continuestheindignantpoet，"arethefruitsofRomanvalor，ofthedefeatofAntiochus，andofthetriumphofPompey。"Thisvenalprostitutionofpublichonorssecuredtheimpunityoffuturecrimes；buttheriches，whichEutropiusderivedfromconfiscation，werealreadystainedwithinjustice；sinceitwasdecenttoaccuse，andtocondemn，theproprietorsofthewealth，whichhewasimpatienttoconfiscate。Somenoblebloodwasshedbythehandoftheexecutioner；andthemostinhospitableextremitiesoftheempirewerefilledwithinnocentandillustriousexiles。AmongthegeneralsandconsulsoftheEast，Abundantius^12hadreasontodreadthefirsteffectsoftheresentmentofEutropius。HehadbeenguiltyoftheunpardonablecrimeofintroducingthatabjectslavetothepalaceofConstantinople；andsomedegreeofpraisemustbeallowedtoapowerfulandungratefulfavorite，whowassatisfiedwiththedisgraceofhisbenefactor。AbundantiuswasstrippedofhisamplefortunesbyanImperialrescript，andbanishedtoPityus，ontheEuxine，thelastfrontieroftheRomanworld；wherehesubsistedbytheprecariousmercyoftheBarbarians，tillhecouldobtain，afterthefallofEutropius，amilderexileatSidon，inPhoenicia。ThedestructionofTimasius^13requiredamoreseriousandregularmodeofattack。Thatgreatofficer，themaster—generalofthearmiesofTheodosius，hadsignalizedhisvalorbyadecisivevictory，whichheobtainedovertheGothsofThessaly；buthewastooprone，aftertheexampleofhissovereign，toenjoytheluxuryofpeace，andtoabandonhisconfidencetowickedanddesigningflatterers。Timasiushaddespisedthepublicclamor，bypromotinganinfamousdependanttothecommandofacohort；andhedeservedtofeeltheingratitudeofBargus，whowassecretlyinstigatedbythefavoritetoaccusehispatronofatreasonableconspiracy。ThegeneralwasarraignedbeforethetribunalofArcadiushimself；andtheprincipaleunuchstoodbythesideofthethronetosuggestthequestionsandanswersofhissovereign。Butasthisformoftrialmightbedeemedpartialandarbitrary，thefurtherinquiryintothecrimesofTimasiuswasdelegatedtoSaturninusandProcopius；theformerofconsularrank，thelatterstillrespectedasthefather—in—lawoftheemperorValens。TheappearancesofafairandlegalproceedingweremaintainedbytheblunthonestyofProcopius；andheyieldedwithreluctancetotheobsequiousdexterityofhiscolleague，whopronouncedasentenceofcondemnationagainsttheunfortunateTimasius。Hisimmensericheswereconfiscatedinthenameoftheemperor，andforthebenefitofthefavorite；andhewasdoomedtoperpetualexileaOasis，asolitaryspotinthemidstofthesandydesertsofLibya。^14Secludedfromallhumanconverse，themaster—generaloftheRomanarmieswaslostforevertotheworld；butthecircumstancesofhisfatehavebeenrelatedinavariousandcontradictorymanner。ItisinsinuatedthatEutropiusdespatchedaprivateorderforhissecretexecution。^15Itwasreported，that，inattemptingtoescapefromOasis，heperishedinthedesert，ofthirstandhunger；andthathisdeadbodywasfoundonthesandsofLibya。^16Ithasbeenasserted，withmoreconfidence，thathissonSyagrius，aftersuccessfullyeludingthepursuitoftheagentsandemissariesofthecourt，collectedabandofAfricanrobbers；thatherescuedTimasiusfromtheplaceofhisexile；andthatboththefatherandthesondisappearedfromtheknowledgeofmankind。^17ButtheungratefulBargus，insteadofbeingsufferedtopossesstherewardofguiltwassoonaftercircumventedanddestroyed，bythemorepowerfulvillanyoftheministerhimself，whoretainedsenseandspiritenoughtoabhortheinstrumentofhisowncrimes。
[Footnote10:Drunkwithriches，istheforcibleexpressionofZosimus，l。v。p。301；andtheavariceofEutropiusisequallyexecratedintheLexiconofSuidasandtheChronicleofMarcellinusChrysostomhadoftenadmonishedthefavoriteofthevanityanddangerofimmoderatewealth，tom。iii。p。381。
—certantumsaepeduorumDiversumsuspenditonus:cumponderejudexVergit，etingeminasnutatprovincialances。
