Fromthisfact，andfromsomecollateralexamples，Iconclude，thatunderthesuccessorsofConstantine，themoderatepriceofwheatwasaboutthirty—twoshillingstheEnglishquarter，whichisequaltotheaveragepriceofthesixty—fourfirstyearsofthepresentcentury。SeeArbuthnot'sTablesofCoins，Weights，andMeasures，p。88，89。Plin。Hist。Natur。xviii。12。Mem。del'AcademiedesInscriptions，tom。xxviii。p。718—721。Smith'sInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations，vol。
i。p246。ThislastIamproudtoquoteastheworkofasageandafriend。]
[Footnote16:Nunquamapropositodeclinabat，Gallisimilisfratris，licetincruentus。Ammian。xxii。14。Theignoranceofthemostenlightenedprincesmayclaimsomeexcuse；butwecannotbesatisfiedwithJulian'sowndefence，inMisopogon，p。363，369，ortheelaborateapologyofLibanius，Orat。Parentalc。
xcvii。p。321。]
[Footnote17:TheirshortandeasyconfinementisgentlytouchedbyLibanius，Orat。Parental。c。xcviii。p。322，323。]
[Footnote18:Libanius，adAntiochenosdeImperatorisira，c。
17，18，19，inFabricius，Bibliot。Graec。tom。vii。p。221—223，
likeaskilfuladvocate，severelycensuresthefollyofthepeople，whosufferedforthecrimeofafewobscureanddrunkenwretches。]
[Footnote19:LibaniusadAntiochen。c。vii。p。213remindsAntiochoftherecentchastisementofCaesarea；andevenJulianinMisopogon，p。355insinuateshowseverelyTarentumhadexpiatedtheinsulttotheRomanambassadors。]
[Footnote20:OnthesubjectoftheMisopogon，seeAmmianus，xxii。14，Libanius，Orat。Parentalis，c。xcix。p。323，
GregoryNazianzen，Orat。iv。p。133andtheChronicleofAntioch，byJohnMalala，tom。ii。p。15，16。IhaveessentialobligationstothetranslationandnotesoftheAbbedelaBleterie，ViedeJovien，tom。ii。p。1—138。]
[Footnote21:Ammianusveryjustlyremarks，Coactusdissimulareprotemporeirasufflabaturinterna。TheelaborateironyofJulianatlengthburstsforthintoseriousanddirectinvective。]
[Footnote22:IpseautemAntiochiamegressurus，HeliopolitenquendamAlexandrumSyriacaejurisdictionipraefecit，turbulentumetsaevum；dicebatquenonillummeruisse，sedAntiochensibusavarisetcontumeliosishujusmodijudicemconvenire。Ammian。
xxiii。2。Libanius，Epist。722，p。346，347，whoconfessestoJulianhimself，thathehadsharedthegeneraldiscontent，pretendsthatAlexanderwasauseful，thoughharsh，reformerofthemannersandreligionofAntioch。]
[Footnote23:Julian，inMisopogon，p。364。Ammian。xxiii。2，andValesius，adloc。Libanius，inaprofessedoration，inviteshimtoreturntohisloyalandpenitentcityofAntioch。]
YetAntiochpossessedonecitizen，whosegeniusandvirtuesmightatone，intheopinionofJulian，fortheviceandfollyofhiscountry。ThesophistLibaniuswasborninthecapitaloftheEast；hepubliclyprofessedtheartsofrhetoricanddeclamationatNice，Nicomedia，Constantinople，Athens，and，duringtheremainderofhislife，atAntioch。HisschoolwasassiduouslyfrequentedbytheGrecianyouth；hisdisciples，whosometimesexceededthenumberofeighty，celebratedtheirincomparablemaster；andthejealousyofhisrivals，whopersecutedhimfromonecitytoanother，confirmedthefavorableopinionwhichLibaniusostentatiouslydisplayedofhissuperiormerit。ThepreceptorsofJulianhadextortedarashbutsolemnassurance，thathewouldneverattendthelecturesoftheiradversary:thecuriosityoftheroyalyouthwascheckedandinflamed:hesecretlyprocuredthewritingsofthisdangeroussophist，andgraduallysurpassed，intheperfectimitationofhisstyle，themostlaboriousofhisdomesticpupils。^24WhenJulianascendedthethrone，hedeclaredhisimpatiencetoembraceandrewardtheSyriansophist，whohadpreserved，inadegenerateage，theGrecianpurityoftaste，ofmanners，andofreligion。Theemperor'sprepossessionwasincreasedandjustifiedbythediscreetprideofhisfavorite。Insteadofpressing，withtheforemostofthecrowd，intothepalaceofConstantinople，LibaniuscalmlyexpectedhisarrivalatAntioch；withdrewfromcourtonthefirstsymptomsofcoldnessandindifference；
