Consciousofthepurityofhisintentions，andperhapsofthesuperiorityofhisgenius，thearchbishopofConstantinopleextendedthejurisdictionoftheImperialcity，thathemightenlargethesphereofhispastorallabors；andtheconductwhichtheprofaneimputedtoanambitiousmotive，appearedtoChrysostomhimselfinthelightofasacredandindispensableduty。InhisvisitationthroughtheAsiaticprovinces，hedeposedthirteenbishopsofLydiaandPhrygia；andindiscreetlydeclaredthatadeepcorruptionofsimonyandlicentiousnesshadinfectedthewholeepiscopalorder。^46Ifthosebishopswereinnocent，sucharashandunjustcondemnationmustexciteawell—
groundeddiscontent。Iftheywereguilty，thenumerousassociatesoftheirguiltwouldsoondiscoverthattheirownsafetydependedontheruinofthearchbishop；whomtheystudiedtorepresentasthetyrantoftheEasternchurch。
[Footnote43:ThefemalesofConstantinopledistinguishedthemselvesbytheirenmityortheirattachmenttoChrysostom。
Threenobleandopulentwidows，Marsa，Castricia，andEugraphia，weretheleadersofthepersecution，Pallad。Dialog。tom。xiii。
p。14。Itwasimpossiblethattheyshouldforgiveapreacherwhoreproachedtheiraffectationtoconceal，bytheornamentsofdress，theirageandugliness，Palladp。27。Olympias，byequalzeal，displayedinamorepiouscause，hasobtainedthetitleofsaint。SeeTillemont，Mem。Eccles。tom。xip。416—440。]
[Footnote44:Sozomen，andmoreespeciallySocrates，havedefinedtherealcharacterofChrysostomwithatemperateandimpartialfreedom，veryoffensivetohisblindadmirers。Thosehistorianslivedinthenextgeneration，whenpartyviolencewasabated，andhadconversedwithmanypersonsintimatelyacquaintedwiththevirtuesandimperfectionsofthesaint。]
[Footnote45:Palladiustom。xiii。p。40，&c。veryseriouslydefendsthearchbishop1。Henevertastedwine。2。Theweaknessofhisstomachrequiredapeculiardiet。3。Business，orstudy，ordevotion，oftenkepthimfastingtillsunset。4。Hedetestedthenoiseandlevityofgreatdinners。5。Hesavedtheexpensefortheuseofthepoor。6。Hewasapprehensive，inacapitallikeConstantinople，oftheenvyandreproachofpartialinvitations。]
[Footnote46:Chrysostomdeclareshisfreeopiniontom。ix。hom。
iiiinAct。Apostol。p。29thatthenumberofbishops，whomightbesaved，boreaverysmallproportiontothosewhowouldbedamned。]
ThisecclesiasticalconspiracywasmanagedbyTheophilus，^47archbishopofAlexandria，anactiveandambitiousprelate，whodisplayedthefruitsofrapineinmonumentsofostentation。
HisnationaldisliketotherisinggreatnessofacitywhichdegradedhimfromthesecondtothethirdrankintheChristianworld，wasexasperatedbysomepersonaldisputewithChrysostomhimself。^48Bytheprivateinvitationoftheempress，TheophiluslandedatConstantinoplewithastoubodyofEgyptianmariners，toencounterthepopulace；andatrainofdependentbishops，tosecure，bytheirvoices，themajorityofasynod。Thesynod^49
wasconvenedinthesuburbofChalcedon，surnamedtheOak，whereRufinushaderectedastatelychurchandmonastery；andtheirproceedingswerecontinuedduringfourteendays，orsessions。A
bishopandadeaconaccusedthearchbishopofConstantinople；butthefrivolousorimprobablenatureoftheforty—sevenarticleswhichtheypresentedagainsthim，mayjustlybeconsideredasafairandunexceptionalpanegyric。FoursuccessivesummonsweresignifiedtoChrysostom；buthestillrefusedtotrusteitherhispersonorhisreputationinthehandsofhisimplacableenemies，who，prudentlydecliningtheexaminationofanyparticularcharges，condemnedhiscontumaciousdisobedience，andhastilypronouncedasentenceofdeposition。ThesynodoftheOakimmediatelyaddressedtheemperortoratifyandexecutetheirjudgment，andcharitablyinsinuated，thatthepenaltiesoftreasonmightbeinflictedontheaudaciouspreacher，whohadreviled，underthenameofJezebel，theempressEudoxiaherself。
