[Footnote4:AddisonseehisWorks，vol。ii。p。54，edit。
BaskervillehasgivenaverypicturesquedescriptionoftheroadthroughtheApennine。TheGothswerenotatleisuretoobservethebeautiesoftheprospect；buttheywerepleasedtofindthattheSaxaIntercisa，anarrowpassagewhichVespasianhadcutthroughtherock，Cluver。ItaliaAntiq。tom。i。p。168，wastotallyneglected。
Hinealbi，Clitumne，greges，etmaximataurusVictima，saepetuoperfusifluminesacro，RomanosadtemplaDeumduxeretriumphos。
Georg。ii。147。
BesidesVirgil，mostoftheLatinpoets，Propertius，Lucan，SiliusItalicus，Claudian，&c。，whosepassagesmaybefoundinCluveriusandAddison，havecelebratedthetriumphalvictimsoftheClitumnus。]
[Footnote6:SomeideasofthemarchofAlaricareborrowedfromthejourneyofHonoriusoverthesameground。SeeClaudianinvi。Cons。Hon。494—522。ThemeasureddistancebetweenRavennaandRomewas254Romanmiles。Itinerar。Wesseling，p。126。]
Duringaperiodofsixhundredandnineteenyears，theseatofempirehadneverbeenviolatedbythepresenceofaforeignenemy。TheunsuccessfulexpeditionofHannibal^7servedonlytodisplaythecharacterofthesenateandpeople；ofasenatedegraded，ratherthanennobled，bythecomparisonofanassemblyofkings；andofapeople，towhomtheambassadorofPyrrhusascribedtheinexhaustibleresourcesoftheHydra。^8Eachofthesenators，inthetimeofthePunicwar，hadaccomplishedhistermofthemilitaryservice，eitherinasubordinateorasuperiorstation；andthedecree，whichinvestedwithtemporarycommandallthosewhohadbeenconsuls，orcensors，ordictators，gavetherepublictheimmediateassistanceofmanybraveandexperiencedgenerals。Inthebeginningofthewar，theRomanpeopleconsistedoftwohundredandfiftythousandcitizensofanagetobeararms。^9Fiftythousandhadalreadydiedinthedefenceoftheircountry；andthetwenty—threelegionswhichwereemployedinthedifferentcampsofItaly，Greece，Sardinia，Sicily，andSpain，requiredaboutonehundredthousandmen。ButtherestillremainedanequalnumberinRome，andtheadjacentterritory，whowereanimatedbythesameintrepidcourage；andeverycitizenwastrained，fromhisearliestyouth，inthedisciplineandexercisesofasoldier。Hannibalwasastonishedbytheconstancyofthesenate，who，withoutraisingthesiegeofCapua，orrecallingtheirscatteredforces，expectedhisapproach。HeencampedonthebanksoftheAnio，atthedistanceofthreemilesfromthecity；andhewassooninformed，thatthegroundonwhichhehadpitchedhistent，wassoldforanadequatepriceatapublicauction；andthatabodyoftroopswasdismissedbyanoppositeroad，toreenforcethelegionsofSpain。
^10HeledhisAfricanstothegatesofRome，wherehefoundthreearmiesinorderofbattle，preparedtoreceivehim；butHannibaldreadedtheeventofacombat，fromwhichhecouldnothopetoescape，unlesshedestroyedthelastofhisenemies；andhisspeedyretreatconfessedtheinvinciblecourageoftheRomans。
[Footnote7:ThemarchandretreatofHannibalaredescribedbyLivy，l。xxvi。c。7，8，9，10，11；andthereaderismadeaspectatoroftheinterestingscene。]
[Footnote8:ThesecomparisonswereusedbyCyneas，thecounsellorofPyrrhus，afterhisreturnfromhisembassy，inwhichhehaddiligentlystudiedthedisciplineandmannersofRome。SeePlutarchinPyrrho。tom。ii。p。459。]
[Footnote9:InthethreecensuswhichweremadeoftheRomanpeople，aboutthetimeofthesecondPunicwar，thenumbersstandasfollows，seeLivy，Epitom。l。xx。Hist。l。xxvii。36。xxix。
