andwhosubmitted，withoutreluctancetothesupremecommandwhichJulian，bytheinrerestofhispatronessEusebia，atlengthobtainedoverthearmiesofGaul。^72Averyjudiciousplanofoperationswasadoptedfortheapproachingcampaign。Julianhimself，attheheadoftheremainsoftheveteranbands，andofsomenewlevieswhichhehadbeenpermittedtoform，boldlypenetratedintothecentreoftheGermancantonments，andcarefullyreestablishedthefortificationsofSaverne，inanadvantageouspost，whichwouldeitherchecktheincursions，orintercepttheretreat，oftheenemy。Atthesametime，Barbatio，generaloftheinfantry，advancedfromMilanwithanarmyofthirtythousandmen，andpassingthemountains，preparedtothrowabridgeovertheRhine，intheneighborhoodofBasil。ItwasreasonabletoexpectthattheAlemanni，pressedoneithersidebytheRomanarms，wouldsoonbeforcedtoevacuatetheprovincesofGaul，andtohastentothedefenceoftheirnativecountry。Butthehopesofthecampaignweredefeatedbytheincapacity，ortheenvy，orthesecretinstructions，ofBarbatio；whoactedasifhehadbeentheenemyoftheCaesar，andthesecretallyoftheBarbarians。Thenegligencewithwhichhepermittedatroopofpillagersfreelytopass，andtoreturnalmostbeforethegatesofhiscamp，maybeimputedtohiswantofabilities；butthetreasonableactofburninganumberofboats，andasuperfluousstockofprovisions，whichwouldhavebeenofthemostessentialservicetothearmyofGaul，wasanevidenceofhishostileandcriminalintentions。TheGermansdespisedanenemywhoappeareddestituteeitherofpowerorofinclinationtooffendthem；andtheignominiousretreatofBarbatiodeprivedJulianoftheexpectedsupport；andlefthimtoextricatehimselffromahazardoussituation，wherehecouldneitherremainwithsafety，norretirewithhonor。^73
　　[Footnote71:Ammian。xvi。7。LibaniusspeaksrathermoreadvantageouslyofthemilitarytalentsofMarcellus，Orat。x。p。
　　272。AndJulianinsinuates，thathewouldnothavebeensoeasilyrecalled，unlesshehadgivenotherreasonsofoffencetothecourt，p。278。]
　　[Footnote72:Severus，nondiscors，nonarrogans，sedlongamilitiaefrugalitatecompertus；eteumrectapraeeuntemsecuturus，utduetoremmorigeranmiles。Ammianxvi。11。
　　Zosimus，l。iii。p。140。]
　　[Footnote73:OnthedesignandfailureofthecooperationbetweenJulianandBarbatio，seeAmmianusxvi。11andLibanius，Orat。x。p。273。
　　Note:Barbatioseemstohaveallowedhimselftobesurprisedanddefeated—M。]
　　Assoonastheyweredeliveredfromthefearsofinvasion，theAlemannipreparedtochastisetheRomanyouth，whopresumedtodisputethepossessionofthatcountry，whichtheyclaimedastheirownbytherightofconquestandoftreaties。Theyemployedthreedays，andasmanynights，intransportingovertheRhinetheirmilitarypowers。ThefierceChnodomar，shakingtheponderousjavelinwhichhehadvictoriouslywieldedagainstthebrotherofMagnentius，ledthevanoftheBarbarians，andmoderatedbyhisexperiencethemartialardorwhichhisexampleinspired。^74Hewasfollowedbysixotherkings，bytenprincesofregalextraction，byalongtrainofhigh—spiritednobles，andbythirty—fivethousandofthebravestwarriorsofthetribesofGermany。Theconfidencederivedfromtheviewoftheirownstrength，wasincreasedbytheintelligencewhichtheyreceivedfromadeserter，thattheCaesar，withafeeblearmyofthirteenthousandmen，occupiedapostaboutone—and—twentymilesfromtheircampofStrasburgh。Withthisinadequateforce，JulianresolvedtoseekandtoencountertheBarbarianhost；andthechanceofageneralactionwaspreferredtothetediousanduncertainoperationofseparatelyengagingthedispersedpartiesoftheAlemanni。