Thearchbishopwasrudelyarrested，andconductedthroughthecity，byoneoftheImperialmessengers，wholandedhim，afterashortnavigation，neartheentranceoftheEuxine；fromwhence，beforetheexpirationoftwodays，hewasgloriouslyrecalled。
[Footnote47:SeeTillemont，Mem。Eccles。tom。xi。p。441—500。]
[Footnote48:IhavepurposelyomittedthecontroversywhicharoseamongthemonksofEgypt，concerningOrigenismandAnthropomorphism；thedissimulationandviolenceofTheophilus；
hisartfulmanagementofthesimplicityofEpiphanius；thepersecutionandflightofthelong，ortall，brothers；theambiguoussupportwhichtheyreceivedatConstantinoplefromChrysostom，&c。&c。]
[Footnote49:Photiusp。53—60haspreservedtheoriginalactsofthesynodoftheOak；whichdestroysthefalseassertion，thatChrysostomwascondemnedbynomorethanthirty—sixbishops，ofwhomtwenty—ninewereEgyptians。Forty—fivebishopssubscribedhissentence。SeeTillemont，Mem。Eccles。tom。xi。p。
595。
Note:Tillemontarguesstronglyforthenumberofthirty—six—M]
Thefirstastonishmentofhisfaithfulpeoplehadbeenmuteandpassive:theysuddenlyrosewithunanimousandirresistiblefury。Theophilusescaped，butthepromiscuouscrowdofmonksandEgyptianmarinerswasslaughteredwithoutpityinthestreetsofConstantinople。^50AseasonableearthquakejustifiedtheinterpositionofHeaven；thetorrentofseditionrolledforwardstothegatesofthepalace；andtheempress，agitatedbyfearorremorse，threwherselfatthefeetofArcadius，andconfessedthatthepublicsafetycouldbepurchasedonlybytherestorationofChrysostom。TheBosphoruswascoveredwithinnumerablevessels；theshoresofEuropeandAsiawereprofuselyilluminated；andtheacclamationsofavictoriouspeopleaccompanied，fromtheporttothecathedral，thetriumphofthearchbishop；who，tooeasily，consentedtoresumetheexerciseofhisfunctions，beforehissentencehadbeenlegallyreversedbytheauthorityofanecclesiasticalsynod。Ignorant，orcareless，oftheimpendingdanger，Chrysostomindulgedhiszeal，orperhapshisresentment；declaimedwithpeculiarasperityagainstfemalevices；andcondemnedtheprofanehonorswhichwereaddressed，almostintheprecinctsofSt。Sophia，tothestatueoftheempress。HisimprudencetemptedhisenemiestoinflamethehaughtyspiritofEudoxia，byreporting，orperhapsinventing，thefamousexordiumofasermon，"Herodiasisagainfurious；
Herodiasagaindances；sheoncemorerequirestheheadofJohn；"
aninsolentallusion，which，asawomanandasovereign，itwasimpossibleforhertoforgive。^51Theshortintervalofaperfidioustrucewasemployedtoconcertmoreeffectualmeasuresforthedisgraceandruinofthearchbishop。AnumerouscounciloftheEasternprelates，whowereguidedfromadistancebytheadviceofTheophilus，confirmedthevalidity，withoutexaminingthejustice，oftheformersentence；andadetachmentofBarbariantroopswasintroducedintothecity，tosuppresstheemotionsofthepeople。OnthevigilofEaster，thesolemnadministrationofbaptismwasrudelyinterruptedbythesoldiers，whoalarmedthemodestyofthenakedcatechumens，andviolated，bytheirpresence，theawfulmysteriesoftheChristianworship。
