[Footnote71:ItisparticularlyremarkedofAthensbyDicaearchus，deStatuGraeciae，p。8，interGeographosMinores，edit。Hudson。]
[Footnote72:DonatusdeRomaVetere，l。iii。c。4，5，6。
NardiniRomaAntica，l。iii。11，12，13，andaMs。descriptionofancientRome，byBernardusOricellarius，orRucellai，ofwhichI
obtainedacopyfromthelibraryoftheCanonRicardiatFlorence。TwocelebratedpicturesofTimanthesandofProtogenesarementionedbyPliny，asintheTempleofPeace；andtheLaocoonwasfoundinthebathsofTitus。]
[Footnote*:TheEmperorVespasian，whohadcausedtheTempleofPeacetobebuilt，transportedtoitthegreatestpartofthepictures，statues，andotherworksofartwhichhadescapedtheciviltumults。ItwastherethateverydaytheartistsandthelearnedofRomeassembled；anditisonthesiteofthistemplethatamultitudeofantiqueshavebeendugup。SeenotesofReimaronDionCassius，lxvi。c。15，p。1083。—W。]
[Footnote73:Montfauconl'AntiquiteExpliquee，tom。iv。p。2，l。
i。c。9。FabrettihascomposedaverylearnedtreatiseontheaqueductsofRome。]
Wehavecomputedtheinhabitants，andcontemplatedthepublicworks，oftheRomanempire。Theobservationofthenumberandgreatnessofitscitieswillservetoconfirmtheformer，andtomultiplythelatter。Itmaynotbeunpleasingtocollectafewscatteredinstancesrelativetothatsubjectwithoutforgetting，however，thatfromthevanityofnationsandthepovertyoflanguage，thevagueappellationofcityhasbeenindifferentlybestowedonRomeanduponLaurentum。
I。AncientItalyissaidtohavecontainedelevenhundredandninety—sevencities；andforwhatsoeveraeraofantiquitytheexpressionmightbeintended，^74thereisnotanyreasontobelievethecountrylesspopulousintheageoftheAntonines，thaninthatofRomulus。ThepettystatesofLatiumwerecontainedwithinthemetropolisoftheempire，bywhosesuperiorinfluencetheyhadbeenattracted。ThosepartsofItalywhichhavesolonglanguishedunderthelazytyrannyofpriestsandviceroys，hadbeenafflictedonlybythemoretolerablecalamitiesofwar；andthefirstsymptomsofdecaywhichtheyexperienced，wereamplycompensatedbytherapidimprovementsoftheCisalpineGaul。ThesplendorofVeronamaybetracedinitsremains:yetVeronawaslesscelebratedthanAquileiaorPadua，MilanorRavenna。II。ThespiritofimprovementhadpassedtheAlps，andbeenfelteveninthewoodsofBritain，whichweregraduallyclearedawaytoopenafreespaceforconvenientandeleganthabitations。Yorkwastheseatofgovernment；Londonwasalreadyenrichedbycommerce；andBathwascelebratedforthesalutaryeffectsofitsmedicinalwaters。Gaulcouldboastofhertwelvehundredcities；^75andthough，inthenorthernparts，manyofthem，withoutexceptingParisitself，werelittlemorethantherudeandimperfecttownshipsofarisingpeople，thesouthernprovincesimitatedthewealthandeleganceofItaly。^76
ManywerethecitiesofGaul，Marseilles，Arles，Nismes，Narbonne，Thoulouse，Bourdeaux，Autun，Vienna，Lyons，Langres，andTreves，whoseancientconditionmightsustainanequal，andperhapsadvantageouscomparisonwiththeirpresentstate。WithregardtoSpain，thatcountryflourishedasaprovince，andhasdeclinedasakingdom。Exhaustedbytheabuseofherstrength，byAmerica，andbysuperstition，herpridemightpossiblybeconfounded，ifwerequiredsuchalistofthreehundredandsixtycities，asPlinyhasexhibitedunderthereignofVespasian。^77
