TheapprehensionsoftheGaulswerederivedfromtheknowledgeoftheimpendingandinevitabledanger。Assoonastheprovinceswereexhaustedoftheirmilitarystrength，theGermanswouldviolateatreatywhichhadbeenimposedontheirfears；andnotwithstandingtheabilitiesandvalorofJulian，thegeneralofanominalarmy，towhomthepubliccalamitieswouldbeimputed，mustfindhimself，afteravainresistance，eitheraprisonerinthecampofthebarbarians，oracriminalinthepalaceofConstantius。IfJuliancompliedwiththeorderswhichhehadreceived，hesubscribedhisowndestruction，andthatofapeoplewhodeservedhisaffection。Butapositiverefusalwasanactofrebellion，andadeclarationofwar。Theinexorablejealousyoftheemperor，theperemptory，andperhapsinsidious，natureofhiscommands，leftnotanyroomforafairapology，orcandidinterpretation；andthedependentstationoftheCaesarscarcelyallowedhimtopauseortodeliberate。SolitudeincreasedtheperplexityofJulian；hecouldnolongerapplytothefaithfulcounselsofSallust，whohadbeenremovedfromhisofficebythejudiciousmaliceoftheeunuchs:hecouldnotevenenforcehisrepresentationsbytheconcurrenceoftheministers，whowouldhavebeenafraidorashamedtoapprovetheruinofGaul。Themomenthadbeenchosen，whenLupicinus，^5thegeneralofthecavalry，wasdespatchedintoBritain，torepulsetheinroadsoftheScotsandPicts；andFlorentiuswasoccupiedatViennabytheassessmentofthetribute。Thelatter，acraftyandcorruptstatesman，decliningtoassumearesponsiblepartonthisdangerousoccasion，eludedthepressingandrepeatedinvitationsofJulian，whorepresentedtohim，thatineveryimportantmeasure，thepresenceofthepraefectwasindispensableinthecounciloftheprince。InthemeanwhiletheCaesarwasoppressedbytherudeandimportunatesolicitationsoftheImperialmessengers，whopresumedtosuggest，thatifheexpectedthereturnofhisministers，hewouldchargehimselfwiththeguiltofthedelay，andreserveforthemthemeritoftheexecution。Unabletoresist，unwillingtocomply，Julianexpressed，inthemostseriousterms，hiswish，andevenhisintention，ofresigningthepurple，whichhecouldnotpreservewithhonor，butwhichhecouldnotabdicatewithsafety。
　　[Footnote4:Theminuteinterval，whichmaybeinterposed，betweenthehyemeadultaandtheprimovereofAmmianus，xx。l。
　　4，insteadofallowingasufficientspaceforamarchofthreethousandmiles，wouldrendertheordersofConstantiusasextravagantastheywereunjust。ThetroopsofGaulcouldnothavereachedSyriatilltheendofautumn。ThememoryofAmmianusmusthavebeeninaccurate，andhislanguageincorrect。
　　Note:ThelateeditorofAmmianusattemptstovindicatehisauthorfromthechargeofinaccuracy。"Itisclear，fromthewholecourseofthenarrative，thatConstantiusentertainedthisdesignofdemandinghistroopsfromJulian，immediatelyafterthetakingofAmida，intheautumnoftheprecedingyear，andhadtransmittedhisordersintoGaul，beforeitwasknownthatLupicinushadgoneintoBritainwiththeHeruliansandBatavians。"Wagner，notetoAmm。xx。4。Butitseemsalsoclearthatthetroopswereinwinterquartershiemabantwhentheordersarrived。Ammianuscanscarcelybeacquittedofincorrectnessinhislanguageatleast。—M]
　　[Footnote5:Ammianus，xx。l。ThevalorofLupicinus，andhismilitaryskill，areacknowledgedbythehistorian，who，inhisaffectedlanguage，accusesthegeneralofexaltingthehornsofhispride，bellowinginatragictone，andexcitingadoubtwhetherhewasmorecrueloravaricious。ThedangerfromtheScotsandPictswassoseriousthatJulianhimselfhadsomethoughtsofpassingoverintotheisland。]