37:270，213，137，108214，000。Thefallofthesecond，andtheriseofthethird，appearssoenormous，thatseveralcritics，notwithstandingtheunanimityoftheMss。，havesuspectedsomecorruptionofthetextofLivy。SeeDrakenborchadxxvii。36，andBeaufort，RepubliqueRomaine，tom。i。p。325。TheydidnotconsiderthatthesecondcensuswastakenonlyatRome，andthatthenumberswerediminished，notonlybythedeath，butlikewisebytheabsence，ofmanysoldiers。Inthethirdcensus，Livyexpresslyaffirms，thatthelegionsweremusteredbythecareofparticularcommissaries。Fromthenumbersonthelistwemustalwaysdeductonetwelfthabovethreescore，andincapableofbearingarms。SeePopulationdelaFrance，p。72。]
[Footnote*:ComparetheremarkabletransactioninJeremiahxxxii。6，to44，wheretheprophetpurchaseshisuncle'sestateattheapproachoftheBabyloniancaptivity，inhisundoubtingconfidenceinthefuturerestorationofthepeople。Intheonecaseitisthetriumphofreligiousfaith，intheotherofnationalpride。—M。]
[Footnote10:Livyconsidersthesetwoincidentsastheeffectsonlyofchanceandcourage。Isuspectthattheywerebothmanagedbytheadmirablepolicyofthesenate。]
FromthetimeofthePunicwar，theuninterruptedsuccessionofsenatorshadpreservedthenameandimageoftherepublic；andthedegeneratesubjectsofHonoriusambitiouslyderivedtheirdescentfromtheheroeswhohadrepulsedthearmsofHannibal，andsubduedthenationsoftheearth。ThetemporalhonorswhichthedevoutPaula^11inheritedanddespised，arecarefullyrecapitulatedbyJerom，theguideofherconscience，andthehistorianofherlife。Thegenealogyofherfather，Rogatus，whichascendedashighasAgamemnon，mightseemtobetrayaGrecianorigin；buthermother，Blaesilla，numberedtheScipios，AemiliusPaulus，andtheGracchi，inthelistofherancestors；
andToxotius，thehusbandofPaula，deducedhisroyallineagefromAeneas，thefatheroftheJulianline。Thevanityoftherich，whodesiredtobenoble，wasgratifiedbytheseloftypretensions。Encouragedbytheapplauseoftheirparasites，theyeasilyimposedonthecredulityofthevulgar；andwerecountenanced，insomemeasure，bythecustomofadoptingthenameoftheirpatron，whichhadalwaysprevailedamongthefreedmenandclientsofillustriousfamilies。Mostofthosefamilies，however，attackedbysomanycausesofexternalviolenceorinternaldecay，weregraduallyextirpated；anditwouldbemorereasonabletoseekforalinealdescentoftwentygenerations，amongthemountainsoftheAlps，orinthepeacefulsolitudeofApulia，thanonthetheatreofRome，theseatoffortune，ofdanger，andofperpetualrevolutions。Undereachsuccessivereign，andfromeveryprovinceoftheempire，acrowdofhardyadventurers，risingtoeminencebytheirtalentsortheirvices，usurpedthewealth，thehonors，andthepalacesofRome；andoppressed，orprotected，thepoorandhumbleremainsofconsularfamilies；whowereignorant，perhaps，ofthegloryoftheirancestors。^12
[Footnote11:SeeJerom，tom。i。p。169，170，adEustochium；hebestowsonPaulathesplendidtitlesofGracchorumstirps，sobolesScipionum，Paulihaeres，cujusvocabulumtrahit，MartiaePapyriaeMatrisAfricaniveraetgermanapropago。ThisparticulardescriptionsupposesamoresolidtitlethanthesurnameofJulius，whichToxotiussharedwithathousandfamiliesofthewesternprovinces。SeetheIndexofTacitus，ofGruter'sInscriptions，&c。]
[Footnote12:TacitusAnnal。iii。55affirms，thatbetweenthebattleofActiumandthereignofVespasian，thesenatewasgraduallyfilledwithnewfamiliesfromtheMunicipiaandcoloniesofItaly。]