TheRomansmarchedincloseorder，andintwocolumns；thecavalryontheright，theinfantryontheleft；andthedaywassofarspentwhentheyappearedinsightoftheenemy，thatJulianwasdesirousofdeferringthebattletillthenextmorning，andofallowinghistroopstorecruittheirexhaustedstrengthbythenecessaryrefreshmentsofsleepandfood。Yielding，however，withsomereluctance，totheclamorsofthesoldiers，andeventotheopinionofhiscouncil，heexhortedthemtojustifybytheirvalortheeagerimpatience，which，incaseofadefeat，wouldbeuniversallybrandedwiththeepithetsofrashnessandpresumption。Thetrumpetssounded，themilitaryshoutwasheardthroughthefield，andthetwoarmiesrushedwithequalfurytothecharge。TheCaesar，whoconductedinpersonhisrightwing，dependedonthedexterityofhisarchers，andtheweightofhiscuirassiers。Buthisrankswereinstantlybrokenbyanirregularmixtureoflighthorseandoflightinfantry，andhehadthemortificationofbeholdingtheflightofsixhundredofhismostrenownedcuirassiers。^75ThefugitiveswerestoppedandralliedbythepresenceandauthorityofJulian，who，carelessofhisownsafety，threwhimselfbeforethem，andurgingeverymotiveofshameandhonor，ledthembackagainstthevictoriousenemy。Theconflictbetweenthetwolinesofinfantrywasobstinateandbloody。TheGermanspossessedthesuperiorityofstrengthandstature，theRomansthatofdisciplineandtemper；andastheBarbarians，whoservedunderthestandardoftheempire，unitedtherespectiveadvantagesofbothparties，theirstrenuousefforts，guidedbyaskilfulleader，atlengthdeterminedtheeventoftheday。TheRomanslostfourtribunes，andtwohundredandforty—threesoldiers，inthismemorablebattleofStrasburgh，soglorioustotheCaesar，^76andsosalutarytotheafflictedprovincesofGaul。SixthousandoftheAlemanniwereslaininthefield，withoutincludingthosewhoweredrownedintheRhine，ortransfixedwithdartswhiletheyattemptedtoswimacrosstheriver。^77Chnodomarhimselfwassurroundedandtakenprisoner，withthreeofhisbravecompanions，whohaddevotedthemselvestofollowinlifeordeaththefateoftheirchieftain。Julianreceivedhimwithmilitarypompinthecouncilofhisofficers；andexpressingagenerouspityforthefallenstate，dissembledhisinwardcontemptfortheabjecthumiliation，ofhiscaptive。InsteadofexhibitingthevanquishedkingoftheAlemanni，asagratefulspectacletothecitiesofGaul，herespectfullylaidatthefeetoftheemperorthissplendidtrophyofhisvictory。Chnodomarexperiencedanhonorabletreatment:buttheimpatientBarbariancouldnotlongsurvivehisdefeat，hisconfinement，andhisexile。^78
　　[Footnote74:Ammianusxvi。12describeswithhisinflatedeloquencethefigureandcharacterofChnodomar。Audaxetfidensingentiroborelacertorum，ubiardorproeliisperabaturimmanis，equospumantesublimior，erectusinjaculumformidandaevastitatis，armorumquenitoreconspicuus:anteastrenuusetmiles，etutilispraetercaeterosductor……DecentiumCaesaremsuperavitaequomartecongressus。]
　　[Footnote75:Afterthebattle，Julianventuredtorevivetherigorofancientdiscipline，byexposingthesefugitivesinfemaleappareltothederisionofthewholecamp。Inthenextcampaign，thesetroopsnoblyretrievedtheirhonor。Zosimus，l。
　　iii。p。142。]
　　[Footnote76:JulianhimselfadS。P。Q。Athen。p。279speaksofthebattleofStrasburghwiththemodestyofconsciousmerit；。
