ii。12。Theseexcavationsandreservoirsmusthavebeenveryconsiderable。ThelatterfurnishedwaterduringthewholesiegeofJerusalemto1，100，000inhabitants，forwhomthefountainofSiloecouldnothavesufficed，andwhohadnofreshrain—water，thesiegehavingtakenplacefromthemonthofApriltothemonthofAugust，aperiodoftheyearduringwhichitrarelyrainsinJerusalem。Astotheexcavations，theyservedafter，andevenbefore，thereturnoftheJewsfromBabylon，tocontainnotonlymagazinesofoil，wine，andcorn，butalsothetreasureswhichwerelaidupintheTemple。Josephushasrelatedseveralincidentswhichshowtheirextent。WhenJerusalemwasonthepointofbeingtakenbyTitus，therebelchiefs，placingtheirlasthopesinthesevastsubterraneancavities，formedadesignofconcealingthemselvesthere，andremainingduringtheconflagrationofthecity，anduntiltheRomanshadretiredtoadistance。Thegreaterparthadnottimetoexecutetheirdesign；
　　butoneofthem，Simon，theSonofGioras，havingprovidedhimselfwithfood，andtoolstoexcavatetheearthdescendedintothisretreatwithsomecompanions:heremainedtheretillTitushadsetoutforRome:underthepressureoffamineheissuedforthonasuddenintheveryplacewheretheTemplehadstood，andappearedinthemidstoftheRomanguard。HewasseizedandcarriedtoRomeforthetriumph。HisappearancemadeitbesuspectedthatotherJewsmighthavechosenthesameasylum；
　　searchwasmade，andagreatnumberdiscovered。Joseph。deBell。
　　Jud。l。vii。c。2。ItisprobablethatthegreaterpartoftheseexcavationsweretheremainsofthetimeofSolomon，whenitwasthecustomtoworktoagreatextentunderground:nootherdatecanbeassignedtothem。TheJews，ontheirreturnfromthecaptivity，weretoopoortoundertakesuchworks；and，althoughHerod，onrebuildingtheTemple，madesomeexcavations，Joseph。
　　Ant。Jud。xv。11，vii。，thehastewithwhichthatbuildingwascompletedwillnotallowustosupposethattheybelongedtothatperiod。Somewereusedforsewersanddrains，othersservedtoconcealtheimmensetreasuresofwhichCrassus，ahundredandtwentyyearsbefore，plunderedtheJews，andwhichdoubtlesshadbeensincereplaced。TheTemplewasdestroyedA。C。70；theattemptofJuliantorebuildit，andthefactrelatedbyAmmianus，coincidewiththeyear363。Therehadthenelapsedbetweenthesetwoepochsanintervalofnear300years，duringwhichtheexcavations，chokedupwithruins，musthavebecomefullofinflammableair。TheworkmenemployedbyJulianastheyweredigging，arrivedattheexcavationsoftheTemple；theywouldtaketorchestoexplorethem；suddenflamesrepelledthosewhoapproached；explosionswereheard，andthesephenomenawererenewedeverytimethattheypenetratedintonewsubterraneanpassages。Thisexplanationisconfirmedbytherelationofaneventnearlysimilar，byJosephus。KingHerodhavingheardthatimmensetreasureshadbeenconcealedinthesepulchreofDavid，hedescendedintoitwithafewconfidentialpersons；hefoundinthefirstsubterraneanchamberonlyjewelsandpreciousstuffs:
　　buthavingwishedtopenetrateintoasecondchamber，whichhadbeenlongclosed，hewasrepelled，whenheopenedit，byflameswhichkilledthosewhoaccompaniedhim。Ant。Jud。xvi。7，i。
　　Asherethereisnoroomformiracle，thisfactmaybeconsideredasanewproofoftheveracityofthatrelatedbyAmmianusandthecontemporarywriters。—G。
