Perhapsanextravagantfableofthetimesmayconcealanallegoricalpictureofthesefanatics，whotorturedeachotherandthemselves。"UndertheconsulshipofVenantiusandCeler，"saysagravebishop，"thepeopleofAlexandria，andallEgypt，wereseizedwithastrangeanddiabolicalfrenzy:greatandsmall，slavesandfreedmen，monksandclergy，thenativesoftheland，whoopposedthesynodofChalcedon，losttheirspeechandreason，barkedlikedogs，andtore，withtheirownteeththefleshfromtheirhandsandarms。"
　　^71
　　[Footnote67:See，intheAppendixtotheActsofChalcedon，theconfirmationoftheSynodbyMarcian，Concil。tom。iv。p。1781，1783；hisletterstothemonksofAlexandria，p。1791，ofMountSinai，p。1793，ofJerusalemandPalestine，p。1798；
　　hislawsagainsttheEutychians，p。1809，1811，1831；thecorrespondenceofLeowiththeprovincialsynodsontherevolutionofAlexandria，p。1835—1930。]
　　[Footnote68:PhotiusorratherEulogiusofAlexandria
　　confesses，inafinepassage，thespeciouscolorofthisdoublechargeagainstPopeLeoandhissynodofChalcedon，Bibliot。
　　cod。ccxxv。p。768。Hewagedadoublewaragainsttheenemiesofthechurch，andwoundedeitherfoewiththedartsofhisadversary。AgainstNestoriusheseemedtointroduceMonophysites；againstEutychesheappearedtocountenancetheNestorians。Theapologistclaimsacharitableinterpretationforthesaints:ifthesamehadbeenextendedtotheheretics，thesoundofthecontroversywouldhavebeenlostintheair]
　　[Footnote69:Fromhisnocturnalexpeditions。Indarknessanddisguisehecreptroundthecellsofthemonastery，andwhisperedtherevelationtohisslumberingbrethren，Theodor。Lector。l。
　　i。]
　　[Footnote70:SuchisthehyperboliclanguageoftheHenoticon。]
　　[Footnote71:SeetheChronicleofVictorTunnunensis，intheLectionesAntiquaeofCanisius，republishedbyBasnage，tom。
　　326。]
　　ThedisordersofthirtyyearsatlengthproducedthefamousHenoticon^72oftheemperorZeno，whichinhisreign，andinthatofAnastasius，wassignedbyallthebishopsoftheEast，underthepenaltyofdegradationandexile，iftheyrejectedorinfringedthissalutaryandfundamentallaw。Theclergymaysmileorgroanatthepresumptionofalaymanwhodefinesthearticlesoffaith；yetifhestoopstothehumiliatingtask，hismindislessinfectedbyprejudiceorinterest，andtheauthorityofthemagistratecanonlybemaintainedbytheconcordofthepeople。Itisinecclesiasticalstory，thatZenoappearsleastcontemptible；andIamnotabletodiscernanyManichaeanorEutychianguiltinthegeneroussayingofAnastasius。ThatitwasunworthyofanemperortopersecutetheworshippersofChristandthecitizensofRome。TheHenoticonwasmostpleasingtotheEgyptians；yetthesmallestblemishhasnotbeendescribedbythejealous，andevenjaundicedeyesofourorthodoxschoolmen，anditaccuratelyrepresentstheCatholicfaithoftheincarnation，withoutadoptingordisclaimingthepeculiartermsoftenetsofthehostilesects。AsolemnanathemaispronouncedagainstNestoriusandEutyches；againstallhereticsbywhomChristisdivided，orconfounded，orreducedtoaphantom。Withoutdefiningthenumberorthearticleofthewordnature，thepuresystemofSt。Cyril，thefaithofNice，Constantinople，andEphesus，isrespectfullyconfirmed；but，insteadofbowingatthenameofthefourthcouncil，thesubjectisdismissedbythecensureofallcontrarydoctrines，ifanysuchhavebeentaughteitherelsewhereoratChalcedon。Underthisambiguousexpression，thefriendsandtheenemiesofthelastsynodmightuniteinasilentembrace。ThemostreasonableChristiansacquiescedinthismodeoftoleration；buttheirreasonwasfeebleandinconstant，andtheirobediencewasdespisedastimidandservilebythevehementspiritoftheirbrethren。Onasubjectwhichengrossedthethoughtsanddiscoursesofmen，itwasdifficulttopreserveanexactneutrality；abook，asermon，aprayer，rekindledtheflameofcontroversy；andthebondsofcommunionwerealternatelybrokenandrenewedbytheprivateanimosityofthebishops。ThespacebetweenNestoriusandEutycheswasfilledbyathousandshadesoflanguageandopinion；