requiredaformalinvitationforeachvisit；andtaughthissovereignanimportantlesson，thathemightcommandtheobedienceofasubject，butthathemustdeservetheattachmentofafriend。Thesophistsofeveryage，despising，oraffectingtodespise，theaccidentaldistinctionsofbirthandfortune，^25
reservetheiresteemforthesuperiorqualitiesofthemind，withwhichtheythemselvesaresoplentifullyendowed。Julianmightdisdaintheacclamationsofavenalcourt，whoadoredtheImperialpurple；buthewasdeeplyflatteredbythepraise，theadmonition，thefreedom，andtheenvyofanindependentphilosopher，whorefusedhisfavors，lovedhisperson，celebratedhisfame，andprotectedhismemory。ThevoluminouswritingsofLibaniusstillexist；forthemostpart，theyarethevainandidlecompositionsofanorator，whocultivatedthescienceofwords；theproductionsofareclusestudent，whosemind，regardlessofhiscontemporaries，wasincessantlyfixedontheTrojanwarandtheAtheniancommonwealth。YetthesophistofAntiochsometimesdescendedfromthisimaginaryelevation；heentertainedavariousandelaboratecorrespondence；^26hepraisedthevirtuesofhisowntimes；heboldlyarraignedtheabuseofpublicandprivatelife；andheeloquentlypleadedthecauseofAntiochagainstthejustresentmentofJulianandTheodosius。Itisthecommoncalamityofoldage，^27tolosewhatevermighthaverendereditdesirable；butLibaniusexperiencedthepeculiarmisfortuneofsurvivingthereligionandthesciences，towhichhehadconsecratedhisgenius。ThefriendofJulianwasanindignantspectatorofthetriumphofChristianity；andhisbigotry，whichdarkenedtheprospectofthevisibleworld，didnotinspireLibaniuswithanylivelyhopesofcelestialgloryandhappiness。^28
[Footnote24:Libanius，Orat。Parent。c。vii。p。230，231。]
[Footnote25:Eunapiusreports，thatLibaniusrefusedthehonoraryrankofPraetorianpraefect，aslessillustriousthanthetitleofSophist，inVit。Sophist。p。135。Thecriticshaveobservedasimilarsentimentinoneoftheepistlesxviii。edit。
WolfofLibaniushimself。]
[Footnote26:Neartwothousandofhisletters—amodeofcompositioninwhichLibaniuswasthoughttoexcel—arestillextant，andalreadypublished。Thecriticsmaypraisetheirsubtleandelegantbrevity；yetDr。BentleyDissertationuponPhalaris，p。48mightjustly，thoughquaintlyobserve，that"youfeel，bytheemptinessanddeadnessofthem，thatyouconversewithsomedreamingpedant，withhiselbowonhisdesk。"]
[Footnote27:Hisbirthisassignedtotheyear314。Hementionstheseventy—sixthyearofhisage，A。D。390，andseemstoalludetosomeeventsofastilllaterdate。]
[Footnote28:Libaniushascomposedthevain，prolix，butcuriousnarrativeofhisownlife，tom。ii。p。1—84，edit。Morell，ofwhichEunapiusp。130—135hasleftaconciseandunfavorableaccount。Amongthemoderns，Tillemont，Hist。desEmpereurs，tom。iv。p。571—576，Fabricius，Bibliot。Graec。tom。vii。p。
376—414，andLardner，HeathenTestimonies，tom。iv。p。
127—163，haveillustratedthecharacterandwritingsofthisfamoussophist。]
ChapterXXIV:TheRetreatAndDeathOfJulian。
PartII。
