[Footnote64:SeeM。deGuignes，Hist。desHuns，tom。i。p。179—
189，tomiip。295，334—338。]
Thechainofeventsisinterrupted，orratherisconcealed，asitpassesfromtheVolgatotheVistula，throughthedarkintervalwhichseparatestheextremelimitsoftheChinese，andoftheRoman，geography。YetthetemperoftheBarbarians，andtheexperienceofsuccessiveemigrations，sufficientlydeclare，thattheHuns，whowereoppressedbythearmsoftheGeougen，soonwithdrewfromthepresenceofaninsultingvictor。ThecountriestowardstheEuxinewerealreadyoccupiedbytheirkindredtribes；andtheirhastyflight，whichtheysoonconvertedintoaboldattack，wouldmorenaturallybedirectedtowardstherichandlevelplains，throughwhichtheVistulagentlyflowsintotheBalticSea。TheNorthmustagainhavebeenalarmed，andagitated，bytheinvasionoftheHuns；andthenationswhoretreatedbeforethemmusthavepressedwithincumbentweightontheconfinesofGermany。^65Theinhabitantsofthoseregions，whichtheancientshaveassignedtotheSuevi，theVandals，andtheBurgundians，mightembracetheresolutionofabandoningtothefugitivesofSarmatiatheirwoodsandmorasses；oratleastofdischargingtheirsuperfluousnumbersontheprovincesoftheRomanempire。^66AboutfouryearsafterthevictoriousToulunhadassumedthetitleofKhanoftheGeougen，anotherBarbarian，thehaughtyRhodogast，orRadagaisus，^67marchedfromthenorthernextremitiesofGermanyalmosttothegatesofRome，andlefttheremainsofhisarmytoachievethedestructionoftheWest。TheVandals，theSuevi，andtheBurgundians，formedthestrengthofthismightyhost；buttheAlani，whohadfoundahospitablereceptionintheirnewseats，addedtheiractivecavalrytotheheavyinfantryoftheGermans；andtheGothicadventurerscrowdedsoeagerlytothestandardofRadagaisus，thatbysomehistorians，hehasbeenstyledtheKingoftheGoths。Twelvethousandwarriors，distinguishedabovethevulgarbytheirnoblebirth，ortheirvaliantdeeds，glitteredinthevan；^68andthewholemultitude，whichwasnotlessthantwohundredthousandfightingmen，mightbeincreased，bytheaccessionofwomen，ofchildren，andofslaves，totheamountoffourhundredthousandpersons。ThisformidableemigrationissuedfromthesamecoastoftheBaltic，whichhadpouredforththemyriadso（丁香书院小说）ftheCimbriandTeutones，toassaultRomeandItalyinthevigoroftherepublic。AfterthedepartureofthoseBarbarians，theirnativecountry，whichwasmarkedbythevestigesoftheirgreatness，longramparts，andgiganticmoles，^69remained，duringsomeages，avastanddrearysolitude；tillthehumanspecieswasrenewedbythepowersofgeneration，andthevacancywasfilledbytheinfluxofnewinhabitants。Thenationswhonowusurpanextentoflandwhichtheyareunabletocultivate，wouldsoonbeassistedbytheindustriouspovertyoftheirneighbors，ifthegovernmentofEuropedidnotprotecttheclaimsofdominionandproperty。
[Footnote*:ThereisnoauthoritywhichconnectsthisinroadoftheTeutonictribeswiththemovementsoftheHuns。TheHunscanhardlyhavereachedtheshoresoftheBaltic，andprobablythegreaterpartoftheforcesofRadagaisus，particularlytheVandals，hadlongoccupiedamoresouthernposition。—M。]
[Footnote65:ProcopiusdeBell。Vandal。l。i。c。iii。p。182
hasobservedanemigrationfromthePalusMaeotistothenorthofGermany，whichheascribestofamine。Buthisviewsofancienthistoryarestrangelydarkenedbyignoranceanderror。]
[Footnote66:Zosimusl。v。p。331usesthegeneraldescriptionofthenationsbeyondtheDanubeandtheRhine。Theirsituation，andconsequentlytheirnames，aremanifestlyshown，eveninthevariousepithetswhicheachancientwritermayhavecasuallyadded。]