III。ThreehundredAfricancitieshadonceacknowledgedtheauthorityofCarthage，^78norisitlikelythattheirnumbersdiminishedundertheadministrationoftheemperors:Carthageitselfrosewithnewsplendorfromitsashes；andthatcapital，aswellasCapuaandCorinth，soonrecoveredalltheadvantageswhichcanbeseparatedfromindependentsovereignty。IV。TheprovincesoftheEastpresentthecontrastofRomanmagnificencewithTurkishbarbarism。Theruinsofantiquityscatteredoveruncultivatedfields，andascribed，byignorancetothepowerofmagic，scarcelyaffordasheltertotheoppressedpeasantorwanderingArab。UnderthereignoftheCaesars，theproperAsiaalonecontainedfivehundredpopulouscities，^79enrichedwithallthegiftsofnature，andadornedwithalltherefinementsofart。ElevencitiesofAsiahadoncedisputedthehonorofdedicatingatempleofTiberius，andtheirrespectivemeritswereexaminedbythesenate。^80Fourofthemwereimmediatelyrejectedasunequaltotheburden；andamongthesewasLaodicea，whosesplendorisstilldisplayedinitsruins。^81Laodiceacollectedaveryconsiderablerevenuefromitsflocksofsheep，celebratedforthefinenessoftheirwool，andhadreceived，alittlebeforethecontest，alegacyofabovefourhundredthousandpoundsbythetestamentofagenerouscitizen。^82IfsuchwasthepovertyofLaodicea，whatmusthavebeenthewealthofthosecities，whoseclaimappearedpreferable，andparticularlyofPergamus，ofSmyrna，andofEphesus，whosolongdisputedwitheachotherthetitularprimacyofAsia?^83ThecapitalsofSyriaandEgyptheldastillsuperiorrankintheempire；AntiochandAlexandrialookeddownwithdisdainonacrowdofdependentcities，^84andyielded，withreluctance，tothemajestyofRomeitself。
[Footnote74:Aelian。Hist。Var。lib。ix。c。16。HelivedinthetimeofAlexanderSeverus。SeeFabricius，Biblioth。Graeca，l。
iv。c。21。]
[Footnote*:ThismayinsomedegreeaccountforthedifficultystartedbyLivy，astotheincrediblynumerousarmiesraisedbythesmallstatesaroundRomewhere，inhistime，ascantystockoffreesoldiersamongalargerpopulationofRomanslavesbrokethesolitude。VixseminarioexiguomilitumrelictoservitiaRomanaabsolitudinevindicant，Liv。vi。vii。CompareAppianBelCiv。i。7。—M。subst。forG。]
[Footnote75:Joseph。deBell。Jud。ii。16。Thenumber，however，ismentioned，andshouldbereceivedwithadegreeoflatitude。
Note:WithoutdoubtnoreliancecanbeplacedonthispassageofJosephus。ThehistorianmakesAgrippagiveadvicetotheJews，astothepoweroftheRomans；andthespeechisfullofdeclamationwhichcanfurnishnoconclusionstohistory。
WhileenumeratingthenationssubjecttotheRomans，hespeaksoftheGaulsassubmittingto1200soldiers，whichisfalse，astherewereeightlegionsinGaul，Tac。iv。5，whiletherearenearlytwelvehundredcities。—G。JosephusinfraplacestheseeightlegionsontheRhine，asTacitusdoes。—M。]
[Footnote76:Plin。Hist。Natur。iii。5。]
[Footnote77:Plin。Hist。Natur。iii。3，4，iv。35。Thelistseemsauthenticandaccurate；thedivisionoftheprovinces，andthedifferentconditionofthecities，areminutelydistinguished。]
[Footnote78:Strabon。Geograph。l。xvii。p。1189。]
[Footnote79:Joseph。deBell。Jud。ii。16。Philostrat。inVit。
Sophist。l。ii。p。548，edit。Olear。]
[Footnote80:Tacit。Annal。iv。55。Ihavetakensomepainsinconsultingandcomparingmoderntravellers，withregardtothefateofthoseelevencitiesofAsia。Sevenoreightaretotallydestroyed:Hypaepe，Tralles，Laodicea，Hium，Halicarnassus，Miletus，Ephesus，andwemayaddSardes。Oftheremainingthree，Pergamusisastragglingvillageoftwoorthreethousandinhabitants；Magnesia，underthenameofGuzelhissar，atownofsomeconsequence；andSmyrna，agreatcity，peopledbyahundredthousandsouls。ButevenatSmyrna，whiletheFrankshavemaintainedacommerce，theTurkshaveruinedthearts。]
[Footnote81:SeeaveryexactandpleasingdescriptionoftheruinsofLaodicea，inChandler'sTravelsthroughAsiaMinor，p。
225，&c。]
[Footnote82:Strabo，l。xii。p。866。HehadstudiedatTralles。]