ThemartialimpatienceofJulianurgedhimtotakethefieldinthebeginningofthespring；andhedismissed，withcontemptandreproach，thesenateofAntioch，whoaccompaniedtheemperorbeyondthelimitsoftheirownterritory，towhichhewasresolvednevertoreturn。Afteralaboriousmarchoftwodays，^29hehaltedonthethirdatBeraea，orAleppo，wherehehadthemortificationoffindingasenatealmostentirelyChristian；whoreceivedwithcoldandformaldemonstrationsofrespecttheeloquentsermonoftheapostleofpaganism。ThesonofoneofthemostillustriouscitizensofBeraea，whohadembraced，eitherfrominterestorconscience，thereligionoftheemperor，wasdisinheritedbyhisangryparent。ThefatherandthesonwereinvitedtotheImperialtable。Julian，placinghimselfbetweenthem，attempted，withoutsuccess，toinculcatethelessonandexampleoftoleration；supported，withaffectedcalmness，theindiscreetzealoftheagedChristian，whoseemedtoforgetthesentimentsofnature，andthedutyofasubject；andatlength，turningtowardstheafflictedyouth，"Sinceyouhavelostafather，"saidhe，"formysake，itisincumbentonmetosupplyhisplace。"^30TheemperorwasreceivedinamannermuchmoreagreeabletohiswishesatBatnae，asmalltownpleasantlyseatedinagroveofcypresses，abouttwentymilesfromthecityofHierapolis。ThesolemnritesofsacrificeweredecentlypreparedbytheinhabitantsofBatnae，whoseemedattachedtotheworshipoftheirtutelardeities，ApolloandJupiter；buttheseriouspietyofJulianwasoffendedbythetumultoftheirapplause；andhetooclearlydiscerned，thatthesmokewhicharosefromtheiraltarswastheincenseofflattery，ratherthanofdevotion。Theancientandmagnificenttemplewhichhadsanctified，forsomanyages，thecityofHierapolis，^31nolongersubsisted；andtheconsecratedwealth，whichaffordedaliberalmaintenancetomorethanthreehundredpriests，mighthastenitsdownfall。YetJulianenjoyedthesatisfactionofembracingaphilosopherandafriend，whosereligiousfirmnesshadwithstoodthepressingandrepeatedsolicitationsofConstantiusandGallus，asoftenasthoseprinceslodgedathishouse，intheirpassagethroughHierapolis。Inthehurryofmilitarypreparation，andthecarelessconfidenceofafamiliarcorrespondence，thezealofJulianappearstohavebeenlivelyanduniform。Hehadnowundertakenanimportantanddifficultwar；andtheanxietyoftheeventrenderedhimstillmoreattentivetoobserveandregisterthemosttriflingpresages，fromwhich，accordingtotherulesofdivination，anyknowledgeoffuturitycouldbederived。^32HeinformedLibaniusofhisprogressasfarasHierapolis，byanelegantepistle，^33whichdisplaysthefacilityofhisgenius，andhistenderfriendshipforthesophistofAntioch。
[Footnote29:FromAntiochtoLitarbe，ontheterritoryofChalcis，theroad，overhillsandthroughmorasses，wasextremelybad；andtheloosestoneswerecementedonlywithsand，Julian。
epist。xxvii。ItissingularenoughthattheRomansshouldhaveneglectedthegreatcommunicationbetweenAntiochandtheEuphrates。SeeWesselingItinerar。p。190Bergier，HistdesGrandsChemins，tom。ii。p。100]
[Footnote30:Julianalludestothisincident，epist。xxvii。，
whichismoredistinctlyrelatedbyTheodoret，l。iii。c。22。
TheintolerantspiritofthefatherisapplaudedbyTillemont，Hist。desEmpereurs，tom。iv。p。534。andevenbyLaBleterie，ViedeJulien，p。413。]
[Footnote*:Thisname，ofSyriacorigin，isfoundintheArabic，andmeansaplaceinavalleywherewatersmeet。Juliansays，thenameofthecityisBarbaric，thesituationGreek。ThegeographerAbulfedatab。Syriac。p。129，edit。KoehlerspeaksofitinamannertojustifythepraisesofJulian。—St。Martin。
NotestoLeBeau，iii。56。—M。]