　　TotheillustrationsoftheextentofthesubterraneanchambersadducedbyMichaelis，maybeadded，thatwhenJohnofGischala，duringthesiege，surprisedtheTemple，thepartyofEleazartookrefugewithinthem。Bell。Jud。vi。3，i。ThesuddensinkingofthehillofSionwhenJerusalemwasoccupiedbyBarchocab，mayhavebeenconnectedwithsimilarexcavations。
　　Hist。ofJews，vol。iii。122and186。—M。
　　[Footnote*:Itisafactnowpopularlyknown，thatwhenmineswhichhavebeenlongclosedareopened，oneoftwothingstakesplace；eitherthetorchesareextinguishedandthemenfallfirstintoaswoorandsoondie；or，iftheairisinflammable，alittleflameisseentoflickerroundthelamp，whichspreadsandmultipliestilltheconflagrationbecomesgeneral，isfollowedbyanexplosion，andkillallwhoareintheway。—G。]
　　[Footnote84:Dr。Lardner，perhapsaloneoftheChristiancritics，presumestodoubtthetruthofthisfamousmiracle。
　　JewishandHeathenTestimonies，vol。iv。p。47—71。]
　　ThesilenceofJeromwouldleadtoasuspicionthatthesamestorywhichwascelebratedatadistance，mightbedespisedonthespot。
　　Note:GibbonhasforgottenBasnage，towhomWarburtonreplied。—
　　M。]
　　ChapterXXIII:ReignOfJulian。
　　PartIV。
　　TherestorationoftheJewishtemplewassecretlyconnectedwiththeruinoftheChristianchurch。Julianstillcontinuedtomaintainthefreedomofreligiousworship，withoutdistinguishingwhetherthisuniversaltolerationproceededfromhisjusticeorhisclemency。HeaffectedtopitytheunhappyChristians，whoweremistakeninthemostimportantobjectoftheirlives；buthispitywasdegradedbycontempt，hiscontemptwasembitteredbyhatred；andthesentimentsofJulianwereexpressedinastyleofsarcasticwit，whichinflictsadeepanddeadlywound，wheneveritissuesfromthemouthofasovereign。AshewassensiblethattheChristiansgloriedinthenameoftheirRedeemer，hecountenanced，andperhapsenjoined，theuseofthelesshonorableappellationofGalilaeans。^85Hedeclared，thatbythefollyoftheGalilaeans，whomhedescribesasasectoffanatics，contemptibletomen，andodioustothegods，theempirehadbeenreducedtothebrinkofdestruction；andheinsinuatesinapublicedict，thatafranticpatientmightsometimesbecuredbysalutaryviolence。^86AnungenerousdistinctionwasadmittedintothemindandcounselsofJulian，that，accordingtothedifferenceoftheirreligioussentiments，onepartofhissubjectsdeservedhisfavorandfriendship，whiletheotherwasentitledonlytothecommonbenefitsthathisjusticecouldnotrefusetoanobedientpeople。Accordingtoaprinciple，pregnantwithmischiefandoppression，theemperortransferredtothepontiffsofhisownreligionthemanagementoftheliberalallowancesforthepublicrevenue，whichhadbeengrantedtothechurchbythepietyofConstantineandhissons。Theproudsystemofclericalhonorsandimmunities，whichhadbeenconstructedwithsomuchartandlabor，waslevelledtotheground；thehopesoftestamentarydonationswereinterceptedbytherigorofthelaws；andthepriestsoftheChristiansectwereconfoundedwiththelastandmostignominiousclassofthepeople。Suchoftheseregulationsasappearednecessarytochecktheambitionandavariceoftheecclesiastics，weresoonafterwardsimitatedbythewisdomofanorthodoxprince。Thepeculiardistinctionswhichpolicyhasbestowed，orsuperstitionhaslavished，onthesacerdotalorder，mustbeconfinedtothosepriestswhoprofessthereligionofthestate。Butthewillofthelegislatorwasnotexemptfromprejudiceandpassion；anditwastheobjectoftheinsidiouspolicyofJulian，todeprivetheChristiansofallthetemporalhonorsandadvantageswhichrenderedthemrespectableintheeyesoftheworld。^88