Claudiani。192—209socuriouslydistinguishesthecircumstancesofthesale，thattheyallseemtoalludetoparticularanecdotes。]
[Footnote12:Claudiani。154—170mentionstheguiltandexileofAbundantius；norcouldhefailtoquotetheexampleoftheartist，whomadethefirsttrialofthebrazenbull，whichhepresentedtoPhalaris。SeeZosimus，l。v。p。302。Jerom，tom。
i。p。26。Thedifferenceofplaceiseasilyreconciled；butthedecisiveauthorityofAsteriusofAmasiaOrat。iv。p。76，apudTillemont，Hist。desEmpereurs，tom。v。p。435mustturnthescaleinfavorofPityus。]
[Footnote13:SuidasmostprobablyfromthehistoryofEunapius
hasgivenaveryunfavorablepictureofTimasius。Theaccountofhisaccuser，thejudges，trial，&c。，isperfectlyagreeabletothepracticeofancientandmoderncourts。SeeZosimus，l。v。
p。298，299，300。Iamalmosttemptedtoquotetheromanceofagreatmaster，Fielding'sWorks，vol。iv。p。49，&c。，8vo。
edit。，whichmaybeconsideredasthehistoryofhumannature。]
[Footnote14:ThegreatOasiswasoneofthespotsinthesandsofLibya，wateredwithsprings，andcapableofproducingwheat，barley，andpalm—trees。Itwasaboutthreedays'journeyfromnorthtosouth，abouthalfadayinbreadth，andatthedistanceofaboutfivedays'marchtothewestofAbydus，ontheNile。
SeeD'Anville，Descriptiondel'Egypte，p。186，187，188。ThebarrendesertwhichencompassesOasisZosimus，l。v。p。300hassuggestedtheideaofcomparativefertility，andeventheepithetofthehappyisland]
[Footnote15:ThelineofClaudian，inEutrop。l。i。180，MarmaricusclarisviolaturcaedibusHammon，evidentlyalludestohispersuasionofthedeathofTimasius。
Note:AfragmentofEunapiusconfirmsthisaccount。"Thushavingdeprivedthisgreatpersonofhislife—aeunuch，aman，aslave，aconsul，aministerofthebed—chamber，onebredincamps。"Mai，p。283，inNiebuhr。87—M。]
[Footnote16:Sozomen，l。viii。c。7。Hespeaksfromreport。]
[Footnote17:Zosimus，l。v。p。300。YetheseemstosuspectthatthisrumorwasspreadbythefriendsofEutropius。]
Thepublichatred，andthedespairofindividuals，continuallythreatened，orseemedtothreaten，thepersonalsafetyofEutropius；aswellasofthenumerousadherents，whowereattachedtohisfortune，andhadbeenpromotedbyhisvenalfavor。Fortheirmutualdefence，hecontrivedthesafeguardofalaw，whichviolatedeveryprincipalofhumanityandjustice。^18
I。Itisenacted，inthename，andbytheauthorityofArcadius，thatallthosewhoshouldconspire，eitherwithsubjectsorwithstrangers，againstthelivesofanyofthepersonswhomtheemperorconsidersasthemembersofhisownbody，shallbepunishedwithdeathandconfiscation。Thisspeciesoffictitiousandmetaphoricaltreasonisextendedtoprotect，notonlytheillustriousofficersofthestateandarmy，whowereadmittedintothesacredconsistory，butlikewisetheprincipaldomesticsofthepalace，thesenatorsofConstantinople，themilitarycommanders，andthecivilmagistratesoftheprovinces；avagueandindefinitelist，which，underthesuccessorsofConstantine，includedanobscureandnumeroustrainofsubordinateministers。
II。Thisextremeseveritymightperhapsbejustified，haditbeenonlydirectedtosecuretherepresentativesofthesovereignfromanyactualviolenceintheexecutionoftheiroffice。ButthewholebodyofImperialdependantsclaimedaprivilege，orratherimpunity，whichscreenedthem，intheloosestmomentsoftheirlives，fromthehasty，perhapsthejustifiable，resentmentoftheirfellow—citizens；and，byastrangeperversionofthelaws，thesamedegreeofguiltandpunishmentwasappliedtoaprivatequarrel，andtoadeliberateconspiracyagainsttheemperorandtheempire。TheedictsofArcadiusmostpositivelyandmostabsurdlydeclares，thatinsuchcasesoftreason，thoughtsandactionsoughttobepunishedwithequalseverity；