[Footnote31:SeethecurioustreatisedeDeaSyria，insertedamongtheworksofLucian，tom。iii。p。451—490，edit。Reitz。
ThesingularappellationofNinusvetusAmmian。xiv。8mightinduceasuspicion，thatHeirapolishadbeentheroyalseatoftheAssyrians。]
[Footnote32:Julianepist。xxviii。keptaregularaccountofallthefortunateomens；buthesuppressestheinauspicioussigns，whichAmmianusxxiii。2hascarefullyrecorded。]
[Footnote33:Julian。epist。xxvii。p。399—402。]
Hierapolis，situatealmostonthebanksoftheEuphrates，^34hadbeenappointedforthegeneralrendezvousoftheRomantroops，whoimmediatelypassedthegreatriveronabridgeofboats，whichwaspreviouslyconstructed。^35IftheinclinationsofJulianhadbeensimilartothoseofhispredecessor，hemighthavewastedtheactiveandimportantseasonoftheyearinthecircusofSamosataorinthechurchesofEdessa。Butasthewarlikeemperor，insteadofConstantius，hadchosenAlexanderforhismodel，headvancedwithoutdelaytoCarrhae，^36averyancientcityofMesopotamia，atthedistanceoffourscoremilesfromHierapolis。ThetempleoftheMoonattractedthedevotionofJulian；butthehaltofafewdayswasprincipallyemployedincompletingtheimmensepreparationsofthePersianwar。Thesecretoftheexpeditionhadhithertoremainedinhisownbreast；
butasCarrhaeisthepointofseparationofthetwogreatroads，hecouldnolongerconcealwhetheritwashisdesigntoattackthedominionsofSaporonthesideoftheTigris，oronthatoftheEuphrates。Theemperordetachedanarmyofthirtythousandmen，underthecommandofhiskinsmanProcopius，andofSebastian，whohadbeendukeofEgypt。TheywereorderedtodirecttheirmarchtowardsNisibis，andtosecurethefrontierfromthedesultoryincursionsoftheenemy，beforetheyattemptedthepassageoftheTigris。Theirsubsequentoperationswerelefttothediscretionofthegenerals；butJulianexpected，thatafterwastingwithfireandswordthefertiledistrictsofMediaandAdiabene，theymightarriveunderthewallsofCtesiphonatthesametimethathehimself，advancingwithequalstepsalongthebanksoftheEuphrates，shouldbesiegethecapitalofthePersianmonarchy。Thesuccessofthiswell—concertedplandepended，inagreatmeasure，onthepowerfulandreadyassistanceofthekingofArmenia，who，withoutexposingthesafetyofhisowndominions，mightdetachanarmyoffourthousandhorse，andtwentythousandfoot，totheassistanceoftheRomans。^37ButthefeebleArsacesTiranus，^38kingofArmenia，haddegeneratedstillmoreshamefullythanhisfatherChosroes，fromthemanlyvirtuesofthegreatTiridates；andasthepusillanimousmonarchwasaversetoanyenterpriseofdangerandglory，hecoulddisguisehistimidindolencebythemoredecentexcusesofreligionandgratitude。HeexpressedapiousattachmenttothememoryofConstantius，fromwhosehandshehadreceivedinmarriageOlympias，thedaughterofthepraefectAblavius；andtheallianceofafemale，whohadbeeneducatedasthedestinedwifeoftheemperorConstans，exaltedthedignityofaBarbarianking。^39TiranusprofessedtheChristianreligion；
hereignedoveranationofChristians；andhewasrestrained，byeveryprincipleofconscienceandinterest，fromcontributingtothevictory，whichwouldconsummatetheruinofthechurch。ThealienatedmindofTiranuswasexasperatedbytheindiscretionofJulian，whotreatedthekingofArmeniaashisslave，andastheenemyofthegods。ThehaughtyandthreateningstyleoftheImperialmandates^40awakenedthesecretindignationofaprince，who，inthehumiliatingstateofdependence，wasstillconsciousofhisroyaldescentfromtheArsacides，thelordsoftheEast，andtherivalsoftheRomanpower。^!