　　[Footnote85:Greg。Naz。Orat。iii。p。81。AndthislawwasconfirmedbytheinvariablepracticeofJulianhimself。
　　Warburtonhasjustlyobservedp。35，thatthePlatonistsbelievedinthemysteriousvirtueofwordsandJulian'sdislikeforthenameofChristmightproceedfromsuperstition，aswellasfromcontempt。]
　　[Footnote86:Fragment。Julian。p。288。HederidestheEpist。
　　vii。，andsofarlosessightoftheprinciplesoftoleration，astowishEpist。xlii。。]
　　[Footnote88:Theselaws，whichaffectedtheclergy，maybefoundintheslighthintsofJulianhimself，Epist。lii。inthevaguedeclamationsofGregory，Orat。iii。p。86，87，andinthepositiveassertionsofSozomen，l。v。c。5。]
　　AjustandseverecensurehasbeeninflictedonthelawwhichprohibitedtheChristiansfromteachingtheartsofgrammarandrhetoric。^89Themotivesallegedbytheemperortojustifythispartialandoppressivemeasure，mightcommand，duringhislifetime，thesilenceofslavesandtheapplauseofGatterers。
　　JulianabusestheambiguousmeaningofawordwhichmightbeindifferentlyappliedtothelanguageandthereligionoftheGreeks:hecontemptuouslyobserves，thatthemenwhoexaltthemeritofimplicitfaithareunfittoclaimortoenjoytheadvantagesofscience；andhevainlycontends，thatiftheyrefusetoadorethegodsofHomerandDemosthenes，theyoughttocontentthemselveswithexpoundingLukeandMatthewinthechurchoftheGalilaeans。^90InallthecitiesoftheRomanworld，theeducationoftheyouthwasintrustedtomastersofgrammarandrhetoric；whowereelectedbythemagistrates，maintainedatthepublicexpense，anddistinguishedbymanylucrativeandhonorableprivileges。TheedictofJulianappearstohaveincludedthephysicians，andprofessorsofalltheliberalarts；andtheemperor，whoreservedtohimselftheapprobationofthecandidates，wasauthorizedbythelawstocorrupt，ortopunish，thereligiousconstancyofthemostlearnedoftheChristians。
　　^91Assoonastheresignationofthemoreobstinate^92teachershadestablishedtheunrivalleddominionofthePagansophists，Julianinvitedtherisinggenerationtoresortwithfreedomtothepublicschools，inajustconfidence，thattheirtendermindswouldreceivetheimpressionsofliteratureandidolatry。IfthegreatestpartoftheChristianyouthshouldbedeterredbytheirownscruples，orbythoseoftheirparents，fromacceptingthisdangerousmodeofinstruction，theymust，atthesametime，relinquishthebenefitsofaliberaleducation。Julianhadreasontoexpectthat，inthespaceofafewyears，thechurchwouldrelapseintoitsprimaevalsimplicity，andthatthetheologians，whopossessedanadequateshareofthelearningandeloquenceoftheage，wouldbesucceededbyagenerationofblindandignorantfanatics，incapableofdefendingthetruthoftheirownprinciples，orofexposingthevariousfolliesofPolytheism。^93
　　[Footnote89:Inclemens……perenniobruendumsilentio。
　　Ammian。xxii。10，ixv。5。]
　　[Footnote90:Theedictitself，whichisstillextantamongtheepistlesofJulian，xlii。，maybecomparedwiththelooseinvectivesofGregoryOrat。iii。p。96。TillemontMem。Eccles。
　　tom。vii。p。1291—1294hascollectedtheseemingdifferencesofancientsandmoderns。Theymaybeeasilyreconciled。TheChristiansweredirectlyforbidtoteach，theywereindirectlyforbidtolearn；sincetheywouldnotfrequenttheschoolsofthePagans。]
　　[Footnote91:CodexTheodos。l。xiii。tit。iii。demedicisetprofessoribus，leg。5，publishedthe17thofJune，received，atSpoletoinItaly，the29thofJuly，A。D。363，withGodefroy'sIllustrations，tom。v。p。31。]