thattheknowledgeofamischievousintention，unlessitbeinstantlyrevealed，becomesequallycriminalwiththeintentionitself；^19andthatthoserashmen，whoshallpresumetosolicitthepardonoftraitors，shallthemselvesbebrandedwithpublicandperpetualinfamy。III。"Withregardtothesonsofthetraitors，"continuestheemperor，"althoughtheyoughttosharethepunishment，sincetheywillprobablyimitatetheguilt，oftheirparents，yet，bythespecialeffectofourImperiallenity，wegrantthemtheirlives；but，atthesametime，wedeclarethemincapableofinheriting，eitheronthefather'soronthemother'sside，orofreceivinganygiftorlegacy，fromthetestamenteitherofkinsmenorofstrangers。Stigmatizedwithhereditaryinfamy，excludedfromthehopesofhonorsorfortune，letthemendurethepangsofpovertyandcontempt，tilltheyshallconsiderlifeasacalamity，anddeathasacomfortandrelief。"Insuchwords，sowelladaptedtoinsultthefeelingsofmankind，didtheemperor，orratherhisfavoriteeunuch，applaudthemoderationofalaw，whichtransferredthesameunjustandinhumanpenaltiestothechildrenofallthosewhohadseconded，orwhohadnotdisclosed，theirfictitiousconspiracies。SomeofthenoblestregulationsofRomanjurisprudencehavebeensufferedtoexpire；butthisedict，aconvenientandforcibleengineofministerialtyranny，wascarefullyinsertedinthecodesofTheodosiusandJustinian；andthesamemaximshavebeenrevivedinmodernages，toprotecttheelectorsofGermany，andthecardinalsofthechurchofRome。^20
[Footnote18:SeetheTheodosianCode，l。ix。tit。14，adlegemCorneliamdeSicariis，leg。3，andtheCodeofJustinian，l。ix。
tit。viii，viii。adlegemJuliamdeMajestate，leg。5。Thealterationofthetitle，frommurdertotreason，wasanimprovementofthesubtleTribonian。Godefroy，inaformaldissertation，whichhehasinsertedinhisCommentary，illustratesthislawofArcadius，andexplainsallthedifficultpassageswhichhadbeenpervertedbythejurisconsultsofthedarkerages。Seetom。iii。p。88—111。]
[Footnote19:Bartolusunderstandsasimpleandnakedconsciousness，withoutanysignofapprobationorconcurrence。
Forthisopinion，saysBaldus，heisnowroastinginhell。Formyownpart，continuesthediscreetHeineccius，Element。Jur。
Civill。iv。p。411，ImustapprovethetheoryofBartolus；butinpracticeIshouldinclinetothesentimentsofBaldus。YetBartoluswasgravelyquotedbythelawyersofCardinalRichelieu；
andEutropiuswasindirectlyguiltyofthemurderofthevirtuousDeThou。]
[Footnote20:Godefroy，tom。iii。p。89。Itis，however，suspected，thatthislaw，sorepugnanttothemaximsofGermanicfreedom，hasbeensurreptitiouslyaddedtothegoldenbull。]
Yetthesesanguinarylaws，whichspreadterroramongadisarmedanddispiritedpeople，wereoftooweakatexturetorestraintheboldenterpriseofTribigild^21theOstrogoth。Thecolonyofthatwarlikenation，whichhadbeenplantedbyTheodosiusinoneofthemostfertiledistrictsofPhrygia，^22
impatientlycomparedtheslowreturnsoflaborioushusbandrywiththesuccessfulrapineandliberalrewardsofAlaric；andtheirleaderresented，asapersonalaffront，hisownungraciousreceptioninthepalaceofConstantinople。Asoftandwealthyprovince，intheheartoftheempire，wasastonishedbythesoundofwar；andthefaithfulvassalwhohadbeendisregardedoroppressed，wasagainrespected，assoonasheresumedthehostilecharacterofaBarbarian。Thevineyardsandfruitfulfields，betweentherapidMarsyasandthewindingMaeander，^23wereconsumedwithfire；thedecayedwallsofthecitiescrumbledintodust，atthefirststrokeofanenemy；thetremblinginhabitantsescapedfromabloodymassacretotheshoresoftheHellespont；