[Footnote*:OrBambyce，nowBambouch；ManbedjArab。，orMaboug，Syr。Itwastwenty—fourRomanmilesfromtheEuphrates。—M。]
[Footnote34:ItaketheearliestopportunityofacknowledgingmyobligationstoM。d'Anville，forhisrecentgeographyoftheEuphratesandTigris，Paris，1780，in4to。，whichparticularlyillustratestheexpeditionofJulian。]
[Footnote35:Therearethreepassageswithinafewmilesofeachother；1。Zeugma，celebratedbytheancients；2。Bir，frequentedbythemoderns；and，3。ThebridgeofMenbigz，orHierapolis，atthedistanceoffourparasangsfromthecity。]
[Footnote*:DjisrManbedjisthesamewiththeancientZeugma。
St。Martin，iii。58—M。]
[Footnote36:Haran，orCarrhae，wastheancientresidenceoftheSabaeans，andofAbraham。SeetheIndexGeographicusofSchultens，adcalcemVit。Saladin。，aworkfromwhichIhaveobtainedmuchOrientalknowledgeconcerningtheancientandmoderngeographyofSyriaandtheadjacentcountries。]
[Footnote*:OnanineditedmedalinthecollectionofthelateM。Tochon。oftheAcademyofInscriptions，itisreadXappan。
St。Martin。iii60—M。]
[Footnote37:SeeXenophon。Cyropaed。l。iii。p。189，edit。
Hutchinson。ArtavasdesmighthavesuppliedMarcAntonywith16，000horse，armedanddisciplinedaftertheParthianmanner，Plutarch，inM。Antonio。tom。v。p。117。]
[Footnote38:MosesofChoreneHist。Armeniac。l。iii。c。11，p。
242fixeshisaccessionA。D。354tothe17thyearofConstantius。]
[Footnote*:ArsacesTiranus，orDiran，hadceasedtoreigntwenty—fiveyearsbefore，in337。TheintermediatechangesinArmenia，andthecharacterofthisArsaces，thesonofDiran，aretracedbyM。St。Martin，atconsiderablelength，inhissupplementtoLeBeau，ii。208—242。AslongashisGrecianqueenOlympiasmaintainedherinfluence，ArsaceswasfaithfultotheRomanandChristianalliance。OntheaccessionofJulian，thesameinfluencemadehisfidelitytowaver；butOlympiashavingbeenpoisonedinthesacramentalbreadbytheagencyofPharandcem，theformerwifeofArsaces，anotherchangetookplaceinArmenianpoliticsunfavorabletotheChristianinterest。ThepatriarchNarsesretiredfromtheimpiouscourttoasafeseclusion。YetPharandsemwasequallyhostiletothePersianinfluence，andArsacesbegantosupportwithvigorthecauseofJulian。HemadeaninroadintothePersiandominionswithabodyofRansandAlansasauxiliaries；wastedAderbidganandSapor，whohadbeendefeatednearTauriz，wasengagedinmakingheadagainsthistroopsinPersarmenia，atthetimeofthedeathofJulian。SuchisM。St。Martin'sview，ii。276，etsqq。，whichrestsontheArmenianhistorians，FaustosofByzantium，andMezrobthebiographerofthePartriarchNarses。InthehistoryofArmeniabyFatherChamitch，andtranslatedbyAvdall，TiranisstillkingofArmenia，atthetimeofJulian'sdeath。F。