheincidentsofaseaman'slife；andwasoftenremarkablygood。Hespoketothemof'thatgloriousman，LordNelson，'andofCollingwood；anddrewnothingin，asthesayingis，bytheheadandshoulders，butbroughtittobearuponhispurpose，naturally，andwithasharpmindtoitseffect。Sometimes，whenmuchexcitedwithhissubject，hehadanoddway-compoundedofJohnBunyan，andBalfourofBurley-oftakinghisgreatquartoBibleunderhisarmandpacingupanddownthepulpitwithit；lookingsteadilydown，meantime，intothemidstofthecongregation。Thus，whenheappliedhistexttothefirstassemblageofhishearers，andpicturedthewonderofthechurchattheirpresumptioninformingacongregationamongthemselves，hestoppedshortwithhisBibleunderhisarminthemannerIhavedescribed，andpursuedhisdiscourseafterthismanner:
　　'Whoarethese-whoarethey-whoarethesefellows？wheredotheycomefrom？Wherearetheygoingto？-Comefrom!What'stheanswer？'-leaningoutofthepulpit，andpointingdownwardwithhisrighthand:'Frombelow!'-startingbackagain，andlookingatthesailorsbeforehim:'Frombelow，mybrethren。Fromunderthehatchesofsin，batteneddownaboveyoubytheevilone。
　　That'swhereyoucamefrom!'-awalkupanddownthepulpit:'andwhereareyougoing'-stoppingabruptly:'whereareyougoing？
　　Aloft!'-verysoftly，andpointingupward:'Aloft!'-louder:
　　'aloft!'-louderstill:'That'swhereyouaregoing-withafairwind，-alltautandtrim，steeringdirectforHeaveninitsglory，wheretherearenostormsorfoulweather，andwherethewickedceasefromtroubling，andthewearyareatrest。'-Anotherwalk:
　　'That'swhereyou'regoingto，myfriends。That'sit。That'stheplace。That'stheport。That'sthehaven。It'sablessedharbour-stillwaterthere，inallchangesofthewindsandtides；nodrivingashoreupontherocks，orslippingyourcablesandrunningouttosea，there:Peace-Peace-Peace-allpeace!'-Anotherwalk，andpattingtheBibleunderhisleftarm:'What!Thesefellowsarecomingfromthewilderness，arethey？Yes。Fromthedreary，blightedwildernessofIniquity，whoseonlycropisDeath。
　　Butdotheyleanuponanything-dotheyleanuponnothing，thesepoorseamen？'-ThreerapsupontheBible:'Ohyes-Yes-TheyleanuponthearmoftheirBeloved'-threemoreraps:'uponthearmoftheirBeloved'-threemore，andawalk:'Pilot，guiding-
　　star，andcompass，allinone，toallhands-hereitis'-threemore:'Hereitis。Theycandotheirseaman'sdutymanfully，andbeeasyintheirmindsintheutmostperilanddanger，withthis'-
　　twomore:'Theycancome，eventhesepoorfellowscancome，fromthewildernessleaningonthearmoftheirBeloved，andgoup-up-up!'-raisinghishandhigher，andhigher，ateveryrepetitionoftheword，sothathestoodwithitatlaststretchedabovehishead，regardingtheminastrange，raptmanner，andpressingthebooktriumphantlytohisbreast，untilhegraduallysubsidedintosomeotherportionofhisdiscourse。
　　Ihavecitedthis，ratherasaninstanceofthepreacher'seccentricitiesthanhismerits，thoughtakeninconnectionwithhislookandmanner，andthecharacterofhisaudience，eventhiswasstriking。Itispossible，however，thatmyfavourableimpressionofhimmayhavebeengreatlyinfluencedandstrengthened，firstly，byhisimpressinguponhishearersthatthetrueobservanceofreligionwasnotinconsistentwithacheerfuldeportmentandanexactdischargeofthedutiesoftheirstation，which，indeed，itscrupulouslyrequiredofthem；andsecondly，byhiscautioningthemnottosetupanymonopolyinParadiseanditsmercies。IneverheardthesetwopointssowiselytouchedifindeedIhaveeverheardthemtouchedatall，byanypreacherofthatkindbefore。
　　HavingpassedthetimeIspentinBoston，inmakingmyselfacquaintedwiththesethings，insettlingthecourseIshouldtakeinmyfuturetravels，andinmixingconstantlywithitssociety，I
　　amnotawarethatIhaveanyoccasiontoprolongthischapter。
　　SuchofitssocialcustomsasIhavenotmentioned，however，maybetoldinaveryfewwords。
　　Theusualdinner-houristwoo'clock。Adinnerpartytakesplaceatfive；andataneveningparty，theyseldomsuplaterthaneleven；sothatitgoeshardbutonegetshome，evenfromarout，bymidnight。InevercouldfindoutanydifferencebetweenapartyatBostonandapartyinLondon，savingthatattheformerplaceallassembliesareheldatmorerationalhours；thattheconversationmaypossiblybealittlelouderandmorecheerful；andaguestisusuallyexpectedtoascendtotheverytopofthehousetotakehiscloakoff；thatheiscertaintosee，ateverydinner，anunusualamountofpoultryonthetable；andateverysupper，atleasttwomightybowlsofhotstewedoysters，inanyoneofwhichahalf-grownDukeofClarencemightbesmotheredeasily。