ArsaciusoccupiedthechurchofSt。Sophia，andthearchiepiscopalthrone。TheCatholicsretreatedtothebathsofConstantine，andafterwardstothefields；wheretheywerestillpursuedandinsultedbytheguards，thebishops，andthemagistrates。ThefataldayofthesecondandfinalexileofChrysostomwasmarkedbytheconflagrationofthecathedral，ofthesenate—house，andoftheadjacentbuildings；andthiscalamitywasimputed，withoutproof，butnotwithoutprobability，tothedespairofapersecutedfaction。^52
[Footnote50:Palladiusownsp。30thatifthepeopleofConstantinoplehadfoundTheophilus，theywouldcertainlyhavethrownhimintothesea。Socratesmentionsl。vi。c。17abattlebetweenthemobandthesailorsofAlexandria，inwhichmanywoundsweregiven，andsomeliveswerelost。ThemassacreofthemonksisobservedonlybythePaganZosimus，l。v。p。324，
whoacknowledgesthatChrysostomhadasingulartalenttoleadtheilliteratemultitude。]
[Footnote51:SeeSocrates，l。vi。c。18。Sozomen，l。viii。c。
20。Zosimusl。v。p324，327mentions，ingeneralterms，hisinvectivesagainstEudoxia。Thehomily，whichbeginswiththosefamouswords，isrejectedasspurious。Montfaucon，tom。xiii。p。
151。Tillemont，Mem。Eccles。tomxi。p。603。]
[Footnote52:WemightnaturallyexpectsuchachargefromZosimus，l。v。p。327；butitisremarkableenough，thatitshouldbeconfirmedbySocrates，l。vi。c。18，andthePaschalChronicle，p。307。]
Ciceromightclaimsomemerit，ifhisvoluntarybanishmentpreservedthepeaceoftherepublic；^53butthesubmissionofChrysostomwastheindispensabledutyofaChristianandasubject。Insteadoflisteningtohishumbleprayer，thathemightbepermittedtoresideatCyzicus，orNicomedia，theinflexibleempressassignedforhisexiletheremoteanddesolatetownofCucusus，amongtheridgesofMountTaurus，intheLesserArmenia。Asecrethopewasentertained，thatthearchbishopmightperishinadifficultanddangerousmarchofseventydays，intheheatofsummer，throughtheprovincesofAsiaMinor，wherehewascontinuallythreatenedbythehostileattacksoftheIsaurians，andthemoreimplacablefuryofthemonks。YetChrysostomarrivedinsafetyattheplaceofhisconfinement；andthethreeyearswhichhespentatCucusus，andtheneighboringtownofArabissus，werethelastandmostgloriousofhislife。
Hischaracterwasconsecratedbyabsenceandpersecution；thefaultsofhisadministrationwerenolongerremembered；buteverytonguerepeatedthepraisesofhisgeniusandvirtue:andtherespectfulattentionoftheChristianworldwasfixedonadesertspotamongthemountainsofTaurus。Fromthatsolitudethearchbishop，whoseactivemindwasinvigoratedbymisfortunes，maintainedastrictandfrequentcorrespondence^54withthemostdistantprovinces；exhortedtheseparatecongregationofhisfaithfuladherentstopersevereintheirallegiance；urgedthedestructionofthetemplesofPhoenicia，andtheextirpationofheresyintheIsleofCyprus；extendedhispastoralcaretothemissionsofPersiaandScythia；negotiated，byhisambassadors，withtheRomanpontiffandtheemperorHonorius；andboldlyappealed，fromapartialsynod，tothesupremetribunalofafreeandgeneralcouncil。Themindoftheillustriousexilewasstillindependent；buthiscaptivebodywasexposedtotherevengeoftheoppressors，whocontinuedtoabusethenameandauthorityofArcadius。^55AnorderwasdespatchedfortheinstantremovalofChrysostomtotheextremedesertofPityus:andhisguardssofaithfullyobeyedtheircruelinstructions，that，beforehereachedthesea—coastoftheEuxine，heexpiredatComana，inPontus，inthesixtiethyearofhisage。Thesucceedinggenerationacknowledgedhisinnocenceandmerit。ThearchbishopsoftheEast，whomightblushthattheirpredecessorshadbeentheenemiesofChrysostom，weregraduallydisposed，bythefirmnessoftheRomanpontiff，torestorethehonorsofthatvenerablename。^56AtthepioussolicitationoftheclergyandpeopleofConstantinople，hisrelics，thirtyyearsafterhisdeath，weretransportedfromtheirobscuresepulchretotheroyalcity。^57