　　Afterapainfulconflict，Julianwascompelledtoacknowledge，thatobediencewasthevirtueofthemosteminentsubject，andthatthesovereignalonewasentitledtojudgeofthepublicwelfare。HeissuedthenecessaryordersforcarryingintoexecutionthecommandsofConstantius；apartofthetroopsbegantheirmarchfortheAlps；andthedetachmentsfromtheseveralgarrisonsmovedtowardstheirrespectiveplacesofassembly。Theyadvancedwithdifficultythroughthetremblingandaffrightedcrowdsofprovincials，whoattemptedtoexcitetheirpitybysilentdespair，orloudlamentations，whilethewivesofthesoldiers，holdingtheirinfantsintheirarms，accusedthedesertionoftheirhusbands，inthemixedlanguageofgrief，oftenderness，andofindignation。ThissceneofgeneraldistressafflictedthehumanityoftheCaesar；hegrantedasufficientnumberofpost—wagonstotransportthewivesandfamiliesofthesoldiers，^6endeavoredtoalleviatethehardshipswhichhewasconstrainedtoinflict，andincreased，bythemostlaudablearts，hisownpopularity，andthediscontentoftheexiledtroops。Thegriefofanarmedmultitudeissoonconvertedintorage；theirlicentiousmurmurs，whicheveryhourwerecommunicatedfromtenttotentwithmoreboldnessandeffect，preparedtheirmindsforthemostdaringactsofsedition；andbytheconnivanceoftheirtribunes，aseasonablelibelwassecretlydispersed，whichpaintedinlivelycolorsthedisgraceoftheCaesar，theoppressionoftheGallicarmy，andthefeeblevicesofthetyrantofAsia。TheservantsofConstantiuswereastonishedandalarmedbytheprogressofthisdangerousspirit。TheypressedtheCaesartohastenthedepartureofthetroops；buttheyimprudentlyrejectedthehonestandjudiciousadviceofJulian；
　　whoproposedthattheyshouldnotmarchthroughParis，andsuggestedthedangerandtemptationofalastinterview。
　　[Footnote6:Hegrantedthemthepermissionofthecursusclavularis，orclabularis。Thesepost—wagonsareoftenmentionedintheCode，andweresupposedtocarryfifteenhundredpoundsweight。SeeVales。adAmmian。xx。4。]
　　Assoonastheapproachofthetroopswasannounced，theCaesarwentouttomeetthem，andascendedhistribunal，whichhadbeenerectedinaplainbeforethegatesofthecity。Afterdistinguishingtheofficersandsoldiers，whobytheirrankormeritdeservedapeculiarattention，Julianaddressedhimselfinastudiedorationtothesurroundingmultitude:hecelebratedtheirexploitswithgratefulapplause；encouragedthemtoaccept，withalacrity，thehonorofservingundertheeyeofapowerfulandliberalmonarch；andadmonishedthem，thatthecommandsofAugustusrequiredaninstantandcheerfulobedience。Thesoldiers，whowereapprehensiveofoffendingtheirgeneralbyanindecentclamor，orofbelyingtheirsentimentsbyfalseandvenalacclamations，maintainedanobstinatesilence；andafterashortpause，weredismissedtotheirquarters。TheprincipalofficerswereentertainedbytheCaesar，whoprofessed，inthewarmestlanguageoffriendship，hisdesireandhisinabilitytoreward，accordingtotheirdeserts，thebravecompanionsofhisvictories。Theyretiredfromthefeast，fullofgriefandperplexity；andlamentedthehardshipoftheirfate，whichtorethemfromtheirbelovedgeneralandtheirnativecountry。Theonlyexpedientwhichcouldpreventtheirseparationwasboldlyagitatedandapprovedthepopularresentmentwasinsensiblymouldedintoaregularconspiracy；theirjustreasonsofcomplaintwereheightenedbypassion，andtheirpassionswereinflamedbywine；as，ontheeveoftheirdeparture，thetroopswereindulgedinlicentiousfestivity。Atthehourofmidnight，theimpetuousmultitude，withswords，andbows，andtorchesintheirhands，rushedintothesuburbs；encompassedthepalace；^7
