[Footnote108:Orosiusl。ii。c。19,p。142comparesthecrueltyoftheGaulsandtheclemencyoftheGoths。Ibivixquemquaminventumsenatorem,quivelabsensevaserit;hicvixquemquamrequiri,quiforteutlatensperierit。Butthereisanairofrhetoric,andperhapsoffalsehood,inthisantithesis;
andSocratesl。vii。c。10affirms,perhapsbyanoppositeexaggeration,thatmanysenatorswereputtodeathwithvariousandexquisitetortures。]
[Footnote109:Multi……Christianiincaptivitatemductisunt。
Augustin,deCivDei,l。i。c。14;andtheChristiansexperiencednopeculiarhardships。]
[Footnote110:SeeHeineccius,Antiquitat。JurisRoman。tom。i。
p。96。]
[Footnote111:AppendixCod。Theodos。xvi。inSirmond。Opera,tom。i。p。735。Thisedictwaspublishedonthe11thofDecember,A。D。408,andismorereasonablethanproperlybelongedtotheministersofHonorius。]
[Footnote112:EminusIgiliisylvosacacuminamiror;
Quemfraudarenefaslaudishonoresuae。
Haecpropriosnupertutataestinsulasaltus;
Sivelociingenio,seuDominigenio。
Gurgitecummodicovictricibusobstititarmis,Tanquamlonginquodissociatamari。
Haecmultoslacerasuscepitaburbefugates,Hicfessispositocertatimoresalus。
Plurimaterrenopopulaverataequorabello,Contranaturamclassetimenduseques:
Unum,mirafides,variodiscrimineportum!
TampropeRomanis,tamproculesseGetis。
Rutilius,inItinerar。l。i。325
TheislandisnowcalledGiglio。SeeCluver。Ital。Antiq。
l。ii。]
[Footnote113:AstheadventuresofProbaandherfamilyareconnectedwiththelifeofSt。Augustin,theyarediligentlyillustratedbyTillemont,Mem。Eccles。tom。xiii。p。620—635。
SometimeaftertheirarrivalinAfrica,Demetriastooktheveil,andmadeavowofvirginity;aneventwhichwasconsideredasofthehighestimportancetoRomeandtotheworld。AlltheSaintswrotecongratulatoryletterstoher;thatofJeromisstillextant,tom。i。p。62—73,adDemetriad。deservandVirginitat。,andcontainsamixtureofabsurdreasoning,spiriteddeclamation,andcuriousfacts,someofwhichrelatetothesiegeandsackofRome。]
[Footnote114:SeethepatheticcomplaintofJerom,tom。v。p。
400,inhisprefacetothesecondbookofhisCommentariesontheProphetEzekiel。]
Thereexistsinhumannatureastrongpropensitytodepreciatetheadvantages,andtomagnifytheevils,ofthepresenttimes。Yet,whenthefirstemotionshadsubsided,andafairestimatewasmadeoftherealdamage,themorelearnedandjudiciouscontemporarieswereforcedtoconfess,thatinfantRomehadformerlyreceivedmoreessentialinjuryfromtheGauls,thanshehadnowsustainedfromtheGothsinherdecliningage。^115
Theexperienceofelevencenturieshasenabledposteritytoproduceamuchmoresingularparallel;andtoaffirmwithconfidence,thattheravagesoftheBarbarians,whomAlarichadledfromthebanksoftheDanube,werelessdestructivethanthehostilitiesexercisedbythetroopsofCharlestheFifth,aCatholicprince,whostyledhimselfEmperoroftheRomans。^116
TheGothsevacuatedthecityattheendofsixdays,butRomeremainedaboveninemonthsinthepossessionoftheImperialists;
andeveryhourwasstainedbysomeatrociousactofcruelty,lust,andrapine。TheauthorityofAlaricpreservedsomeorderandmoderationamongtheferociousmultitudewhichacknowledgedhimfortheirleaderandking;buttheconstableofBourbonhadgloriouslyfallenintheattackofthewalls;andthedeathofthegeneralremovedeveryrestraintofdisciplinefromanarmywhichconsistedofthreeindependentnations,theItalians,theSpaniards,andtheGermans。Inthebeginningofthesixteenthcentury,themannersofItalyexhibitedaremarkablesceneofthedepravityofmankind。Theyunitedthesanguinarycrimesthatprevailinanunsettledstateofsociety,withthepolishedviceswhichspringfromtheabuseofartandluxury;andthelooseadventurers,whohadviolatedeveryprejudiceofpatriotismandsuperstitiontoassaultthepalaceoftheRomanpontiff,mustdeservetobeconsideredasthemostprofligateoftheItalians。