TheemperorTheodosiusadvancedtoreceivethemasfarasChalcedon；and，fallingprostrateonthecoffin，implored，inthenameofhisguiltyparents，ArcadiusandEudoxia，theforgivenessoftheinjuredsaint。^58
[Footnote53:HedisplaysthosespeciousmotivesPostReditum，c。13，14inthelanguageofanoratorandapolitician。]
[Footnote54:Twohundredandforty—twooftheepistlesofChrysostomarestillextant，Opera，tom。iii。p。528—736。
Theyareaddressedtoagreatvarietyofpersons，andshowafirmnessofmindmuchsuperiortothatofCiceroinhisexile。
Thefourteenthepistlecontainsacuriousnarrativeofthedangersofhisjourney。]
[Footnote55:AftertheexileofChrysostom，Theophiluspublishedanenormousandhorriblevolumeagainsthim，inwhichheperpetuallyrepeatsthepoliteexpressionsofhostemhumanitatis，sacrilegorumprincipem，immundumdaemonem；heaffirms，thatJohnChrysostomhaddeliveredhissoultobeadulteratedbythedevil；
andwishesthatsomefurtherpunishment，adequateifpossible
tothemagnitudeofhiscrimes，maybeinflictedonhim。St。
Jerom，attherequestofhisfriendTheophilus，translatedthisedifyingperformancefromGreekintoLatin。SeeFacundusHermian。Defens。proiii。Capitul。l。vi。c。5publishedbySirmond。Opera，tom。ii。p。595，596，597。]
[Footnote56:HisnamewasinsertedbyhissuccessorAtticusintheDypticsofthechurchofConstantinople，A。D。418。Tenyearsafterwardshewasreveredasasaint。Cyril，whoinheritedtheplace，andthepassions，ofhisuncleTheophilus，yieldedwithmuchreluctance。SeeFacund。Hermian。l。4，c。1。Tillemont，Mem。Eccles。tom。xiv。p。277—283。]
[Footnote57:Socrates，l。vii。c。45。Theodoret，l。v。c。36。
ThiseventreconciledtheJoannites，whohadhithertorefusedtoacknowledgehissuccessors。Duringhislifetime，theJoanniteswererespected，bytheCatholics，asthetrueandorthodoxcommunionofConstantinople。Theirobstinacygraduallydrovethemtothebrinkofschism。]
[Footnote58:Accordingtosomeaccounts，Baronius，Annal。
Eccles。A。D。438No。9，10，theemperorwasforcedtosendaletterofinvitationandexcuses，beforethebodyoftheceremonioussaintcouldbemovedfromComana。]
ChapterXXXII:EmperorsArcadius，Eutropius，TheodosiusII。
PartIII。
Yetareasonabledoubtmaybeentertained，whetheranystainofhereditaryguiltcouldbederivedfromArcadiustohissuccessor。Eudoxiawasayoungandbeautifulwoman，whoindulgedherpassions，anddespisedherhusband；CountJohnenjoyed，atleast，thefamiliarconfidenceoftheempress；andthepublicnamedhimastherealfatherofTheodosiustheyounger。^59Thebirthofasonwasaccepted，however，bythepioushusband，asaneventthemostfortunateandhonorabletohimself，tohisfamily，andtotheEasternworld:andtheroyalinfant，byanunprecedentedfavor，wasinvestedwiththetitlesofCaesarandAugustus。Inlessthanfouryearsafterwards，Eudoxia，inthebloomofyouth，wasdestroyedbytheconsequencesofamiscarriage；andthisuntimelydeathconfoundedtheprophecyofaholybishop，^60who，amidsttheuniversaljoy，hadventuredtoforetell，thatsheshouldbeholdthelongandauspiciousreignofhergloriousson。TheCatholicsapplaudedthejusticeofHeaven，whichavengedthepersecutionofSt。Chrysostom；andperhapstheemperorwastheonlypersonwhosincerelybewailedthelossofthehaughtyandrapaciousEudoxia。SuchadomesticmisfortuneafflictedhimmoredeeplythanthepubliccalamitiesoftheEast；
^61thelicentiousexcursions，fromPontustoPalestine，oftheIsaurianrobbers，whoseimpunityaccusedtheweaknessofthegovernment；andtheearthquakes，theconflagrations，thefamine，andtheflightsoflocusts，^62whichthepopulardiscontentwasequallydisposedtoattributetotheincapacityofthemonarch。