　　and，carelessoffuturedangers，pronouncedthefatalandirrevocablewords，JulianAugustus!Theprince，whoseanxioussuspensewasinterruptedbytheirdisorderlyacclamations，securedthedoorsagainsttheirintrusion；andaslongasitwasinhispower，secludedhispersonanddignityfromtheaccidentsofanocturnaltumult。Atthedawnofday，thesoldiers，whosezealwasirritatedbyopposition，forciblyenteredthepalace，seized，withrespectfulviolence，theobjectoftheirchoice，guardedJulianwithdrawnswordsthroughthestreetsofParis，placedhimonthetribunal，andwithrepeatedshoutssalutedhimastheiremperor。Prudence，aswellasloyalty，inculcatedtheproprietyofresistingtheirtreasonabledesigns；andofpreparing，forhisoppressedvirtue，theexcuseofviolence。
　　Addressinghimselfbyturnstothemultitudeandtoindividuals，hesometimesimploredtheirmercy，andsometimesexpressedhisindignation；conjuredthemnottosullythefameoftheirimmortalvictories；andventuredtopromise，thatiftheywouldimmediatelyreturntotheirallegiance，hewouldundertaketoobtainfromtheemperornotonlyafreeandgraciouspardon，buteventherevocationoftheorderswhichhadexcitedtheirresentment。Butthesoldiers，whowereconsciousoftheirguilt，choserathertodependonthegratitudeofJulian，thanontheclemencyoftheemperor。Theirzealwasinsensiblyturnedintoimpatience，andtheirimpatienceintorage。TheinflexibleCaesarsustained，tillthethirdhouroftheday，theirprayers，theirreproaches，andtheirmenaces；nordidheyield，tillhehadbeenrepeatedlyassured，thatifhewishedtolive，hemustconsenttoreign。Hewasexaltedonashieldinthepresence，andamidsttheunanimousacclamations，ofthetroops；arichmilitarycollar，whichwasofferedbychance，suppliedthewantofadiadem；^8theceremonywasconcludedbythepromiseofamoderatedonative；andthenewemperor，overwhelmedwithrealoraffectedgriefretiredintothemostsecretrecessesofhisapartment。^10
　　[Footnote7:Mostprobablythepalaceofthebaths，Thermarum，
　　ofwhichasolidandloftyhallstillsubsistsintheRuedelaHarpe。Thebuildingscoveredaconsiderablespaceofthemodernquarteroftheuniversity；andthegardens，undertheMerovingiankings，communicatedwiththeabbeyofSt。GermaindesPrez。BytheinjuriesoftimeandtheNormans，thisancientpalacewasreduced，inthetwelfthcentury，toamazeofruins，whosedarkrecesseswerethesceneoflicentiouslove。
　　Explicataulasinusmontemqueamplectituralis；
　　Multiplicilatebrascelerumtersuraruborem……pereuntissaepepudorisCelaturanefas，Venerisqueaccommodafurtis。
　　TheselinesarequotedfromtheArchitrenius，l。iv。c。8，apoeticalworkofJohndeHauteville，orHanville，amonkofSt。
　　Alban's，abouttheyear1190。SeeWarton'sHistoryofEnglishPoetry，vol。i。dissert。ii。YetsuchtheftsmightbelesspernicioustomankindthanthetheologicaldisputesoftheSorbonne，whichhavebeensinceagitatedonthesameground。
　　Bonamy，Mem。del'Academie，tom。xv。p。678—632]
　　[Footnote8:Eveninthistumultuousmoment，Julianattendedtotheformsofsuperstitiousceremony，andobstinatelyrefusedtheinauspicioususeofafemalenecklace，orahorsecollar，whichtheimpatientsoldierswouldhaveemployedintheroomofadiadem。]
　　[Footnote9:Anequalproportionofgoldandsilver，fivepiecesoftheformeronepoundofthelatter；thewholeamountingtoaboutfivepoundstenshillingsofourmoney。]
　　[Footnote10:Forthewholenarrativeofthisrevolt，wemayappealtoauthenticandoriginalmaterials；Julianhimself，adS。P。Q。Atheniensem，p。282，283，284，Libanius，Orat。
　　Parental。c。44—48，inFabricius，Bibliot。Graec。tom。vii。p。