[Footnote83:SeeaDissertationofM。deBoze，Mem。del'Academie，tom。xviii。Aristidespronouncedanoration，whichisstillextant，torecommendconcordtotherivalcities。]
[Footnote84:TheinhabitantsofEgypt，exclusiveofAlexandria，amountedtosevenmillionsandahalf，Joseph。deBell。Jud。
ii。16。UnderthemilitarygovernmentoftheMamelukes，Syriawassupposedtocontainsixtythousandvillages，HistoiredeTimurBec，l。v。c。20。]
ChapterII:TheInternalProsperityInTheAgeOfTheAntonines。
PartIV。
Allthesecitieswereconnectedwitheachother，andwiththecapital，bythepublichighways，which，issuingfromtheForumofRome，traversedItaly，pervadedtheprovinces，andwereterminatedonlybythefrontiersoftheempire。IfwecarefullytracethedistancefromthewallofAntoninustoRome，andfromthencetoJerusalem，itwillbefoundthatthegreatchainofcommunication，fromthenorth—westtothesouth—eastpointoftheempire，wasdrawnouttothelengthiffourthousandandeightyRomanmiles。^85Thepublicroadswereaccuratelydividedbymile—stones，andraninadirectlinefromonecitytoanother，withverylittlerespectfortheobstacleseitherofnatureorprivateproperty。Mountainswereperforated，andboldarchesthrownoverthebroadestandmostrapidstreams。^86Themiddlepartoftheroadwasraisedintoaterracewhichcommandedtheadjacentcountry，consistedofseveralstrataofsand，gravel，andcement，andwaspavedwithlargestones，or，insomeplacesnearthecapital，withgranite。^87SuchwasthesolidconstructionoftheRomanhighways，whosefirmnesshasnotentirelyyieldedtotheeffortoffifteencenturies。Theyunitedthesubjectsofthemostdistantprovincesbyaneasyandfamiliarintercourse；outtheirprimaryobjecthadbeentofacilitatethemarchesofthelegions；norwasanycountryconsideredascompletelysubdued，tillithadbeenrendered，inallitsparts，pervioustothearmsandauthorityoftheconqueror。Theadvantageofreceivingtheearliestintelligence，andofconveyingtheirorderswithcelerity，inducedtheemperorstoestablish，throughouttheirextensivedominions，theregularinstitutionofposts。^88Houseswereeverywhereerectedatthedistanceonlyoffiveorsixmiles；eachofthemwasconstantlyprovidedwithfortyhorses，andbythehelpoftheserelays，itwaseasytotravelahundredmilesinadayalongtheRomanroads。^89TheuseofpostswasallowedtothosewhoclaimeditbyanImperialmandate；butthoughoriginallyintendedforthepublicservice，itwassometimesindulgedtothebusinessorconveniencyofprivatecitizens。^90NorwasthecommunicationoftheRomanempirelessfreeandopenbyseathanitwasbyland。
TheprovincessurroundedandenclosedtheMediterranean:andItaly，intheshapeofanimmensepromontory，advancedintothemidstofthatgreatlake。ThecoastsofItalyare，ingeneral，destituteofsafeharbors；buthumanindustryhadcorrectedthedeficienciesofnature；andtheartificialportofOstia，inparticular，situateatthemouthoftheTyber，andformedbytheemperorClaudius，wasausefulmonumentofRomangreatness。^91
Fromthisport，whichwasonlysixteenmilesfromthecapital，afavorablebreezefrequentlycarriedvesselsinsevendaystothecolumnsofHercules，andinnineorten，toAlexandriainEgypt。
^92
[SeeRemainsOfClaudianAquaduct]
[Footnote85:ThefollowingItinerarymayservetoconveysomeideaofthedirectionoftheroad，andofthedistancebetweentheprincipaltowns。I。FromthewallofAntoninustoYork，222
Romanmiles。II。London，227。III。RhutupiaeorSandwich，67。
IV。ThenavigationtoBoulogne，45。V。Rheims，174。VI。
Lyons，330。VII。Milan，324。VIII。Rome，426。IX。
Brundusium，360。X。ThenavigationtoDyrrachium，40。XI。
Byzantium，711。XII。Ancyra，283。XIII。Tarsus，301。XIV。
Antioch，141。XV。Tyre，252。XVI。Jerusalem，168。Inall4080