　　[Footnote92:Orosiuscelebratestheirdisinterestedresolution，Sicutamajoribusnostriscompertumhabemus，omnesubiquepropemodum……officiumquamfidemdesereremaluerunt，vii。30。
　　Proaeresius，aChristiansophist，refusedtoacceptthepartialfavoroftheemperorHieronym。inChron。p。185，edit。Scaliger。
　　EunapiusinProaeresiop。126。]
　　[Footnote93:Theyhadrecoursetotheexpedientofcomposingbooksfortheirownschools。WithinafewmonthsApollinarisproducedhisChristianimitationsofHomer，asacredhistoryintwenty—fourbooks，Pindar，Euripides，andMenander；andSozomenissatisfied，thattheyequalled，orexcelled，theoriginals。
　　Note:Socrates，however，impliesthat，onthedeathofJulian，theywerecontemptuouslythrownasidebytheChristians。
　　Socr。Hist。iii。16。—M。]
　　ItwasundoubtedlythewishanddesignofJuliantodeprivetheChristiansoftheadvantagesofwealth，ofknowledge，andofpower；buttheinjusticeofexcludingthemfromallofficesoftrustandprofitseemstohavebeentheresultofhisgeneralpolicy，ratherthantheimmediateconsequenceofanypositivelaw。^94Superiormeritmightdeserveandobtain，someextraordinaryexceptions；butthegreaterpartoftheChristianofficersweregraduallyremovedfromtheiremploymentsinthestate，thearmy，andtheprovinces。Thehopesoffuturecandidateswereextinguishedbythedeclaredpartialityofaprince，whomaliciouslyremindedthem，thatitwasunlawfulforaChristiantousethesword，eitherofjustice，orofwar；andwhostudiouslyguardedthecampandthetribunalswiththeensignsofidolatry。Thepowersofgovernmentwereintrustedtothepagans，whoprofessedanardentzealforthereligionoftheirancestors；
　　andasthechoiceoftheemperorwasoftendirectedbytherulesofdivination，thefavoriteswhomhepreferredasthemostagreeabletothegods，didnotalwaysobtaintheapprobationofmankind。^95Undertheadministrationoftheirenemies，theChristianshadmuchtosuffer，andmoretoapprehend。ThetemperofJulianwasaversetocruelty；andthecareofhisreputation，whichwasexposedtotheeyesoftheuniverse，restrainedthephilosophicmonarchfromviolatingthelawsofjusticeandtoleration，whichhehimselfhadsorecentlyestablished。Buttheprovincialministersofhisauthoritywereplacedinalessconspicuousstation。Intheexerciseofarbitrarypower，theyconsultedthewishes，ratherthanthecommands，oftheirsovereign；andventuredtoexerciseasecretandvexatioustyrannyagainstthesectaries，onwhomtheywerenotpermittedtoconferthehonorsofmartyrdom。Theemperor，whodissembledaslongaspossiblehisknowledgeoftheinjusticethatwasexercisedinhisname，expressedhisrealsenseoftheconductofhisofficers，bygentlereproofsandsubstantialrewards。^96
　　[Footnote94:ItwastheinstructionofJuliantohismagistrates，Epist。vii。，。Sozomenl。v。c。18andSocratesl。iii。c。13mustbereducedtothestandardofGregory，Orat。iii。p。95，notlesspronetoexaggeration，butmorerestrainedbytheactualknowledgeofhiscontemporaryreaders。]
　　[Footnote95:Libanius，Orat。Parent。88，p。814。]
　　[Footnote96:Greg。Naz。Orat。iii。p。74，91，92。Socrates，l。
　　iii。c。14。Thedoret，l。iii。c。6。Somedrawbackmay，however，beallowedfortheviolenceoftheirzeal，notlesspartialthanthezealofJulian]