Atthesameaera,theSpaniardsweretheterrorbothoftheOldandNewWorld:buttheirhigh—spiritedvalorwasdisgracedbygloomypride,rapaciousavarice,andunrelentingcruelty。
Indefatigableinthepursuitoffameandriches,theyhadimproved,byrepeatedpractice,themostexquisiteandeffectualmethodsoftorturingtheirprisoners:manyoftheCastilians,whopillagedRome,werefamiliarsoftheholyinquisition;andsomevolunteers,perhaps,werelatelyreturnedfromtheconquestofMexicoTheGermanswerelesscorruptthantheItalians,lesscruelthantheSpaniards;andtherustic,orevensavage,aspectofthoseTramontanewarriors,oftendisguisedasimpleandmercifuldisposition。Buttheyhadimbibed,inthefirstfervorofthereformation,thespirit,aswellastheprinciplesofLuther。Itwastheirfavoriteamusementtoinsult,ordestroy,theconsecratedobjectsofCatholicsuperstition;theyindulged,withoutpityorremorse,adevouthatredagainsttheclergyofeverydenominationanddegree,whoformsoconsiderableapartoftheinhabitantsofmodernRome;andtheirfanaticzealmightaspiretosubvertthethroneofAnti—christ,topurify,withbloodandfire,theabominationsofthespiritualBabylon。^117
[Footnote115:Orosius,thoughwithsometheologicalpartiality,statesthiscomparison,l。ii。c。19,p。142,l。vii。c。39,p。
575。But,inthehistoryofthetakingofRomebytheGauls,everythingisuncertain,andperhapsfabulous。SeeBeaufortsurl'Incertitude,&c。,del'HistoireRomaine,p。356;andMelot,intheMem。del'AcademiedesInscript。tom。xv。p。1—21。]
[Footnote116:Thereaderwhowishestoinformhimselfofthecircumstancesofhisfamousevent,mayperuseanadmirablenarrativeinDr。Robertson'sHistoryofCharlesV。vol。ii。p。
283;orconsulttheAnnalid'ItaliaofthelearnedMuratori,tom。
xiv。p。230—244,octavoedition。Ifheisdesirousofexaminingtheoriginals,hemayhaverecoursetotheeighteenthbookofthegreat,butunfinished,historyofGuicciardini。Buttheaccountwhichmosttrulydeservesthenameofauthenticandoriginal,isalittlebook,entitled,IlSaccodiRoma,composed,withinlessthanamonthaftertheassaultofthecity,bythebrotherofthehistorianGuicciardini,whoappearstohavebeenanablemagistrateandadispassionatewriter。]
[Footnote117:ThefuriousspiritofLuther,theeffectoftemperandenthusiasm,hasbeenforciblyattacked,Bossuet,Hist。desVariationsdesEglisesProtestantes,livrei。p。20—36,andfeeblydefended,Seckendorf。Comment。deLutheranismo,especiallyl。i。No。78,p。120,andl。iii。No。122,p。556。]
TheretreatofthevictoriousGoths,whoevacuatedRomeonthesixthday,^118mightbetheresultofprudence;butitwasnotsurelytheeffectoffear。^119Attheheadofanarmyencumberedwithrichandweightyspoils,theirintrepidleaderadvancedalongtheAppianwayintothesouthernprovincesofItaly,destroyingwhateverdaredtoopposehispassage,andcontentinghimselfwiththeplunderoftheunresistingcountry。
ThefateofCapua,theproudandluxuriousmetropolisofCampania,andwhichwasrespected,eveninitsdecay,astheeighthcityoftheempire,^120isburiedinoblivion;whilsttheadjacenttownofNola^121hasbeenillustrated,onthisoccasion,bythesanctityofPaulinus,^122whowassuccessivelyaconsul,amonk,andabishop。Attheageofforty,herenouncedtheenjoymentofwealthandhonor,ofsocietyandliterature,toembracealifeofsolitudeandpenance;andtheloudapplauseoftheclergyencouragedhimtodespisethereproachesofhisworldlyfriends,whoascribedthisdesperateacttosomedisorderofthemindorbody。^123AnearlyandpassionateattachmentdeterminedhimtofixhishumbledwellinginoneofthesuburbsofNola,nearthemiraculoustombofSt。