　　269—273，Ammianus，xx。4，andZosimus，l。iii。p。151，152，153。who，inthereignofJulian，appearstofollowthemorerespectableauthorityofEunapius。Withsuchguideswemightneglecttheabbreviatorsandecclesiasticalhistorians。]
　　ThegriefofJuliancouldproceedonlyfromhisinnocence；
　　outhisinnocencemustappearextremelydoubtful^11intheeyesofthosewhohavelearnedtosuspectthemotivesandtheprofessionsofprinces。Hislivelyandactivemindwassusceptibleofthevariousimpressionsofhopeandfear，ofgratitudeandrevenge，ofdutyandofambition，oftheloveoffame，andofthefearofreproach。Butitisimpossibleforustocalculatetherespectiveweightandoperationofthesesentiments；ortoascertaintheprinciplesofactionwhichmightescapetheobservation，whiletheyguided，orratherimpelled，thestepsofJulianhimself。Thediscontentofthetroopswasproducedbythemaliceofhisenemies；theirtumultwasthenaturaleffectofinterestandofpassion；andifJulianhadtriedtoconcealadeepdesignundertheappearancesofchance，hemusthaveemployedthemostconsummateartificewithoutnecessity，andprobablywithoutsuccess。Hesolemnlydeclares，inthepresenceofJupiter，oftheSun，ofMars，ofMinerva，andofalltheotherdeities，thattillthecloseoftheeveningwhichprecededhiselevation，hewasutterlyignorantofthedesignsofthesoldiers；^12anditmayseemungeneroustodistrustthehonorofaheroandthetruthofaphilosopher。YetthesuperstitiousconfidencethatConstantiuswastheenemy，andthathehimselfwasthefavorite，ofthegods，mightprompthimtodesire，tosolicit，andeventohastentheauspiciousmomentofhisreign，whichwaspredestinedtorestoretheancientreligionofmankind。WhenJulianhadreceivedtheintelligenceoftheconspiracy，heresignedhimselftoashortslumber；andafterwardsrelatedtohisfriendsthathehadseenthegeniusoftheempirewaitingwithsomeimpatienceathisdoor，pressingforadmittance，andreproachinghiswantofspiritandambition。^13
　　Astonishedandperplexed，headdressedhisprayerstothegreatJupiter，whoimmediatelysignified，byaclearandmanifestomen，thatheshouldsubmittothewillofheavenandofthearmy。Theconductwhichdisclaimstheordinarymaximsofreason，excitesoursuspicionandeludesourinquiry。Wheneverthespiritoffanaticism，atoncesocredulousandsocrafty，hasinsinuateditselfintoanoblemind，itinsensiblycorrodesthevitalprinciplesofvirtueandveracity。
　　[Footnote11:Eutropius，arespectablewitness，usesadoubtfulexpression，"consensumilitum。"x。15。GregoryNazianzen，whoseignorancenightexcusehisfanaticism，directlychargestheapostatewithpresumption，madness，andimpiousrebellion，Orat。
　　iii。p。67。]
　　[Footnote12:Julian。adS。P。Q。Athen。p。284。ThedevoutAbbedelaBleterieViedeJulien，p。159isalmostinclinedtorespectthedevoutprotestationsofaPagan。]
　　[Footnote13:Ammian。xx。5，withthenoteofLindenbrogiusontheGeniusoftheempire。Julianhimself，inaconfidentiallettertohisfriendandphysician，Oribasius，Epist。xvii。p。
　　384，mentionsanotherdream，towhich，beforetheevent，hegavecredit；ofastatelytreethrowntotheground，ofasmallplantstrikingadeeprootintotheearth。Eveninhissleep，themindoftheCaesarmusthavebeenagitatedbythehopesandfearsofhisfortune。Zosimusl。iii。p。155relatesasubsequentdream。]
　　Tomoderatethezealofhisparty，toprotectthepersonsofhisenemies，^14todefeatandtodespisethesecretenterpriseswhichwereformedagainsthislifeanddignity，werethecareswhichemployedthefirstdaysofthereignofthenewemperor。