InthetimeofJeromandClaudian，thesenatorsunanimouslyyieldedthepreeminencetotheAnicianline；andaslightviewoftheirhistorywillservetoappreciatetherankandantiquityofthenoblefamilies，whichcontendedonlyforthesecondplace。
^13Duringthefivefirstagesofthecity，thenameoftheAnicianswasunknown；theyappeartohavederivedtheiroriginfromPraeneste；andtheambitionofthosenewcitizenswaslongsatisfiedwiththePlebeianhonorsoftribunesofthepeople。^14
Onehundredandsixty—eightyearsbeforetheChristianaera，thefamilywasennobledbythePraetorshipofAnicius，whogloriouslyterminatedtheIllyrianwar，bytheconquestofthenation，andthecaptivityoftheirking。^15Fromthetriumphofthatgeneral，threeconsulships，indistantperiods，markthesuccessionoftheAnicianname。^16FromthereignofDiocletiantothefinalextinctionoftheWesternempire，thatnameshonewithalustrewhichwasnoteclipsed，inthepublicestimation，bythemajestyoftheImperialpurple。^17Theseveralbranches，towhomitwascommunicated，united，bymarriageorinheritance，thewealthandtitlesoftheAnnian，thePetronian，andtheOlybrianhouses；andineachgenerationthenumberofconsulshipswasmultipliedbyanhereditaryclaim。^18TheAnicianfamilyexcelledinfaithandinriches:theywerethefirstoftheRomansenatewhoembracedChristianity；anditisprobablethatAniciusJulian，whowasafterwardsconsulandpraefectofthecity，atonedforhisattachmenttothepartyofMaxentius，bythereadinesswithwhichheacceptedthereligionofConstantine。^19
TheiramplepatrimonywasincreasedbytheindustryofProbus，thechiefoftheAnicianfamily；whosharedwithGratianthehonorsoftheconsulship，andexercised，fourtimes，thehighofficeofPraetorianpraefect。^20HisimmenseestateswerescatteredoverthewideextentoftheRomanworld；andthoughthepublicmightsuspectordisapprovethemethodsbywhichtheyhadbeenacquired，thegenerosityandmagnificenceofthatfortunatestatesmandeservedthegratitudeofhisclients，andtheadmirationofstrangers。^21Suchwastherespectentertainedforhismemory，thatthetwosonsofProbus，intheirearliestyouth，andattherequestofthesenate，wereassociatedintheconsulardignity；amemorabledistinction，withoutexample，intheannalsofRome。^22
[Footnote13:NecquisquamProcerumtentetlicetaerevetustoFloreat，etclarocingaturRomasenatu
Sejactareparem；sedprimasederelictaAucheniis，dejurelicetcertaresecundo。
Claud。inProb。etOlybriiCoss。18。
SuchacomplimentpaidtotheobscurenameoftheAucheniihasamazedthecritics；buttheyallagree，thatwhatevermaybethetruereading，thesenseofClaudiancanbeappliedonlytotheAnicianfamily。]
[Footnote14:TheearliestdateintheannalsofPighius，isthatofM。AniciusGallus。Trib。Pl。A。U。C。506。Anothertribune，Q。Anicius，A。U。C。508，isdistinguishedbytheepithetofPraenestinus。Livyxlv。43placestheAniciibelowthegreatfamiliesofRome。]
[Footnote15:Livy，xliv。30，31，xlv。3，26，43。HefairlyappreciatesthemeritofAnicius，andjustlyobserves，thathisfamewascloudedbythesuperiorlustreoftheMacedonian，whichprecededtheIllyriantriumph。]
[Footnote16:Thedatesofthethreeconsulshipsare，A。U。C。
593，818，967thetwolastunderthereignsofNeroandCaracalla。Thesecondoftheseconsulsdistinguishedhimselfonlybyhisinfamousflattery，Tacit。Annal。xv。74；buteventheevidenceofcrimes，iftheybearthestampofgreatnessandantiquity，isadmitted，withoutreluctance，toprovethegenealogyofanoblehouse。]