[Footnote67:ThenameofRhadagastwasthatofalocaldeityoftheObotrites，inMecklenburg。Aheromightnaturallyassumetheappellationofhistutelargod；butitisnotprobablethattheBarbariansshouldworshipanunsuccessfulhero。SeeMascou，Hist。oftheGermans，viii。14。
Note:ThegodofwarandofhospitalitywiththeVendsandalltheSclavonianracesofGermanyborethenameofRadegast，apparentlythesamewithRhadagaisus。HisprincipaltemplewasatRhetrainMecklenburg。Itwasadornedwithgreatmagnificence。
Thestatueofthegoldwasofgold。St。Martin，v。255。A
statueofRadegast，ofmuchcoarsermaterials，andoftherudestworkmanship，wasdiscoveredbetween1760and1770，withthoseofotherWendishdeities，onthesupposedsiteofRhetra。ThenamesofthegodswerecutupontheminRuniccharacters。Seetheverycuriousvolumeontheseantiquities—DieGottesdienstlicheAlterthumerderObotriter—MaschandWogen。Berlin，1771。—M。]
[Footnote68:OlympiodorusapudPhotium，p。180，usestheGreekwordwhichdoesnotconveyanypreciseidea。Isuspectthattheyweretheprincesandnobleswiththeirfaithfulcompanions；theknightswiththeirsquires，astheywouldhavebeenstyledsomecenturiesafterwards。]
[Footnote69:Tacit。deMoribusGermanorum，c。37。]
ChapterXXX:RevoltOfTheGoths。
PartIV。
Thecorrespondenceofnationswas，inthatage，soimperfectandprecarious，thattherevolutionsoftheNorthmightescapetheknowledgeofthecourtofRavenna；tillthedarkcloud，whichwascollectedalongthecoastoftheBaltic，burstinthunderuponthebanksoftheUpperDanube。TheemperoroftheWest，ifhisministersdisturbedhisamusementsbythenewsoftheimpendingdanger，wassatisfiedwithbeingtheoccasion，andthespectator，ofthewar。^70ThesafetyofRomewasintrustedtothecounsels，andthesword，ofStilicho；butsuchwasthefeebleandexhaustedstateoftheempire，thatitwasimpossibletorestorethefortificationsoftheDanube，ortoprevent，byavigorouseffort，theinvasionoftheGermans。^71ThehopesofthevigilantministerofHonoriuswereconfinedtothedefenceofItaly。Heoncemoreabandonedtheprovinces，recalledthetroops，pressedthenewlevies，whichwererigorouslyexacted，andpusillanimouslyeluded；employedthemostefficaciousmeanstoarrest，orallure，thedeserters；andofferedthegiftoffreedom，andoftwopiecesofgold，toalltheslaveswhowouldenlist。^72Bytheseeffortshepainfullycollected，fromthesubjectsofagreatempire，anarmyofthirtyorfortythousandmen，which，inthedaysofScipioorCamillus，wouldhavebeeninstantlyfurnishedbythefreecitizensoftheterritoryofRome。^73ThethirtylegionsofStilichowerereenforcedbyalargebodyofBarbarianauxiliaries；thefaithfulAlaniwerepersonallyattachedtohisservice；andthetroopsofHunsandofGoths，whomarchedunderthebannersoftheirnativeprinces，HuldinandSarus，wereanimatedbyinterestandresentmenttoopposetheambitionofRadagaisus。ThekingoftheconfederateGermanspassed，withoutresistance，theAlps，thePo，andtheApennine；leavingononehandtheinaccessiblepalaceofHonorius，securelyburiedamongthemarshesofRavenna；and，ontheother，thecampofStilicho，whohadfixedhishead—quartersatTicinum，orPavia，butwhoseemstohaveavoidedadecisivebattle，tillhehadassembledhisdistantforces。ManycitiesofItalywerepillaged，ordestroyed；andthesiegeofFlorence，^74
byRadagaisus，isoneoftheearliesteventsinthehistoryofthatcelebratedrepublic；whosefirmnesscheckedanddelayedtheunskillfulfuryoftheBarbarians。ThesenateandpeopletrembledattheirapproachedwithinahundredandeightymilesofRome；andanxiouslycomparedthedangerwhichtheyhadescaped，withthenewperilstowhichtheywereexposed。AlaricwasaChristianandasoldier，theleaderofadisciplinedarmy；whounderstoodthelawsofwar，whorespectedthesanctityoftreaties，andwhohadfamiliarlyconversedwiththesubjectsoftheempireinthesamecamps，andthesamechurches。ThesavageRadagaisuswasastrangertothemanners，thereligion，andeventhelanguage，ofthecivilizednationsoftheSouth。Thefiercenessofhistemperwasexasperatedbycruelsuperstition；