　　theacephali^73ofEgypt，andtheRomanpontiffs，ofequalvalor，thoughofunequalstrength，maybefoundatthetwoextremitiesofthetheologicalscale。Theacephali，withoutakingorabishop，wereseparatedabovethreehundredyearsfromthepatriarchsofAlexandria，whohadacceptedthecommunionofConstantinople，withoutexactingaformalcondemnationofthesynodofChalcedon。ForacceptingthecommunionofAlexandria，withoutaformalapprobationofthesamesynod，thepatriarchsofConstantinoplewereanathematizedbythepopes。TheirinflexibledespotisminvolvedthemostorthodoxoftheGreekchurchesinthisspiritualcontagion，deniedordoubtedthevalidityoftheirsacraments，^74andfomented，thirty—fiveyears，theschismoftheEastandWest，tilltheyfinallyabolishedthememoryoffourByzantinepontiffs，whohaddaredtoopposethesupremacyofSt。
　　Peter。^75Beforethatperiod，theprecarioustruceofConstantinopleandEgypthadbeenviolatedbythezealoftherivalprelates。Macedonius，whowassuspectedoftheNestorianheresy，asserted，indisgraceandexile，thesynodofChalcedon，whilethesuccessorofCyrilwouldhavepurchaseditsoverthrowwithabribeoftwothousandpoundsofgold。
　　[Footnote72:TheHenoticonistranscribedbyEvagrius，l。iii。
　　c。13，andtranslatedbyLiberatus，Brev。c。18。PagiCritica，tom。ii。p。411andBibliot。Orient。tom。i。p。343
　　aresatisfiedthatitisfreefromheresy；butPetaviusDogmat。
　　Theolog。tom。v。l。i。c。13，p。40mostunaccountablyaffirmsChalcedonensemascivit。AnadversarywouldprovethathehadneverreadtheHenoticon。]
　　[Footnote73:SeeRenaudot，Hist。Patriarch。Alex。p。123，131，145，195，247。TheywerereconciledbythecareofMarkI。A。D。
　　799—819；hepromotedtheirchiefstothebishopricsofAthribisandTalba，perhapsTava。SeeD'Anville，p。82，andsuppliedthesacraments，whichhadfailedforwantofanepiscopalordination。]
　　[Footnote74:Dehisquosbaptizavit，quosordinavitAcacius，majorumtraditioneconfectametveram，praecipuereligiosaesolicitudinicongruampraebemussinedifficultatemedicinam，Galacius，inepist。i。adEuphemium，Concil。tom。v。286。Theofferofamedicineprovesthedisease，andnumbersmusthaveperishedbeforethearrivaloftheRomanphysician。TillemonthimselfMem。Eccles。tom。xvi。p。372，642，&c。isshockedattheproud，uncharitabletemperofthepopes；theyarenowglad，sayshe，toinvokeSt。FlavianofAntioch，St。EliasofJerusalem，&c。，towhomtheyrefusedcommunionwhilstuponearth。
　　ButCardinalBaroniusisfirmandhardastherockofSt。Peter。]
　　[Footnote75:Theirnameswereerasedfromthediptychofthechurch:exvenerabilidiptycho，inquopiaememoriaetransitumadcoelumhabentiumepiscoporumvocabulacontinentur，Concil。tom。
　　iv。p。1846。Thisecclesiasticalrecordwasthereforeequivalenttothebookoflife。]
　　Inthefeverofthetimes，thesense，orratherthesoundofasyllable，wassufficienttodisturbthepeaceofanempire。
　　TheTrisagion^76thriceholy，"Holy，holy，holy，LordGodofHosts!"issupposed，bytheGreeks，tobetheidenticalhymnwhichtheangelsandcherubimeternallyrepeatbeforethethroneofGod，andwhich，aboutthemiddleofthefifthcentury，wasmiraculouslyrevealedtothechurchofConstantinople。ThedevotionofAntiochsoonadded，"whowascrucifiedforus!"andthisgratefuladdress，eithertoChristalone，ortothewholeTrinity，maybejustifiedbytherulesoftheology，andhasbeengraduallyadoptedbytheCatholicsoftheEastandWest。ButithadbeenimaginedbyaMonophysitebishop；^77thegiftofanenemywasatfirstrejectedasadireanddangerousblasphemy，andtherashinnovationhadnearlycosttheemperorAnastasiushisthroneandhislife。^78ThepeopleofConstantinoplewasdevoidofanyrationalprinciplesoffreedom；buttheyheld，asalawfulcauseofrebellion，thecolorofaliveryintheraces，orthecolorofamysteryintheschools。TheTrisagion，withandwithoutthisobnoxiousaddition，waschantedinthecathedralbytwoadversechoirs，andwhentheirlungswereexhausted，theyhadrecoursetothemoresolidargumentsofsticksandstones；theaggressorswerepunishedbytheemperor，anddefendedbythepatriarch；andthecrownandmitrewerestakedontheeventofthismomentousquarrel。Thestreetswereinstantlycrowdedwithinnumerableswarmsofmen，women，andchildren；thelegionsofmonks，inregulararray，marched，andshouted，andfoughtattheirhead，"Christians!thisisthedayofmartyrdom:letusnotdesertourspiritualfather；anathematotheManichaeantyrant!