[Footnote17:Inthesixthcentury，thenobilityoftheAniciannameismentionedCassiodor。Variar。l。x。Ep。10，12withsingularrespectbytheministerofaGothickingofItaly。]
[Footnote18:—FixusinomnesCognatosprocedithonos；quemcumquerequirasHacdestirpevirum，certumestdeConsulenasci。PerfascesnumeranturAvi，semperquerenataNobilitatevirent，etprolemfatasequuntur。
ClaudianinProb。etOlyb。Consulat。12，&c。TheAnnii，whosenameseemstohavemergedintheAnician，marktheFastiwithmanyconsulships，fromthetimeofVespasiantothefourthcentury。]
[Footnote19:ThetitleoffirstChristiansenatormaybejustifiedbytheauthorityofPrudentiusinSymmach。i。553andthedislikeofthePaganstotheAnicianfamily。SeeTillemont，Hist。desEmpereurs，tom。iv。p。183，v。p。44。Baron。Annal。
A。D。312，No。78，A。D。322，No。2。]
[Footnote20:Probus……claritudinegenerisetpotentiaetopummagnitudine，cognitusOrbiRomano，perquemuniversumpoenepatrimoniasparsapossedit，justeansecusnonjudicioliestnostri。AmmianMarcellin。xxvii。11。HischildrenandwidowerectedforhimamagnificenttombintheVatican，whichwasdemolishedinthetimeofPopeNicholasV。tomakeroomforthenewchurchofSt。PeterBaronius，wholamentstheruinofthisChristianmonument，hasdiligentlypreservedtheinscriptionsandbasso—relievos。SeeAnnal。Eccles。A。D。395，No。5—17。]
[Footnote21:TwoPersiansatrapstravelledtoMilanandRome，tohearSt。Ambrose，andtoseeProbus，Paulin。inVit。Ambros。
ClaudianinCons。Probin。etOlybr。30—60seemsatalosshowtoexpressthegloryofProbus。]
[Footnote22:SeethepoemwhichClaudianaddressedtothetwonobleyouths。]
ChapterXXXI:InvasionOfItaly，OccupationOfTerritoriesByBarbarians。
PartII。
"ThemarblesoftheAnicianpalace，"wereusedasaproverbialexpressionofopulenceandsplendor；^23butthenoblesandsenatorsofRomeaspired，induegradation，toimitatethatillustriousfamily。Theaccuratedescriptionofthecity，whichwascomposedintheTheodosianage，enumeratesonethousandsevenhundredandeightyhouses，theresidenceofwealthyandhonorablecitizens。^24Manyofthesestatelymansionsmightalmostexcusetheexaggerationofthepoet；thatRomecontainedamultitudeofpalaces，andthateachpalacewasequaltoacity:
sinceitincludedwithinitsownprecinctseverythingwhichcouldbesubservienteithertouseorluxury；markets，hippodromes，temples，fountains，baths，porticos，shadygroves，andartificialaviaries。^25ThehistorianOlympiodorus，whorepresentsthestateofRomewhenitwasbesiegedbytheGoths，^26continuestoobserve，thatseveraloftherichestsenatorsreceivedfromtheirestatesanannualincomeoffourthousandpoundsofgold，aboveonehundredandsixtythousandpoundssterling；withoutcomputingthestatedprovisionofcornandwine，which，hadtheybeensold，mighthaveequalledinvalueonethirdofthemoney。Comparedtothisimmoderatewealth，anordinaryrevenueofathousandorfifteenhundredpoundsofgoldmightbeconsideredasnomorethanadequatetothedignityofthesenatorianrank，whichrequiredmanyexpensesofapublicandostentatiouskind。Severalexamplesarerecorded，intheageofHonorius，ofvainandpopularnobles，whocelebratedtheyearoftheirpraetorshipbyafestival，whichlastedsevendays，andcostaboveonehundredthousandpoundssterling。