　　Themosteffectualinstrumentofoppression，withwhichtheywerearmed，wasthelawthatobligedtheChristianstomakefullandamplesatisfactionforthetempleswhichtheyhaddestroyedundertheprecedingreign。Thezealofthetriumphantchurchhadnotalwaysexpectedthesanctionofthepublicauthority；andthebishops，whoweresecureofimpunity，hadoftenmarchedattheheadoftheircongregation，toattackanddemolishthefortressesoftheprinceofdarkness。Theconsecratedlands，whichhadincreasedthepatrimonyofthesovereignoroftheclergy，wereclearlydefined，andeasilyrestored。Butontheselands，andontheruinsofPagansuperstition，theChristianshadfrequentlyerectedtheirownreligiousedifices:andasitwasnecessarytoremovethechurchbeforethetemplecouldberebuilt，thejusticeandpietyoftheemperorwereapplaudedbyoneparty，whiletheotherdeploredandexecratedhissacrilegiousviolence。^97Afterthegroundwascleared，therestitutionofthosestatelystructureswhichhadbeenlevelledwiththedust，andofthepreciousornamentswhichhadbeenconvertedtoChristianuses，swelledintoaverylargeaccountofdamagesanddebt。Theauthorsoftheinjuryhadneithertheabilitynortheinclinationtodischargethisaccumulateddemand:andtheimpartialwisdomofalegislatorwouldhavebeendisplayedinbalancingtheadverseclaimsandcomplaints，byanequitableandtemperatearbitration。
　　Butthewholeempire，andparticularlytheEast，wasthrownintoconfusionbytherashedictsofJulian；andthePaganmagistrates，inflamedbyzealandrevenge，abusedtherigorousprivilegeoftheRomanlaw，whichsubstitutes，intheplaceofhisinadequateproperty，thepersonoftheinsolventdebtor。
　　Undertheprecedingreign，Mark，bishopofArethusa，^98hadlaboredintheconversionofhispeoplewitharmsmoreeffectualthanthoseofpersuasion。^99Themagistratesrequiredthefullvalueofatemplewhichhadbeendestroyedbyhisintolerantzeal:butastheyweresatisfiedofhispoverty，theydesiredonlytobendhisinflexiblespirittothepromiseoftheslightestcompensation。Theyapprehendedtheagedprelate，theyinhumanlyscourgedhim，theytorehisbeard；andhisnakedbody，annointedwithhoney，wassuspended，inanet，betweenheavenandearth，andexposedtothestingsofinsectsandtheraysofaSyriansun。^100Fromthisloftystation，Markstillpersistedtogloryinhiscrime，andtoinsulttheimpotentrageofhispersecutors。Hewasatlengthrescuedfromtheirhands，anddismissedtoenjoythehonorofhisdivinetriumph。TheArianscelebratedthevirtueoftheirpiousconfessor；theCatholicsambitiouslyclaimedhisalliance；^101andthePagans，whomightbesusceptibleofshameorremorse，weredeterredfromtherepetitionofsuchunavailingcruelty。^102Juliansparedhislife:butifthebishopofArethusahadsavedtheinfancyofJulian，^103posteritywillcondemntheingratitude，insteadofpraisingtheclemency，oftheemperor。
　　[Footnote97:IfwecomparethegentlelanguageofLibaniusOrat。Parentc。60。p。286withthepassionateexclamationsofGregory，Orat。iii。p。86，87，wemayfinditdifficulttopersuadeourselvesthatthetwooratorsarereallydescribingthesameevents。]
　　[Footnote98:Restan，orArethusa，attheequaldistanceofsixteenmilesbetweenEmesaHemsandEpiphania，Hamath，wasfounded，oratleastnamed，bySeleucusNicator。ItspeculiaraeradatesfromtheyearofRome685，accordingtothemedalsofthecity。InthedeclineoftheSeleucides，EmesaandArethusawereusurpedbytheArabSampsiceramus，whoseposterity，thevassalsofRome，werenotextinguishedinthereignofVespasian。
　　SeeD'Anville'sMapsandGeographieAncienne，tom。ii。p。134。