anditwasuniversallybelieved，thathehadboundhimself，byasolemnvow，toreducethecityintoaheapofstonesandashes，andtosacrificethemostillustriousoftheRomansenatorsonthealtarsofthosegodswhowereappeasedbyhumanblood。Thepublicdanger，whichshouldhavereconciledalldomesticanimosities，displayedtheincurablemadnessofreligiousfaction。TheoppressedvotariesofJupiterandMercuryrespected，intheimplacableenemyofRome，thecharacterofadevoutPagan；loudlydeclared，thattheyweremoreapprehensiveofthesacrifices，thanofthearms，ofRadagaisus；andsecretlyrejoicedinthecalamitiesoftheircountry，whichcondemnedthefaithoftheirChristianadversaries。^75
[Footnote70:—CujusagendiSpectatorvelcausafui，Claudian，vi。Cons。Hon。439，
isthemodestlanguageofHonorius，inspeakingoftheGothicwar，whichhehadseensomewhatnearer。]
[Footnote71:Zosimusl。v。p。331transportsthewar，andthevictoryofStilisho，beyondtheDanube。Astrangeerror，whichisawkwardlyandimperfectlycuredTillemont，Hist。desEmp。
tom。v。p。807。Ingoodpolicy，wemustusetheserviceofZosimus，withoutesteemingortrustinghim。]
[Footnote72:CodexTheodos。l。vii。tit。xiii。leg。16。ThedateofthislawA。D。406。May18satisfies—me，asithaddoneGodefroy，tom。ii。p。387，ofthetrueyearoftheinvasionofRadagaisus。Tillemont，Pagi，andMuratori，prefertheprecedingyear；buttheyarebound，bycertainobligationsofcivilityandrespect，toSt。PaulinusofNola。]
[Footnote73:SoonafterRomehadbeentakenbytheGauls，thesenate，onasuddenemergency，armedtenlegions，3000horse，and42，000foot；aforcewhichthecitycouldnothavesentforthunderAugustus，Livy，xi。25。Thisdeclarationmaypuzzleanantiquary，butitisclearlyexplainedbyMontesquieu。]
[Footnote74:Machiavelhasexplained，atleastasaphilosopher，theoriginofFlorence，whichinsensiblydescended，forthebenefitoftrade，fromtherockofFaesulaetothebanksoftheArno，IstoriaFiorentina，tom。i。p。36。Londra，1747。ThetriumvirssentacolonytoFlorence，which，underTiberius，Tacit。Annal。i。79，deservedthereputationandnameofaflourishingcity。SeeCluver。Ital。Antiq。tom。i。p。507，&c。]
[Footnote75:YettheJupiterofRadagaisus，whoworshippedThorandWoden，wasverydifferentfromtheOlympicorCapitolineJove。TheaccommodatingtemperofPolytheismmightunitethosevariousandremotedeities；butthegenuineRomansahhorredthehumansacrificesofGaulandGermany。]
[Footnote*:GibbonhasrathersoftenedthelanguageofAugustineastothisthreatenedinsurrectionofthePagans，inordertorestoretheprohibitedritesandceremoniesofPaganism；andtheirtreasonablehopesthatthesuccessofRadagaisuswouldbethetriumphofidolatry。Compareii。25—M。]
Florencewasreducedtothelastextremity；andthefaintingcourageofthecitizenswassupportedonlybytheauthorityofSt。Ambrose；whohadcommunicated，inadream，thepromiseofaspeedydeliverance。^76Onasudden，theybeheld，fromtheirwalls，thebannersofStilicho，whoadvanced，withhisunitedforce，tothereliefofthefaithfulcity；andwhosoonmarkedthatfatalspotforthegraveoftheBarbarianhost。TheapparentcontradictionsofthosewriterswhovariouslyrelatethedefeatofRadagaisus，maybereconciledwithoutofferingmuchviolencetotheirrespectivetestimonies。OrosiusandAugustin，whowereintimatelyconnectedbyfriendshipandreligion，ascribedthismiraculousvictorytotheprovidenceofGod，ratherthantothevalorofman。