^27TheestatesoftheRomansenators，whichsofarexceededtheproportionofmodernwealth，werenotconfinedtothelimitsofItaly。TheirpossessionsextendedfarbeyondtheIonianandAegeanSeas，tothemostdistantprovinces:thecityofNicopolis，whichAugustushadfoundedasaneternalmonumentoftheActianvictory，wasthepropertyofthedevoutPaula；^28anditisobservedbySeneca，thattherivers，whichhaddividedhostilenations，nowflowedthroughthelandsofprivatecitizens。^29Accordingtotheirtemperandcircumstances，theestatesoftheRomanswereeithercultivatedbythelaboroftheirslaves，orgranted，foracertainandstipulatedrent，totheindustriousfarmer。Theeconomicalwritersofantiquitystrenuouslyrecommendtheformermethod，whereveritmaybepracticable；butiftheobjectshouldberemoved，byitsdistanceormagnitude，fromtheimmediateeyeofthemaster，theyprefertheactivecareofanoldhereditarytenant，attachedtothesoil，andinterestedintheproduce，tothemercenaryadministrationofanegligent，perhapsanunfaithful，steward。^30
[Footnote23:Secundinus，theManichaean，ap。Baron。Annal。
Eccles。A。D。390，No。34。]
[Footnote24:SeeNardini，RomaAntica，p。89，498，500。]
[Footnote25:Quidloquarinclusasinterlaqueariasylvas；
Vernulaqueisvariocarmineluditavis。
Claud。Rutil。Numatian。Itinerar。ver。111。ThepoetlivedatthetimeoftheGothicinvasion。AmoderatepalacewouldhavecoveredCincinnatus'sfarmoffouracresVal。Max。
iv。4。Inlaxitatemrurisexcurrunt，saysSeneca，Epist。114。
SeeajudiciousnoteofMr。Hume，Essays，vol。i。p。562，last8voedition。]
[Footnote26:ThiscuriousaccountofRome，inthereignofHonorius，isfoundinafragmentofthehistorianOlympiodorus，ap。Photium，p。197。]
[Footnote27:ThesonsofAlypius，ofSymmachus，andofMaximus，spent，duringtheirrespectivepraetorships，twelve，ortwenty，orforty，centenaries，orhundredweightofgold。SeeOlympiodor。ap。Phot。p。197。Thispopularestimationallowssomelatitude；butitisdifficulttoexplainalawintheTheodosianCode，l。vi。leg。5，whichfixestheexpenseofthefirstpraetorat25，000，ofthesecondat20，000，andofthethirdat15，000folles。ThenameoffollisseeMem。del'AcademiedesInscriptions，tom。xxviii。p。727wasequallyappliedtoapurseof125piecesofsilver，andtoasmallcoppercoinofthevalueof1/2625partofthatpurse。Intheformersense，the25，000
folleswouldbeequalto150，000l。；inthelatter，tofiveorsixponudssterlingTheoneappearsextravagant，theotherisridiculous。Theremusthaveexistedsomethirdandmiddlevalue，whichishereunderstood；butambiguityisanexcusablefaultinthelanguageoflaws。]
[Footnote28:Nicopolis……inActiacolittoresitapossessiorisvestranuncparsvelmaximaest。Jerom。inPraefat。
Comment。adEpistol。adTitum，tom。ix。p。243。M。D。Tillemontsupposes，strangelyenough，thatitwaspartofAgamemnon'sinheritance。Mem。Eccles。tom。xii。p。85。]
[Footnote29:Seneca，Epist。lxxxix。Hislanguageisofthedeclamatorykind:butdeclamationcouldscarcelyexaggeratetheavariceandluxuryoftheRomans。Thephilosopherhimselfdeservedsomeshareofthereproach，ifitbetruethathisrigorousexactionofQuadringenties，abovethreehundredthousandpoundswhichhehadlentathighinterest，provokedarebellioninBritain，DionCassius，l。lxii。p。1003。AccordingtotheconjectureofGaleAntoninus'sItineraryinBritain，p。92，thesameFaustinuspossessedanestatenearBury，inSuffolkandanotherinthekingdomofNaples。]
[Footnote30:Volusius，awealthysenator，Tacit。Annal。iii。