andaconsiderablepartofAsiaMinorwasdesolatedbytherebellionofTribigild。HisrapidprogresswascheckedbytheresistanceofthepeasantsofPamphylia；andtheOstrogoths，attackedinanarrowpass，betweenthecityofSelgae，^24adeepmorass，andthecraggycliffsofMountTaurus，weredefeatedwiththelossoftheirbravesttroops。Butthespiritoftheirchiefwasnotdauntedbymisfortune；andhisarmywascontinuallyrecruitedbyswarmsofBarbariansandoutlaws，whoweredesirousofexercisingtheprofessionofrobbery，underthemorehonorablenamesofwarandconquest。TherumorsofthesuccessofTribigildmightforsometimebesuppressedbyfear，ordisguisedbyflattery；yettheygraduallyalarmedboththecourtandthecapital。Everymisfortunewasexaggeratedindarkanddoubtfulhints；andthefuturedesignsoftherebelsbecamethesubjectofanxiousconjecture。WheneverTribigildadvancedintotheinlandcountry，theRomanswereinclinedtosupposethathemeditatedthepassageofMountTaurus，andtheinvasionofSyria。Ifhedescendedtowardsthesea，theyimputed，andperhapssuggested，totheGothicchief，themoredangerousprojectofarmingafleetintheharborsofIonia，andofextendinghisdepredationsalongthemaritimecoast，fromthemouthoftheNiletotheportofConstantinople。Theapproachofdanger，andtheobstinacyofTribigild，whorefusedalltermsofaccommodation，compelledEutropiustosummonacouncilofwar。^25Afterclaimingforhimselftheprivilegeofaveteransoldier，theeunuchintrustedtheguardofThraceandtheHellesponttoGainastheGoth，andthecommandoftheAsiaticarmytohisfavorite，Leo；twogenerals，whodifferently，buteffectually，promotedthecauseoftherebels。Leo，^26who，fromthebulkofhisbody，andthedulnessofhismind，wassurnamedtheAjaxoftheEast，haddesertedhisoriginaltradeofawoolcomber，toexercise，withmuchlessskillandsuccess，themilitaryprofession；andhisuncertainoperationswerecapriciouslyframedandexecuted，withanignoranceofrealdifficulties，andatimorousneglectofeveryfavorableopportunity。TherashnessoftheOstrogothshaddrawnthemintoadisadvantageouspositionbetweentheRiversMelasandEurymedon，wheretheywerealmostbesiegedbythepeasantsofPamphylia；butthearrivalofanImperialarmy，insteadofcompletingtheirdestruction，affordedthemeansofsafetyandvictory。TribigildsurprisedtheunguardedcampoftheRomans，inthedarknessofthenight；seducedthefaithofthegreaterpartoftheBarbarianauxiliaries，anddissipated，withoutmucheffort，thetroops，whichhadbeencorruptedbytherelaxationofdiscipline，andtheluxuryofthecapital。ThediscontentofGainas，whohadsoboldlycontrivedandexecutedthedeathofRufinus，wasirritatedbythefortuneofhisunworthysuccessor；heaccusedhisowndishonorablepatienceundertheservilereignofaeunuch；andtheambitiousGothwasconvicted，atleastinthepublicopinion，ofsecretlyfomentingtherevoltofTribigild，withwhomhewasconnectedbyadomestic，aswellasbyanationalalliance。^27WhenGainaspassedtheHellespont，touniteunderhisstandardtheremainsoftheAsiatictroops，heskilfullyadaptedhismotionstothewishesoftheOstrogoths；abandoning，byhisretreat，thecountrywhichtheydesiredtoinvade；orfacilitating，byhisapproach，thedesertionoftheBarbarianauxiliaries。TotheImperialcourtherepeatedlymagnifiedthevalor，thegenius，theinexhaustibleresourcesofTribigild；confessedhisowninabilitytoprosecutethewar；andextortedthepermissionofnegotiatingwithhisinvincibleadversary。Theconditionsofpeaceweredictatedbythehaughtyrebel；andtheperemptorydemandoftheheadofEutropiusrevealedtheauthorandthedesignofthishostileconspiracy。
[Footnote21:AcopiousandcircumstantialnarrativewhichhemighthavereservedformoreimportanteventsisbestowedbyZosimusl。v。p。304—312ontherevoltofTribigildandGainas。SeelikewiseSocrates，l。vi。c。6，andSozomen，l。
viii。c。4。ThesecondbookofClaudianagainstEutropius，isafine，thoughimperfect，pieceofhistory。]
[Footnote22:ClaudianinEutrop。l。ii。237—250veryaccuratelyobserves，thattheancientnameandnationofthePhrygiansextendedveryfaroneveryside，tilltheirlimitswerecontractedbythecoloniesoftheBithvniansofThrace，oftheGreeks，andatlastoftheGauls。Hisdescriptionii。257—