　　Althoughhewasfirmlyresolvedtomaintainthestationwhichhehadassumed，hewasstilldesirousofsavinghiscountryfromthecalamitiesofcivilwar，ofdecliningacontestwiththesuperiorforcesofConstantius，andofpreservinghisowncharacterfromthereproachofperfidyandingratitude。Adornedwiththeensignsofmilitaryandimperialpomp，JulianshowedhimselfinthefieldofMarstothesoldiers，whoglowedwithardententhusiasminthecauseoftheirpupil，theirleader，andtheirfriend。Herecapitulatedtheirvictories，lamentedtheirsufferings，applaudedtheirresolution，animatedtheirhopes，andcheckedtheirimpetuosity；nordidhedismisstheassembly，tillhehadobtainedasolemnpromisefromthetroops，thatiftheemperoroftheEastwouldsubscribeanequitabletreaty，theywouldrenounceanyviewsofconquest，andsatisfythemselveswiththetranquilpossessionoftheGallicprovinces。Onthisfoundationhecomposed，inhisownname，andinthatofthearmy，aspeciousandmoderateepistle，^15whichwasdeliveredtoPentadius，hismasteroftheoffices，andtohischamberlainEutherius；twoambassadorswhomheappointedtoreceivetheanswer，andobservethedispositionsofConstantius。ThisepistleisinscribedwiththemodestappellationofCaesar；butJuliansolicitsinaperemptory，thoughrespectful，manner，theconfirmationofthetitleofAugustus。Heacknowledgestheirregularityofhisownelection，whilehejustifies，insomemeasure，theresentmentandviolenceofthetroopswhichhadextortedhisreluctantconsent。
　　HeallowsthesupremacyofhisbrotherConstantius；andengagestosendhimanannualpresentofSpanishhorses，torecruithisarmywithaselectnumberofbarbarianyouths，andtoacceptfromhischoiceaPraetorianpraefectofapproveddiscretionandfidelity。Buthereservesforhimselfthenominationofhisothercivilandmilitaryofficers，withthetroops，therevenue，andthesovereigntyoftheprovincesbeyondtheAlps。Headmonishestheemperortoconsultthedictatesofjustice；todistrusttheartsofthosevenalflatterers，whosubsistonlybythediscordofprinces；andtoembracetheofferofafairandhonorabletreaty，equallyadvantageoustotherepublicandtothehouseofConstantine。InthisnegotiationJulianclaimednomorethanhealreadypossessed。ThedelegatedauthoritywhichhehadlongexercisedovertheprovincesofGaul，Spain，andBritain，wasstillobeyedunderanamemoreindependentandaugust。Thesoldiersandthepeoplerejoicedinarevolutionwhichwasnotstainedevenwiththebloodoftheguilty。Florentiuswasafugitive；Lupicinusaprisoner。Thepersonswhoweredisaffectedtothenewgovernmentweredisarmedandsecured；andthevacantofficesweredistributed，accordingtotherecommendationofmerit，byaprincewhodespisedtheintriguesofthepalace，andtheclamorsofthesol-KanbaAPp点com-diers。^16
　　[Footnote14:ThedifficultsituationoftheprinceofarebelliousarmyisfinelydescribedbyTacitus，Hist。1，80—85。
　　ButOthohadmuchmoreguilt，andmuchlessabilities，thanJulian。]
　　[Footnote15:Tothisostensibleepistleheadded，saysAmmianus，privateletters，objurgatoriasetmordaces，whichthehistorianhadnotseen，andwouldnothavepublished。Perhapstheyneverexisted。]
　　[Footnote16:Seethefirsttransactionsofhisreign，inJulian。
　　adS。P。Q。Athen。p。285，286。Ammianus，xx。5，8。Liban。
　　Orat。Parent。c。49，50，p。273—275。]
　　Thenegotiationsofpeacewereaccompaniedandsupportedbythemostvigorouspreparationsforwar。Thearmy，whichJulianheldinreadinessforimmediateaction，wasrecruitedandaugmentedbythedisordersofthetimes。ThecruelpersecutionsofthefactionofMagnentiushadfilledGaulwithnumerousbandsofoutlawsandrobbers。Theycheerfullyacceptedtheofferofageneralpardonfromaprincewhomtheycouldtrust，submittedtotherestraintsofmilitarydiscipline，andretainedonlytheirimplacablehatredtothepersonandgovernmentofConstantius。