Faelix,whichthepublicdevotionhadalreadysurroundedwithfivelargeandpopulouschurches。Theremainsofhisfortune,andofhisunderstanding,werededicatedtotheserviceofthegloriousmartyr;whosepraise,onthedayofhisfestival,Paulinusneverfailedtocelebratebyasolemnhymn;andinwhosenameheerectedasixthchurch,ofsuperioreleganceandbeauty,whichwasdecoratedwithmanycuriouspictures,fromthehistoryoftheOldandNewTestament。Suchassiduouszealsecuredthefavorofthesaint,^124oratleastofthepeople;and,afterfifteenyears'retirement,theRomanconsulwascompelledtoacceptthebishopricofNola,afewmonthsbeforethecitywasinvestedbytheGoths。Duringthesiege,somereligiouspersonsweresatisfiedthattheyhadseen,eitherindreamsorvisions,thedivineformoftheirtutelarpatron;yetitsoonappearedbytheevent,thatFaelixwantedpower,orinclination,topreservetheflockofwhichhehadformerlybeentheshepherd。Nolawasnotsavedfromthegeneraldevastation;^125andthecaptivebishopwasprotectedonlybythegeneralopinionofhisinnocenceandpoverty。AbovefouryearselapsedfromthesuccessfulinvasionofItalybythearmsofAlaric,tothevoluntaryretreatoftheGothsundertheconductofhissuccessorAdolphus;and,duringthewholetime,theyreignedwithoutcontroloveracountry,which,intheopinionoftheancients,hadunitedallthevariousexcellencesofnatureandart。Theprosperity,indeed,whichItalyhadattainedintheauspiciousageoftheAntonines,hadgraduallydeclinedwiththedeclineoftheempire。
ThefruitsofalongpeaceperishedundertherudegraspoftheBarbarians;andtheythemselveswereincapableoftastingthemoreelegantrefinementsofluxury,whichhadbeenpreparedfortheuseofthesoftandpolishedItalians。Eachsoldier,however,claimedanampleportionofthesubstantialplenty,thecornandcattle,oilandwine,thatwasdailycollectedandconsumedintheGothiccamp;andtheprincipalwarriorsinsultedthevillasandgardens,onceinhabitedbyLucullusandCicero,alongthebeauteouscoastofCampania。Theirtremblingcaptives,thesonsanddaughtersofRomansenators,presented,ingobletsofgoldandgems,largedraughtsofFalernianwinetothehaughtyvictors;whostretchedtheirhugelimbsundertheshadeofplane—trees,^126artificiallydisposedtoexcludethescorchingrays,andtoadmitthegenialwarmth,ofthesun。Thesedelightswereenhancedbythememoryofpasthardships:thecomparisonoftheirnativesoil,thebleakandbarrenhillsofScythia,andthefrozenbanksoftheElbeandDanube,addednewcharmstothefelicityoftheItalianclimate。^127
[Footnote118:Marcellinus,inChron。Orosius,l。vii。c。39,p。
575,asserts,thatheleftRomeonthethirdday;butthisdifferenceiseasilyreconciledbythesuccessivemotionsofgreatbodiesoftroops。]
[Footnote119:Socratesl。vii。c。10pretends,withoutanycoloroftruth,orreason,thatAlaricfledonthereportthatthearmiesoftheEasternempirewereinfullmarchtoattackhim。]
[Footnote120:AusoniusdeClarisUrbibus,p。233,edit。Toll。
TheluxuryofCapuahadformerlysurpassedthatofSybarisitself。SeeAthenaeusDeipnosophist。l。xii。p。528,edit。
Casaubon。]
[Footnote121:Forty—eightyearsbeforethefoundationofRome,about800beforetheChristianaera,theTuscansbuiltCapuaandNola,atthedistanceoftwenty—threemilesfromeachother;
butthelatterofthetwocitiesneveremergedfromastateofmediocrity。]
[Footnote122:TillemontMem。Eccles。tom。xiv。p。1—46hascompiled,withhisusualdiligence,allthatrelatestothelifeandwritingsofPaulinus,whoseretreatiscelebratedbyhisownpen,andbythepraisesofSt。Ambrose,St。Jerom,St。Augustin,SulpiciusSeverus,&c。,hisChristianfriendsandcontemporaries。]