　　ZosimuscomparesitwiththevictoryofAlexanderoverDarius；
　　andyetweareatalosstodiscoveranyofthosestrokesofmilitarygeniuswhichfixtheattentionofagesontheconductandsuccessofasingleday。]
　　[Footnote77:Ammianus，xvi。12。Libaniusadds2000moretothenumberoftheslain，Orat。x。p。274。Butthesetriflingdifferencesdisappearbeforethe60，000Barbarians，whomZosimushassacrificedtothegloryofhishero，l。iii。p。141。Wemightattributethisextravagantnumbertothecarelessnessoftranscribers，ifthiscredulousorpartialhistorianhadnotswelledthearmyof35，000AlemannitoaninnumerablemultitudeofBarbarians，。Itisourownfaultifthisdetectiondoesnotinspireuswithproperdistrustonsimilaroccasions。]
　　[Footnote78:Ammian。xvi。12。Libanius，Orat。x。p。276。]
　　AfterJulianhadrepulsedtheAlemannifromtheprovincesoftheUpperRhine，heturnedhisarmsagainsttheFranks，whowereseatednearertotheocean，ontheconfinesofGaulandGermany；
　　andwho，fromtheirnumbers，andstillmorefromtheirintrepidvalor，hadeverbeenesteemedthemostformidableoftheBarbarians。^79Althoughtheywerestronglyactuatedbytheallurementsofrapine，theyprofessedadisinterestedloveofwar；whichtheyconsideredasthesupremehonorandfelicityofhumannature；andtheirmindsandbodiesweresocompletelyhardenedbyperpetualaction，that，accordingtothelivelyexpressionofanorator，thesnowsofwinterwereaspleasanttothemastheflowersofspring。InthemonthofDecember，whichfollowedthebattleofStrasburgh，JulianattackedabodyofsixhundredFranks，whohadthrownthemselvesintotwocastlesontheMeuse。^80Inthemidstofthatsevereseasontheysustained，withinflexibleconstancy，asiegeoffifty—fourdays；tillatlength，exhaustedbyhunger，andsatisfiedthatthevigilanceoftheenemy，inbreakingtheiceoftheriver，leftthemnohopesofescape，theFranksconsented，forthefirsttime，todispensewiththeancientlawwhichcommandedthemtoconquerortodie。
　　TheCaesarimmediatelysenthiscaptivestothecourtofConstantius，who，acceptingthemasavaluablepresent，^81
　　rejoicedintheopportunityofaddingsomanyheroestothechoicesttroopsofhisdomesticguards。TheobstinateresistanceofthishandfulofFranksapprisedJulianofthedifficultiesoftheexpeditionwhichhemeditatedfortheensuingspring，againstthewholebodyofthenation。HisrapiddiligencesurprisedandastonishedtheactiveBarbarians。Orderinghissoldierstoprovidethemselveswithbiscuitfortwentydays，hesuddenlypitchedhiscampnearTongres，whiletheenemystillsupposedhiminhiswinterquartersofParis，expectingtheslowarrivalofhisconvoysfromAquitain。WithoutallowingtheFrankstouniteordeliberate，heskilfullyspreadhislegionsfromColognetotheocean；andbytheterror，aswellasbythesuccess，ofhisarms，soonreducedthesupplianttribestoimploretheclemency，andtoobeythecommands，oftheirconqueror。TheChamavianssubmissivelyretiredtotheirformerhabitationsbeyondtheRhine；buttheSalianswerepermittedtopossesstheirnewestablishmentofToxandria，asthesubjectsandauxiliariesoftheRomanempire。^82Thetreatywasratifiedbysolemnoaths；
　　andperpetualinspectorswereappointedtoresideamongtheFranks，withtheauthorityofenforcingthestrictobservanceoftheconditions。Anincidentisrelated，interestingenoughinitself，andbynomeansrepugnanttothecharacterofJulian，whoingeniouslycontrivedboththeplotandthecatastropheofthetragedy。WhentheChamavianssuedforpeace，herequiredthesonoftheirking，astheonlyhostageonwhomhecouldrely。A