Atlength，inthethirty—firstyearofhisage，afterareignifwemayabusethatwordofthirteenyears，threemonths，andfifteendays，ArcadiusexpiredinthepalaceofConstantinople。
Itisimpossibletodelineatehischaracter；since，inaperiodverycopiouslyfurnishedwithhistoricalmaterials，ithasnotbeenpossibletoremarkoneactionthatproperlybelongstothesonofthegreatTheodosius。
[Footnote59:Zosimus，l。v。p。315。Thechastityofanempressshouldnotbeimpeachedwithoutproducingawitness；butitisastonishing，thatthewitnessshouldwriteandliveunderaprincewhoselegitimacyhedaredtoattack。Wemustsupposethathishistorywasapartylibel，privatelyreadandcirculatedbythePagans。TillemontHist。desEmpereurs，tom。v。p。782isnotaversetobrandthereputationofEudoxia。]
[Footnote60:PorphyryofGaza。HiszealwastransportedbytheorderwhichhehadobtainedforthedestructionofeightPagantemplesofthatcity。Seethecuriousdetailsofhislife，Baronius，A。D。401，No。17—51，originallywritteninGreek，orperhapsinSyriac，byamonk，oneofhisfavoritedeacons。]
[Footnote61:Philostorg。l。xi。c。8，andGodefroy，Dissertat。
p。457。]
[Footnote62:Jeromtom。vi。p。73，76describes，inlivelycolors，theregularanddestructivemarchofthelocusts，whichspreadadarkcloud，betweenheavenandearth，overthelandofPalestine。Seasonablewindsscatteredthem，partlyintotheDeadSea，andpartlyintotheMediterranean。]
ThehistorianProcopius^63hasindeedilluminatedthemindofthedyingemperorwitharayofhumanprudence，orcelestialwisdom。Arcadiusconsidered，withanxiousforesight，thehelplessconditionofhissonTheodosius，whowasnomorethansevenyearsofage，thedangerousfactionsofaminority，andtheaspiringspiritofJezdegerd，thePersianmonarch。Insteadoftemptingtheallegianceofanambitioussubject，bytheparticipationofsupremepower，heboldlyappealedtothemagnanimityofaking；andplaced，byasolemntestament，thesceptreoftheEastinthehandsofJezdegerdhimself。Theroyalguardianacceptedanddischargedthishonorabletrustwithunexampledfidelity；andtheinfancyofTheodosiuswasprotectedbythearmsandcouncilsofPersia。SuchisthesingularnarrativeofProcopius；andhisveracityisnotdisputedbyAgathias，^64whilehepresumestodissentfromhisjudgment，andtoarraignthewisdomofaChristianemperor，who，sorashly，thoughsofortunately，committedhissonandhisdominionstotheunknownfaithofastranger，arival，andaheathen。Atthedistanceofonehundredandfiftyyears，thispoliticalquestionmightbedebatedinthecourtofJustinian；butaprudenthistorianwillrefusetoexaminethepropriety，tillhehasascertainedthetruth，ofthetestamentofArcadius。Asitstandswithoutaparallelinthehistoryoftheworld，wemayjustlyrequire，thatitshouldbeattestedbythepositiveandunanimousevidenceofcontemporaries。Thestrangenoveltyoftheevent，whichexcitesourdistrust，musthaveattractedtheirnotice；andtheiruniversalsilenceannihilatesthevaintraditionofthesucceedingage。
[Footnote63:Procopius，deBell。Persic。l。i。c。2，p。8，edit。
Louvre。]
[[Footnote64:Agathias，l。iv。p。136，137。Althoughheconfessestheprevalenceofthetradition，heasserts，thatProcopiuswasthefirstwhohadcommittedittowriting。
TillemontHist。desEmpereurs，tom。vi。p。597arguesverysensiblyonthemeritsofthisfable。Hiscriticismwasnotwarpedbyanyecclesiasticalauthority:bothProcopiusandAgathiasarehalfPagans。
Note:SeeStMartin'sarticleonJezdegerd，intheBiographieUniverselledeMichand。—M。]