[Footnote123:SeetheaffectionatelettersofAusoniusepist。
xix。—xxv。p。650—698,edit。Toll。tohiscolleague,hisfriend,andhisdisciple,Paulinus。ThereligionofAusoniusisstillaproblem,seeMem。del'AcademiedesInscriptions,tom。
xv。p。123—138。Ibelievethatitwassuchinhisowntime,and,consequently,thatinhishearthewasaPagan。]
[Footnote124:ThehumblePaulinusoncepresumedtosay,thathebelievedSt。Faelixdidlovehim;atleast,asamasterloveshislittledog。]
[Footnote125:SeeJornandes,deReb。Get。c。30,p。653。
Philostorgius,l。xii。c。3。Augustin。deCiv。Dei,l。i。c。10。
Baronius,Annal。Eccles。A。D。410,No。45,46。]
[Footnote126:Theplatanus,orplane—tree,wasafavoriteoftheancients,bywhomitwaspropagated,forthesakeofshade,fromtheEasttoGaul。Plin。Hist。Natur。xii。3,4,5。Hementionsseveralofanenormoussize;oneintheImperialvilla,atVelitrae,whichCaligulacalledhisnest,asthebrancheswerecapableofholdingalargetable,theproperattendants,andtheemperorhimself,whomPlinyquaintlystylesparsumbroe;anexpressionwhichmight,withequalreason,beappliedtoAlaric]
[Footnote127:TheprostrateSouthtothedestroyeryieldsHerboastedtitles,andhergoldenfields;
WithgrimdelightthebroodofwinterviewAbrighterday,andskiesofazurehue;
Scentthenewfragranceoftheopeningrose,Andquaffthependentvintageasitgrows。
SeeGray'sPoems,publishedbyMr。Mason,p。197。Insteadofcompilingtablesofchronologyandnaturalhistory,whydidnotMr。Grayapplythepowersofhisgeniustofinishthephilosophicpoem,ofwhichhehasleftsuchanexquisitespecimen?]
Whetherfame,orconquest,orriches,weretheobjectorAlaric,hepursuedthatobjectwithanindefatigableardor,whichcouldneitherbequelledbyadversitynorsatiatedbysuccess。
NosoonerhadhereachedtheextremelandofItaly,thanhewasattractedbytheneighboringprospectofafertileandpeacefulisland。YeteventhepossessionofSicilyheconsideredonlyasanintermediatesteptotheimportantexpedition,whichhealreadymeditatedagainstthecontinentofAfrica。TheStraitsofRhegiumandMessina^128aretwelvemilesinlength,and,inthenarrowestpassage,aboutonemileandahalfbroad;andthefabulousmonstersofthedeep,therocksofScylla,andthewhirlpoolofCharybdis,couldterrifynonebutthemosttimidandunskilfulmariners。YetassoonasthefirstdivisionoftheGothshadembarked,asuddentempestarose,whichsunk,orscattered,manyofthetransports;theircouragewasdauntedbytheterrorsofanewelement;andthewholedesignwasdefeatedbytheprematuredeathofAlaric,whichfixed,afterashortillness,thefataltermofhisconquests。TheferociouscharacteroftheBarbarianswasdisplayedinthefuneralofaherowhosevalorandfortunetheycelebratedwithmournfulapplause。Bythelaborofacaptivemultitude,theyforciblydivertedthecourseoftheBusentinus,asmallriverthatwashesthewallsofConsentia。Theroyalsepulchre,adornedwiththesplendidspoilsandtrophiesofRome,wasconstructedinthevacantbed;thewaterswerethenrestoredtotheirnaturalchannel;andthesecretspot,wheretheremainsofAlarichadbeendeposited,wasforeverconcealedbytheinhumanmassacreoftheprisoners,whohadbeenemployedtoexecutethework。^129
[Footnote128:FortheperfectdescriptionoftheStraitsofMessina,Scylla,Clarybdis,&c。,seeCluverius,Ital。Antiq。l。
iv。p。1293,andSiciliaAntiq。l。i。p。60—76,whohaddiligentlystudiedtheancients,andsurveyedwithacuriouseyetheactualfaceofthecountry。]
[Footnote129:Jornandes,deRebGet。c。30,p。654。]
ChapterXXXI:InvasionOfItaly,OccupationOfTerritoriesByBarbarians。
PartV。