　　mournfulsilence，interruptedbytearsandgroans，declaredthesadperplexityoftheBarbarians；andtheiragedchieflamentedinpatheticlanguage，thathisprivatelosswasnowimbitteredbyasenseofpubliccalamity。WhiletheChamavianslayprostrateatthefootofhisthrone，theroyalcaptive，whomtheybelievedtohavebeenslain，unexpectedlyappearedbeforetheireyes；andassoonasthetumultofjoywashushedintoattention，theCaesaraddressedtheassemblyinthefollowingterms:"Beholdtheson，theprince，whomyouwept。Youhadlosthimbyyourfault。
　　GodandtheRomanshaverestoredhimtoyou。Ishallstillpreserveandeducatetheyouth，ratherasamonumentofmyownvirtue，thanasapledgeofyoursincerity。Shouldyoupresumetoviolatethefaithwhichyouhavesworn，thearmsoftherepublicwillavengetheperfidy，notontheinnocent，butontheguilty。"TheBarbarianswithdrewfromhispresence，impressedwiththewarmestsentimentsofgratitudeandadmiration。^83
　　[Footnote79:LibaniusOrat。iii。p。137drawsaverylivelypictureofthemannersoftheFranks。]
　　[Footnote80:Ammianus，xvii。2。Libanius，Orat。x。p。278。TheGreekorator，bymisapprehendingapassageofJulian，hasbeeninducedtorepresenttheFranksasconsistingofathousandmen；
　　andashisheadwasalwaysfullofthePeloponnesianwar，hecomparesthemtotheLacedaemonians，whowerebesiegedandtakenintheIslandofSphatoria。]
　　[Footnote81:Julian。adS。P。Q。Athen。p。280。Libanius，Orat。
　　x。p。278。AccordingtotheexpressionofLibanius，theemperor，whichLaBleterieunderstandsViedeJulien，p。118asanhonestconfession，andValesiusadAmmian。xvii。2asameanevasion，ofthetruth。DomBouquet，HistoriensdeFrance，tom。
　　i。p。733，bysubstitutinganotherword，wouldsuppressboththedifficultyandthespiritofthispassage。]
　　[Footnote82:Ammian。xvii。8。Zosimus，l。iii。p。146—150，hisnarrativeisdarkenedbyamixtureoffable，andJulian。adS。
　　P。Q。Athen。p。280。Hisexpression。ThisdifferenceoftreatmentconfirmstheopinionthattheSalianFrankswerepermittedtoretainthesettlementsinToxandria。
　　Note:AnewlydiscoveredfragmentofEunapius，whomZosimusprobablytranscribed，illustratesthistransaction。"JuliancommandedtheRomanstoabstainfromallhostilemeasuresagainsttheSalians，neithertowasteorravagetheirowncountry，forhecalledeverycountrytheirownwhichwassurrenderedwithoutresistanceortoilonthepartoftheconquerors。"Mai，Script。
　　VezNov。Collect。ii。256，andEunapiusinNiebuhr，Byzant。
　　Hist。]
　　[Footnote83:Thisinterestingstory，whichZosimushasabridged，isrelatedbyEunapius，inExcerpt。Legationum，p。15，16，17，
　　withalltheamplificationsofGrecianrhetoric:butthesilenceofLibanius，ofAmmianus，andofJulianhimself，rendersthetruthofitextremelysuspicious。]
　　ItwasnotenoughforJuliantohavedeliveredtheprovincesofGaulfromtheBarbariansofGermany。Heaspiredtoemulatethegloryofthefirstandmostillustriousoftheemperors；
　　afterwhoseexample，hecomposedhisowncommentariesoftheGallicwar。^84Caesarhasrelated，withconsciouspride，themannerinwhichhetwicepassedtheRhine。Juliancouldboast，thatbeforeheassumedthetitleofAugustus，hehadcarriedtheRomaneaglesbeyondthatgreatriverinthreesuccessfulexpeditions。^85TheconsternationoftheGermans，afterthebattleofStrasburgh，encouragedhimtothefirstattempt；andthereluctanceofthetroopssoonyieldedtothepersuasiveeloquenceofaleader，whosharedthefatiguesanddangerswhichheimposedonthemeanestofthesoldiers。