272ofthefertilityofPhrygia，andofthefourriversthatproducedgold，isjustandpicturesque。]
[Footnote23:Xenophon，Anabasis，l。i。p。11，12，edit。
Hutchinson。Strabo，l。xiip。865，edit。Amstel。Q。Curt。l。
iii。c。1。ClaudiancomparesthejunctionoftheMarsyasandMaeandertothatoftheSaoneandtheRhone，withthisdifference，however，thatthesmallerofthePhrygianriversisnotaccelerated，butretarded，bythelarger。]
[Footnote24:Selgae，acolonyoftheLacedaemonians，hadformerlynumberedtwentythousandcitizens；butintheageofZosimusitwasreducedtoasmalltown。SeeCellarius，Geograph。
Antiqtom。ii。p。117。]
[Footnote25:ThecouncilofEutropius，inClaudian，maybecomparedtothatofDomitianinthefourthSatireofJuvenal。
Theprincipalmembersoftheformerwerejuvenesprotervilasciviquesenes；oneofthemhadbeenacook，asecondawoolcomber。Thelanguageoftheiroriginalprofessionexposestheirassumeddignity；andtheirtriflingconversationabouttragedies，dancers，&c。，ismadestillmoreridiculousbytheimportanceofthedebate。]
[Footnote26:Claudianl。ii。376—461hasbrandedhimwithinfamy；andZosimus，inmoretemperatelanguage，confirmshisreproaches。L。v。p。305。]
[Footnote27:TheconspiracyofGainasandTribigild，whichisattestedbytheGreekhistorian，hadnotreachedtheearsofClaudian，whoattributestherevoltoftheOstrogothtohisownmartialspirit，andtheadviceofhiswife。]
ChapterXXXII:EmperorsArcadius，Eutropius，TheodosiusII。
PartII。
Theboldsatirist，whohasindulgedhisdiscontentbythepartialandpassionatecensureoftheChristianemperors，violatesthedignity，ratherthanthetruth，ofhistory，bycomparingthesonofTheodosiustooneofthoseharmlessandsimpleanimals，whoscarcelyfeelthattheyarethepropertyoftheirshepherd。Twopassions，however，fearandconjugalaffection，awakenedthelanguidsoulofArcadius:hewasterrifiedbythethreatsofavictoriousBarbarian；andheyieldedtothetendereloquenceofhiswifeEudoxia，who，withafloodofartificialtears，presentingherinfantchildrentotheirfather，imploredhisjusticeforsomerealorimaginaryinsult，whichsheimputedtotheaudaciouseunuch。^28Theemperor'shandwasdirectedtosignthecondemnationofEutropius；themagicspell，whichduringfouryearshadboundtheprinceandthepeople，wasinstantlydissolved；andtheacclamationsthatsolatelyhailedthemeritandfortuneofthefavorite，wereconvertedintotheclamorsofthesoldiersandpeople，whoreproachedhiscrimes，andpressedhisimmediateexecution。Inthishourofdistressanddespair，hisonlyrefugewasinthesanctuaryofthechurch，whoseprivilegeshehadwiselyorprofanelyattemptedtocircumscribe；andthemosteloquentofthesaints，JohnChrysostom，enjoyedthetriumphofprotectingaprostrateminister，whosechoicehadraisedhimtotheecclesiasticalthroneofConstantinople。Thearchbishop，ascendingthepulpitofthecathedral，thathemightbedistinctlyseenandheardbyaninnumerablecrowdofeithersexandofeveryage，pronouncedaseasonableandpatheticdiscourseontheforgivenessofinjuries，andtheinstabilityofhumangreatness。Theagoniesofthepaleandaffrightedwretch，wholaygrovellingunderthetableofthealtar，exhibitedasolemnandinstructivespectacle；andtheorator，whowasafterwardsaccusedofinsultingthemisfortunesofEutropius，laboredtoexcitethecontempt，thathemightassuagethefury，ofthepeople。^29Thepowersofhumanity，ofsuperstition，andofeloquence，prevailed。TheempressEudoxiawasrestrainedbyherownprejudices，orbythoseofhersubjects，fromviolatingthesanctuaryofthechurch；andEutropiuswastemptedtocapitulate，bythemilderartsofpersuasion，andbyanoath，thathislifeshouldbespared。^30Carelessofthedignityoftheirsovereign，thenewministersofthepalaceimmediatelypublishedanedicttodeclare，thathislatefavoritehaddisgracedthenamesofconsulandpatrician，toabolishhisstatues，toconfiscatehiswealth，andtoinflictaperpetualexileintheIslandofCyprus。^31A