ThepersonalanimositiesandhereditaryfeudsoftheBarbariansweresuspendedbythestrongnecessityoftheiraffairs;andthebraveAdolphus,thebrother—in—lawofthedeceasedmonarch,wasunanimouslyelectedtosucceedtohisthrone。ThecharacterandpoliticalsystemofthenewkingoftheGothsmaybebestunderstoodfromhisownconversationwithanillustriouscitizenofNarbonne;whoafterwards,inapilgrimagetotheHolyLand,relatedittoSt。Jerom,inthepresenceofthehistorianOrosius。"Inthefullconfidenceofvalorandvictory,IonceaspiredsaidAdolphustochangethefaceoftheuniverse;toobliteratethenameofRome;toerectonitsruinsthedominionoftheGoths;andtoacquire,likeAugustus,theimmortalfameofthefounderofanewempire。Byrepeatedexperiments,Iwasgraduallyconvinced,thatlawsareessentiallynecessarytomaintainandregulateawell—constitutedstate;andthatthefierce,untractablehumoroftheGothswasincapableofbearingthesalutaryyokeoflawsandcivilgovernment。FromthatmomentIproposedtomyselfadifferentobjectofgloryandambition;anditisnowmysincerewishthatthegratitudeoffutureagesshouldacknowledgethemeritofastranger,whoemployedtheswordoftheGoths,nottosubvert,buttorestoreandmaintain,theprosperityoftheRomanempire。"
^130Withthesepacificviews,thesuccessorofAlaricsuspendedtheoperationsofwar;andseriouslynegotiatedwiththeImperialcourtatreatyoffriendshipandalliance。ItwastheinterestoftheministersofHonorius,whowerenowreleasedfromtheobligationoftheirextravagantoath,todeliverItalyfromtheintolerableweightoftheGothicpowers;andtheyreadilyacceptedtheirserviceagainstthetyrantsandBarbarianswhoinfestedtheprovincesbeyondtheAlps。^131Adolphus,assumingthecharacterofaRomangeneral,directedhismarchfromtheextremityofCampaniatothesouthernprovincesofGaul。Histroops,eitherbyforceofagreement,immediatelyoccupiedthecitiesofNarbonne,Thoulouse,andBordeaux;andthoughtheywererepulsedbyCountBonifacefromthewallsofMarseilles,theysoonextendedtheirquartersfromtheMediterraneantotheOcean。
Theoppressedprovincialsmightexclaim,thatthemiserableremnant,whichtheenemyhadspared,wascruellyravishedbytheirpretendedallies;yetsomespeciouscolorswerenotwantingtopalliate,orjustifytheviolenceoftheGoths。ThecitiesofGaul,whichtheyattacked,mightperhapsbeconsideredasinastateofrebellionagainstthegovernmentofHonorius:thearticlesofthetreaty,orthesecretinstructionsofthecourt,mightsometimesbeallegedinfavoroftheseemingusurpationsofAdolphus;andtheguiltofanyirregular,unsuccessfulactofhostilitymightalwaysbeimputed,withanappearanceoftruth,totheungovernablespiritofaBarbarianhost,impatientofpeaceordiscipline。TheluxuryofItalyhadbeenlesseffectualtosoftenthetemper,thantorelaxthecourage,oftheGoths;
andtheyhadimbibedthevices,withoutimitatingtheartsandinstitutions,ofcivilizedsociety。^132
[Footnote130:Orosius,l。vii。c。43,p。584,585。HewassentbySt。Augustinintheyear415,fromAfricatoPalestine,tovisitSt。Jerom,andtoconsultwithhimonthesubjectofthePelagiancontroversy。]
[Footnote131:Jornandessupposes,withoutmuchprobability,thatAdolphusvisitedandplunderedRomeasecondtime,morelocustarumerasitYetheagreeswithOrosiusinsupposingthatatreatyofpeacewasconcludedbetweentheGothicprinceandHonorius。SeeOros。l。vii。c。43p。584,585。Jornandes,deReb。Geticis,c。31,p。654,655。]
[Footnote132:TheretreatoftheGothsfromItaly,andtheirfirsttransactionsinGaul,aredarkanddoubtful。IhavederivedmuchassistancefromMascou,Hist。oftheAncientGermans,l。viii。c。29,35,36,37,whohasillustrated,andconnected,thebrokenchroniclesandfragmentsofthetimes。]