^77Theystrictlyexcludeeveryideaofchance，orevenofbloodshed；andpositivelyaffirm，thattheRomans，whosecampwasthesceneofplentyandidleness，enjoyedthedistressoftheBarbarians，slowlyexpiringonthesharpandbarrenridgeofthehillsofFaesulae，whichriseabovethecityofFlorence。TheirextravagantassertionthatnotasinglesoldieroftheChristianarmywaskilled，orevenwounded，maybedismissedwithsilentcontempt；buttherestofthenarrativeofAugustinandOrosiusisconsistentwiththestateofthewar，andthecharacterofStilicho。Consciousthathecommandedthelastarmyoftherepublic，hisprudencewouldnotexposeit，intheopenfield，totheheadstrongfuryoftheGermans。Themethodofsurroundingtheenemywithstronglinesofcircumvallation，whichhehadtwiceemployedagainsttheGothicking，wasrepeatedonalargerscale，andwithmoreconsiderableeffect。TheexamplesofCaesarmusthavebeenfamiliartothemostilliterateoftheRomanwarriors；andthefortificationsofDyrrachium，whichconnectedtwenty—fourcastles，byaperpetualditchandrampartoffifteenmiles，affordedthemodelofanintrenchmentwhichmightconfine，andstarve，themostnumeroushostofBarbarians。
^78TheRomantroopshadlessdegeneratedfromtheindustry，thanfromthevalor，oftheirancestors；andiftheirservileandlaboriousworkoffendedtheprideofthesoldiers，Tuscanycouldsupplymanythousandpeasants，whowouldlabor，though，perhaps，theywouldnotfight，forthesalvationoftheirnativecountry。
Theimprisonedmultitudeofhorsesandmen^79wasgraduallydestroyed，byfamineratherthanbythesword；buttheRomanswereexposed，duringtheprogressofsuchanextensivework，tothefrequentattacksofanimpatientenemy。ThedespairofthehungryBarbarianswouldprecipitatethemagainstthefortificationsofStilicho；thegeneralmightsometimesindulgetheardorofhisbraveauxiliaries，whoeagerlypressedtoassaultthecampoftheGermans；andthesevariousincidentsmightproducethesharpandbloodyconflictswhichdignifythenarrativeofZosimus，andtheChroniclesofProsperandMarcellinus。^80AseasonablesupplyofmenandprovisionshadbeenintroducedintothewallsofFlorence，andthefamishedhostofRadagaisuswasinitsturnbesieged。Theproudmonarchofsomanywarlikenations，afterthelossofhisbravestwarriors，wasreducedtoconfideeitherinthefaithofacapitulation，orintheclemencyofStilicho。^81Butthedeathoftheroyalcaptive，whowasignominiouslybeheaded，disgracedthetriumphofRomeandofChristianity；andtheshortdelayofhisexecutionwassufficienttobrandtheconquerorwiththeguiltofcoolanddeliberatecruelty。^82ThefamishedGermans，whoescapedthefuryoftheauxiliaries，weresoldasslaves，atthecontemptiblepriceofasmanysinglepiecesofgold；butthedifferenceoffoodandclimatesweptawaygreatnumbersofthoseunhappystrangers；anditwasobserved，thattheinhumanpurchasers，insteadofreapingthefruitsoftheirlaborweresoonobligedtoprovidetheexpenseoftheirintermentStilichoinformedtheemperorandthesenateofhissuccess；anddeserved，asecondtime，theglorioustitleofDelivererofItaly。^83
[Footnote76:PaulinusinVit。Ambrosc。50relatesthisstory，whichhereceivedfromthemouthofPansophiaherself，areligiousmatronofFlorence。Yetthearchbishopsoonceasedtotakeanactivepartinthebusinessoftheworld，andneverbecameapopularsaint。]
[Footnote77:AugustindeCivitat。Dei，v。23。Orosius，l。vii。
c。37，p。567—571。ThetwofriendswroteinAfrica，tenortwelveyearsafterthevictory；andtheirauthorityisimplicitlyfollowedbyIsidoreofSeville，inChron。p。713，edit。Grot。
HowmanyinterestingfactsmightOrosiushaveinsertedinthevacantspacewhichisdevotedtopiousnonsense!]