ThevillagesoneithersideoftheMeyn，whichwereplentifullystoredwithcornandcattle，felttheravagesofaninvadingarmy。Theprincipalhouses，constructedwithsomeimitationofRomanelegance，wereconsumedbytheflames；andtheCaesarboldlyadvancedabouttenmiles，tillhisprogresswasstoppedbyadarkandimpenetrableforest，underminedbysubterraneouspassages，whichthreatenedwithsecretsnaresandambusheverystepoftheassailants。Thegroundwasalreadycoveredwithsnow；andJulian，afterrepairinganancientcastlewhichhadbeenerectedbyTrajan，grantedatruceoftenmonthstothesubmissiveBarbarians。Attheexpirationofthetruce，JulianundertookasecondexpeditionbeyondtheRhine，tohumbletheprideofSurmarandHortaire，twoofthekingsoftheAlemanni，whohadbeenpresentatthebattleofStrasburgh。TheypromisedtorestorealltheRomancaptiveswhoyetremainedalive；andastheCaesarhadprocuredanexactaccountfromthecitiesandvillagesofGaul，oftheinhabitantswhomtheyhadlost，hedetectedeveryattempttodeceivehim，withadegreeofreadinessandaccuracy，whichalmostestablishedthebeliefofhissupernaturalknowledge。Histhirdexpeditionwasstillmoresplendidandimportantthanthetwoformer。TheGermanshadcollectedtheirmilitarypowers，andmovedalongtheoppositebanksoftheriver，withadesignofdestroyingthebridge，andofpreventingthepassageoftheRomans。Butthisjudiciousplanofdefencewasdisconcertedbyaskilfuldiversion。Threehundredlight—armedandactivesoldiersweredetachedinfortysmallboats，tofalldownthestreaminsilence，andtolandatsomedistancefromthepostsoftheenemy。Theyexecutedtheirorderswithsomuchboldnessandcelerity，thattheyhadalmostsurprisedtheBarbarianchiefs，whoreturnedinthefearlessconfidenceofintoxicationfromoneoftheirnocturnalfestivals。Withoutrepeatingtheuniformanddisgustingtaleofslaughteranddevastation，itissufficienttoobserve，thatJuliandictatedhisownconditionsofpeacetosixofthehaughtiestkingsoftheAlemanni，threeofwhomwerepermittedtoviewtheseveredisciplineandmartialpompofaRomancamp。Followedbytwentythousandcaptives，whomhehadrescuedfromthechainsoftheBarbarians，theCaesarrepassedtheRhine，afterterminatingawar，thesuccessofwhichhasbeencomparedtotheancientgloriesofthePunicandCimbricvictories。
　　[Footnote84:Libanius，thefriendofJulian，clearlyinsinuatesOrat。ix。p。178thathisherohadcomposedthehistoryofhisGalliccampaignsButZosimusl。iii。p，140seemstohavederivedhisinformationonlyfromtheOrationsandtheEpistlesofJulian。ThediscoursewhichisaddressedtotheAthenianscontainsanaccurate，thoughgeneral，accountofthewaragainsttheGermans。]
　　[Footnote85:SeeAmmian。xvii。1，10，xviii。2，andZosim。l。
　　iii。p。144。JulianadS。P。Q。Athen。p。280。]
　　AssoonasthevalorandconductofJulianhadsecuredanintervalofpeace，heappliedhimselftoaworkmorecongenialtohishumaneandphilosophictemper。ThecitiesofGaul，whichhadsufferedfromtheinroadsoftheBarbarians，hediligentlyrepaired；andsevenimportantposts，betweenMentzandthemouthoftheRhine，areparticularlymentioned，ashavingbeenrebuiltandfortifiedbytheorderofJulian。^86ThevanquishedGermanshadsubmittedtothejustbuthumiliatingconditionofpreparingandconveyingthenecessarymaterials。TheactivezealofJulianurgedtheprosecutionofthework；andsuchwasthespiritwhichhehaddiffusedamongthetroops，thattheauxiliariesthemselves，waivingtheirexemptionfromanydutiesoffatigue，contendedinthemostservilelaborswiththediligenceoftheRomansoldiers。