Roman，or3740Englishmiles。SeetheItinerariespublishedbyWesseling，hisannotations；GaleandStukeleyforBritain，andM。
d'AnvilleforGaulandItaly。]
[Footnote86:Montfaucon，l'AntiquiteExpliquee，tom。4，p。2，l。i。c。5，hasdescribedthebridgesofNarni，Alcantara，Nismes，&c。]
[Footnote87:Bergier，HistoiredesgrandsCheminsdel'EmpireRomain，l。ii。c。l。l—28。]
[Footnote88:ProcopiusinHist。Arcana，c。30。Bergier，Hist。
desgrandsChemins，l。iv。CodexTheodosian。l。viii。tit。v。
vol。ii。p。506—563withGodefroy'slearnedcommentary。]
[Footnote89:InthetimeofTheodosius，Caesarius，amagistrateofhighrank，wentpostfromAntiochtoConstantinople。Hebeganhisjourneyatnight，wasinCappadocia165milesfromAntioch
theensuingevening，andarrivedatConstantinoplethesixthdayaboutnoon。Thewholedistancewas725Roman，or665Englishmiles。SeeLibanius，Orat。xxii。，andtheItineria，p。572—
581。
Note:AcourierismentionedinWalpole'sTravels，ii。335，whowastotravelfromAleppotoConstantinople，morethan700
miles，ineightdays，anunusuallyshortjourney。—M。]
[Footnote*:PostsfortheconveyanceofintelligencewereestablishedbyAugustus。Suet。Aug。49。Thecourierstravelledwithamazingspeed。BlaironRomanSlavery，note，p。261。Itisprobablethattheposts，fromthetimeofAugustus，wereconfinedtothepublicservice，andsuppliedbyimpressmentNerva，asitappearsfromacoinofhisreign，madeanimportantchange；"heestablishedpostsuponallthepublicroadsofItaly，andmadetheservicechargeableuponhisownexchequer。**Hadrian，perceivingtheadvantageofthisimprovement，extendedittoalltheprovincesoftheempire。"CardwellonCoins，p。220。—M。]
[Footnote90:Pliny，thoughafavoriteandaminister，madeanapologyforgrantingpost—horsestohiswifeonthemosturgentbusiness。Epist。x。121，122。]
[Footnote91:Bergier，Hist。desgrandsChemins，l。iv。c。49。]
[Footnote92:Plin。Hist。Natur。xix。i。[InProoem。]
Note:PlinysaysPuteoli，whichseemstohavebeentheusuallandingplacefromtheEast。SeethevoyagesofSt。Paul，Actsxxviii。13，andofJosephus，Vita，c。3—M。]
Whateverevilseitherreasonordeclamationhaveimputedtoextensiveempire，thepowerofRomewasattendedwithsomebeneficialconsequencestomankind；andthesamefreedomofintercoursewhichextendedthevices，diffusedlikewisetheimprovements，ofsociallife。Inthemoreremoteagesofantiquity，theworldwasunequallydivided。TheEastwasintheimmemorialpossessionofartsandluxury；whilsttheWestwasinhabitedbyrudeandwarlikebarbarians，whoeitherdisdainedagriculture，ortowhomitwastotallyunknown。Undertheprotectionofanestablishedgovernment，theproductionsofhappierclimates，andtheindustryofmorecivilizednations，weregraduallyintroducedintothewesterncountriesofEurope；
andthenativeswereencouraged，byanopenandprofitablecommerce，tomultiplytheformer，aswellastoimprovethelatter。Itwouldbealmostimpossibletoenumerateallthearticles，eitheroftheanimalorthevegetablereign，whichweresuccessivelyimportedintoEuropefromAsiaandEgypt:^93butitwillnotbeunworthyofthedignity，andmuchlessoftheutility，ofanhistoricalwork，slightlytotouchonafewoftheprincipalheads。1。Almostalltheflowers，theherbs，andthefruits，thatgrowinourEuropeangardens，areofforeignextraction，which，inmanycases，isbetrayedevenbytheirnames:theapplewasanativeofItaly，andwhentheRomanshadtastedthericherflavoroftheapricot，thepeach，thepomegranate，thecitron，andtheorange，theycontentedthemselveswithapplyingtoallthesenewfruitsthecommondenominationofapple，discriminatingthemfromeachotherbytheadditionalepithetoftheircountry。2。