[Footnote78:Frangunturmontes，planumqueperarduaCaesarDucitopus:panditfossas，turritaquesummisDisponitcastellajugis，magnoquenecessuAmplexusfines，saltus，memorosaquetesquaEtsilvas，vastaqueferasindagineclaudit。!YetthesimplicityoftruthCaesar，deBell。Civ。iii。44isfargreaterthantheamplificationsofLucan，Pharsal。l。vi。29—
63。]
[Footnote79:TherhetoricalexpressionsofOrosius，"inaridoetasperomontisjugo；""inunumacparvumverticem，"arenotverysuitabletotheencampmentofagreatarmy。ButFaesulae，onlythreemilesfromFlorence，mightaffordspaceforthehead—quartersofRadagaisus，andwouldbecomprehendedwithinthecircuitoftheRomanlines。]
[Footnote80:SeeZosimus，l。v。p。331，andtheChroniclesofProsperandMarcellinus。]
[Footnote81:OlympiodorusapudPhotium，p。180usesanexpressionwhichwoulddenoteastrictandfriendlyalliance，andrenderStilichostillmorecriminal。Thepaulisperdetentus，deindeinterfectus，ofOrosius，issufficientlyodious。
Note:Gibbon，bytranslatingthispassageofOlympiodorus，asifithadbeengoodGreek，hasprobablyfallenintoanerror。
ThenaturalorderofthewordsisasGibbontranslatesit；butitisalmostclear，referstotheGothicchiefs，"whomStilicho，afterhehaddefeatedRadagaisus，attachedtohisarmy。"SointheversioncorrectedbyClassenforNiebuhr'seditionoftheByzantines，p。450。—M。]
[Footnote82:Orosius，piouslyinhuman，sacrificesthekingandpeople，AgagandtheAmalekites，withoutasymptomofcompassion。
Thebloodyactorislessdetestablethanthecool，unfeelinghistorian。
Note:Consideringthevow，whichhewasuniversallybelievedtohavemade，todestroyRome，andtosacrificethesenatorsonthealtars，andthatheissaidtohaveimmolatedhisprisonerstohisgods，theexecutionofRadagaisus，if，asitappears，hewastakeninarms，cannotdeserveGibbon'sseverecondemnation。
Mr。HerbertnotestohispoemofAttila，p。317justlyobserves，that"Stilichohadprobablyauthorityforhanginghimonthefirsttree。"Marcellinus，addsMr。Herbert，attributestheexecutiontotheGothicchiefsSarus。—M。]
[Footnote83:AndClaudian'smuse，wassheasleep?hadshebeenillpaid!MethinkstheseventhconsulshipofHonoriusA。D。407
wouldhavefurnishedthesubjectofanoblepoem。Beforeitwasdiscoveredthatthestatecouldnolongerbesaved，StilichoafterRomulus，CamillusandMariusmighthavebeenworthilysurnamedthefourthfounderofRome。]
Thefameofthevictory，andmoreespeciallyofthemiracle，hasencouragedavainpersuasion，thatthewholearmy，orrathernation，ofGermans，whomigratedfromtheshoresoftheBaltic，miserablyperishedunderthewallsofFlorence。SuchindeedwasthefateofRadagaisushimself，ofhisbraveandfaithfulcompanions，andofmorethanonethirdofthevariousmultitudeofSuevesandVandals，ofAlaniandBurgundians，whoadheredtothestandardoftheirgeneral。^84Theunionofsuchanarmymightexciteoursurprise，butthecausesofseparationareobviousandforcible；theprideofbirth，theinsolenceofvalor，thejealousyofcommand，theimpatienceofsubordination，andtheobstinateconflictofopinions，ofinterests，andofpassions，amongsomanykingsandwarriors，whowereuntaughttoyield，ortoobey。AfterthedefeatofRadagaisus，twopartsoftheGermanhost，whichmusthaveexceededthenumberofonehundredthousandmen，stillremainedinarms，betweentheApennineandtheAlps，orbetweentheAlpsandtheDanube。Itisuncertainwhethertheyattemptedtorevengethedeathoftheirgeneral；buttheirirregularfurywassoondivertedbytheprudenceandfirmnessofStilicho，whoopposedtheirmarch，andfacilitatedtheirretreat；
whoconsideredthesafetyofRomeandItalyasthegreatobjectofhiscare，andwhosacrificed，withtoomuchindifference，thewealthandtranquillityofthedistantprovinces。^85TheBarbariansacquired，fromthejunctionofsomePannoniandeserters，theknowledgeofthecountry，andoftheroads；andtheinvasionofGaul，whichAlarichaddesigned，wasexecutedbytheremainsofthegreatarmyofRadagaisus。^86
[Footnote84:AluminouspassageofProsper'sChronicle，"Intrespartes，pesdiversosprincipes，diversusexercitus，"reducesthemiracleofFlorenceandconnectsthehistoryofItaly，Gaul，andGermany。]
[Footnote85:OrosiusandJerompositivelychargehimwithinstigatingtheinvasion。"ExcitataeaStilichonegentes，"&c。
Theymustmeanadirectly。HesavedItalyattheexpenseofGaul]
[Footnote86:TheCountdeBuatissatisfied，thattheGermanswhoinvadedGaulwerethetwothirdsthatyetremainedofthearmyofRadagaisus。SeetheHistoireAnciennedesPeuplesdel'Europe，tom。vii。p。87，121。Paris，1772；anelaboratework，whichIhadnottheadvantageofperusingtilltheyear1777。Asearlyas1771，IfindthesameideaexpressedinaroughdraughtofthepresentHistory。IhavesinceobservedasimilarintimationinMascou，viii。15。Suchagreement，withoutmutualcommunication，mayaddsomeweighttoourcommonsentiment。]