　　TherearetwotheatresinBoston，ofgoodsizeandconstruction，butsadlyinwantofpatronage。Thefewladieswhoresorttothem，sit，asofright，inthefrontrowsoftheboxes。
　　Thebarisalargeroomwithastonefloor，andtherepeoplestandandsmoke，andloungeabout，alltheevening:droppinginandoutasthehumourtakesthem。TheretoothestrangerisinitiatedintothemysteriesofGin-sling，Cock-tail，Sangaree，MintJulep，Sherry-cobbler，TimberDoodle，andotherraredrinks。Thehouseisfullofboarders，bothmarriedandsingle，manyofwhomsleepuponthepremises，andcontractbytheweekfortheirboardandlodging:
　　thechargeforwhichdiminishesastheygonearertheskytoroost。
　　Apublictableislaidinaveryhandsomehallforbreakfast，andfordinner，andforsupper。Thepartysittingdowntogethertothesemealswillvaryinnumberfromonetotwohundred:sometimesmore。Theadventofeachoftheseepochsinthedayisproclaimedbyanawfulgong，whichshakestheverywindow-framesasitreverberatesthroughthehouse，andhorriblydisturbsnervousforeigners。Thereisanordinaryforladies，andanordinaryforgentlemen。
　　Inourprivateroomtheclothcouldnot，foranyearthlyconsideration，havebeenlaidfordinnerwithoutahugeglassdishofcranberriesinthemiddleofthetable；andbreakfastwouldhavebeennobreakfastunlesstheprincipaldishwereadeformedbeef-
　　steakwithagreatflatboneinthecentre，swimminginhotbutter，andsprinkledwiththeveryblackestofallpossiblepepper。Ourbedroomwasspaciousandairy，butlikeeverybedroomonthissideoftheAtlanticverybareoffurniture，havingnocurtainstotheFrenchbedsteadortothewindow。Ithadoneunusualluxury，however，intheshapeofawardrobeofpaintedwood，somethingsmallerthananEnglishwatch-box；orifthiscomparisonshouldbeinsufficienttoconveyajustideaofitsdimensions，theymaybeestimatedfromthefactofmyhavinglivedforfourteendaysandnightsinthefirmbeliefthatitwasashower-bath。
　　CHAPTERIV-ANAMERICANRAILROAD。LOWELLANDITSFACTORYSYSTEM
　　BEFOREleavingBoston，IdevotedonedaytoanexcursiontoLowell。
　　Iassignaseparatechaptertothisvisit；notbecauseIamabouttodescribeitatanygreatlength，butbecauseIrememberitasathingbyitself，andamdesirousthatmyreadersshoulddothesame。
　　ImadeacquaintancewithanAmericanrailroad，onthisoccasion，forthefirsttime。AstheseworksareprettymuchalikeallthroughtheStates，theirgeneralcharacteristicsareeasilydescribed。
　　Therearenofirstandsecondclasscarriagesaswithus；butthereisagentleman'scarandaladies'car:themaindistinctionbetweenwhichisthatinthefirst，everybodysmokes；andinthesecond，nobodydoes。Asablackmannevertravelswithawhiteone，thereisalsoanegrocar；whichisagreat，blundering，clumsychest，suchasGulliverputtoseain，fromthekingdomofBrobdingnag。Thereisagreatdealofjolting，agreatdealofnoise，agreatdealofwall，notmuchwindow，alocomotiveengine，ashriek，andabell。
　　Thecarsarelikeshabbyomnibuses，butlarger:holdingthirty，forty，fifty，people。Theseats，insteadofstretchingfromendtoend，areplacedcrosswise。Eachseatholdstwopersons。Thereisalongrowofthemoneachsideofthecaravan，anarrowpassageupthemiddle，andadooratbothends。Inthecentreofthecarriagethereisusuallyastove，fedwithcharcoaloranthracitecoal；
　　whichisforthemostpartred-hot。Itisinsufferablyclose；andyouseethehotairflutteringbetweenyourselfandanyotherobjectyoumayhappentolookat，liketheghostofsmoke。
　　Intheladies'car，thereareagreatmanygentlemenwhohaveladieswiththem。Therearealsoagreatmanyladieswhohavenobodywiththem:foranyladymaytravelalone，fromoneendoftheUnitedStatestotheother，andbecertainofthemostcourteousandconsideratetreatmenteverywhere。Theconductororcheck-taker，orguard，orwhateverhemaybe，wearsnouniform。Hewalksupanddownthecar，andinandoutofit，ashisfancydictates；leansagainstthedoorwithhishandsinhispocketsandstaresatyou，ifyouchancetobeastranger；orentersintoconversationwiththepassengersabouthim。Agreatmanynewspapersarepulledout，andafewofthemareread。Everybodytalkstoyou，ortoanybodyelsewhohitshisfancy。IfyouareanEnglishman，heexpectsthatthatrailroadisprettymuchlikeanEnglishrailroad。Ifyousay'No，'hesays'Yes？'
　　interrogatively，andasksinwhatrespecttheydiffer。Youenumeratetheheadsofdifference，onebyone，andhesays'Yes？'