InthetimeofHomer，thevinegrewwildintheislandofSicily，andmostprobablyintheadjacentcontinent；butitwasnotimprovedbytheskill，nordiditaffordaliquorgratefultothetaste，ofthesavageinhabitants。^94Athousandyearsafterwards，Italycouldboast，thatofthefourscoremostgenerousandcelebratedwines，morethantwothirdswereproducedfromhersoil。^95TheblessingwassooncommunicatedtotheNarbonneseprovinceofGaul；butsointensewasthecoldtothenorthoftheCevennes，that，inthetimeofStrabo，itwasthoughtimpossibletoripenthegrapesinthosepartsofGaul。^96Thisdifficulty，however，wasgraduallyvanquished；andthereissomereasontobelieve，thatthevineyardsofBurgundyareasoldastheageoftheAntonines。^97
3。Theolive，inthewesternworld，followedtheprogressofpeace，ofwhichitwasconsideredasthesymbol。TwocenturiesafterthefoundationofRome，bothItalyandAfricawerestrangerstothatusefulplant:itwasnaturalizedinthosecountries；andatlengthcarriedintotheheartofSpainandGaul。Thetimiderrorsoftheancients，thatitrequiredacertaindegreeofheat，andcouldonlyflourishintheneighborhoodofthesea，wereinsensiblyexplodedbyindustryandexperience。^984。ThecultivationofflaxwastransportedfromEgypttoGaul，andenrichedthewholecountry，howeveritmightimpoverishtheparticularlandsonwhichitwassown。^995。TheuseofartificialgrassesbecamefamiliartothefarmersbothofItalyandtheprovinces，particularlytheLucerne，whichderiveditsnameandoriginfromMedia。^100Theassuredsupplyofwholesomeandplentifulfoodforthecattleduringwinter，multipliedthenumberofthedocksandherds，whichintheirturncontributedtothefertilityofthesoil。Toalltheseimprovementsmaybeaddedanassiduousattentiontominesandfisheries，which，byemployingamultitudeoflaborioushands，servetoincreasethepleasuresoftherichandthesubsistenceofthepoor。TheeleganttreatiseofColumelladescribestheadvancedstateoftheSpanishhusbandryunderthereignofTiberius；anditmaybeobserved，thatthosefamines，whichsofrequentlyafflictedtheinfantrepublic，wereseldomorneverexperiencedbytheextensiveempireofRome。Theaccidentalscarcity，inanysingleprovince，wasimmediatelyrelievedbytheplentyofitsmorefortunateneighbors。
[Footnote93:ItisnotimprobablethattheGreeksandPhoeniciansintroducedsomenewartsandproductionsintotheneighborhoodofMarseillesandGades。]
[Footnote94:SeeHomer，Odyss。l。ix。v。358。]
[Footnote95:Plin。Hist。Natur。l。xiv。]
[Footnote96:Strab。Geograph。l。iv。p。269。TheintensecoldofaGallicwinterwasalmostproverbialamongtheancients。
Note:Straboonlysaysthatthegrapedoesnotripen。
AttemptshadbeenmadeinthetimeofAugustustonaturalizethevineinthenorthofGaul；butthecoldwastoogreat。Diod。
Sic。edit。Rhodom。p。304。—W。Diodoruslib。v。26givesacuriouspictureoftheItaliantradersbartering，withthesavagesofGaul，acaskofwineforaslave。—M。
ItappearsfromthenewlydiscoveredtreatiseofCicerodeRepublica，thattherewasalawoftherepublicprohibitingthecultureofthevineandolivebeyondtheAlps，inordertokeepupthevalueofthoseinItaly。Nosjustissimihomines，quitransalpinasgentesoleametvitemsererenonsinimus，quoplurissintnostraolivetanostraequevineae。Lib。iii。9。TherestrictivelawofDomitianwasveiledunderthedecentpretextofencouragingthecultivationofgrain。Suet。Dom。vii。ItwasrepealedbyProbusVopisStrobus，18。—M。]
[Footnote97:Inthebeginningofthefourthcentury，theoratorEumeniusPanegyr。Veter。viii。6，edit。Delphin。speaksofthevinesintheterritoryofAutun，whichweredecayedthroughage，andthefirstplantationofwhichwastotallyunknown。ThePagusArebrignusissupposedbyM。d'AnvilletobethedistrictofBeaune，celebrated，evenatpresentforoneofthefirstgrowthsofBurgundy。