　　heisunworthytoreign。"SuchwastheCatholiccry；andthegalleysofAnastasiuslayupontheiroarsbeforethepalace，tillthepatriarchhadpardonedhispenitent，andhushedthewavesofthetroubledmultitude。ThetriumphofMacedoniuswascheckedbyaspeedyexile；butthezealofhisflockwasagainexasperatedbythesamequestion，"WhetheroneoftheTrinityhadbeencrucified?"Onthismomentousoccasion，theblueandgreenfactionsofConstantinoplesuspendedtheirdiscord，andthecivilandmilitarypowerswereannihilatedintheirpresence。Thekeysofthecity，andthestandardsoftheguards，weredepositedintheforumofConstantine，theprincipalstationandcampofthefaithful。DayandnighttheywereincessantlybusiedeitherinsinginghymnstothehonoroftheirGod，orinpillagingandmurderingtheservantsoftheirprince。Theheadofhisfavoritemonk，thefriend，astheystyledhim，oftheenemyoftheHolyTrinity，wasbornealoftonaspear；andthefirebrands，whichhadbeendartedagainsthereticalstructures，diffusedtheundistinguishingflamesoverthemostorthodoxbuildings。Thestatuesoftheemperorwerebroken，andhispersonwasconcealedinasuburb，till，attheendofthreedays，hedaredtoimplorethemercyofhissubjects。Withouthisdiadem，andinthepostureofasuppliant，Anastasiusappearedonthethroneofthecircus。TheCatholics，beforehisface，rehearsedtheirgenuineTrisagion；theyexultedintheoffer，whichheproclaimedbythevoiceofaherald，ofabdicatingthepurple；theylistenedtotheadmonition，that，sinceallcouldnotreign，theyshouldpreviouslyagreeinthechoiceofasovereign；andtheyacceptedthebloodoftwounpopularministers，whomtheirmaster，withouthesitation，condemnedtothelions。ThesefuriousbuttransientseditionswereencouragedbythesuccessofVitalian，who，withanarmyofHunsandBulgarians，forthemostpartidolaters，declaredhimselfthechampionoftheCatholicfaith。InthispiousrebellionhedepopulatedThrace，besiegedConstantinople，exterminatedsixty—fivethousandofhisfellow—Christians，tillheobtainedtherecallofthebishops，thesatisfactionofthepope，andtheestablishmentofthecouncilofChalcedon，anorthodoxtreaty，reluctantlysignedbythedyingAnastasius，andmorefaithfullyperformedbytheuncleofJustinian。Andsuchwastheeventofthefirstofthereligiouswarswhichhavebeenwagedinthenameandbythedisciples，oftheGodofpeace。^79
　　[Footnote76:PetaviusDogmat。Theolog。tom。v。l。v。c。2，3，4，p。217—225andTillemontMem。Eccles。tom。xiv。p。713，&c。，799representthehistoryanddoctrineoftheTrisagion。
　　InthetwelvecenturiesbetweenIsaiahandSt。Proculs'sboy，whowastakenupintoheavenbeforethebishopandpeopleofConstantinople，thesongwasconsiderablyimproved。Theboyheardtheangelssing，"HolyGod!Holystrong!Holyimmortal!"]
　　[Footnote77:PeterGnapheus，thefuller，atradewhichhehadexercisedinhismonastery，patriarchofAntioch。HistediousstoryisdiscussedintheAnnalsofPagiA。D。477—490andadissertationofM。deValoisattheendofhisEvagrius。]
　　[Footnote78:ThetroublesunderthereignofAnastasiusmustbegatheredfromtheChroniclesofVictor，Marcellinus，andTheophanes。AsthelastwasnotpublishedinthetimeofBaronius，hiscriticPagiismorecopious，aswellasmorecorrect。]
　　[Footnote79:Thegeneralhistory，fromthecouncilofChalcedontothedeathofAnastasius，maybefoundintheBreviaryofLiberatus，c。14—19，theiidandiiidbooksofEvagrius，theabstractofthetwobooksofTheodoretheReader，theActsoftheSynods，andtheEpistlesofthePope，Concil。tom。v。TheseriesiscontinuedwithsomedisorderinthexvthandxvithtomesoftheMemoiresEcclesiastiquesofTillemont。AndhereI
　　musttakeleaveforeverofthatincomparableguide—whosebigotryisoverbalancedbythemeritsoferudition，diligence，veracity，andscrupulousminuteness。Hewaspreventedbydeathfromcompleting，ashedesigned，thevithcenturyofthechurchandempire。]
　　ChapterXLVII:EcclesiasticalDiscord。
　　PartIII。
　　Justinianhasbeenalreadyseeninthevariouslightsofaprince，aconqueror，andalawgiver:thetheologian^80stillremains，anditaffordsanunfavorableprejudice，thathistheologyshouldformaveryprominentfeatureofhisportrait。
　　Thesovereignsympathizedwithhissubjectsintheirsuperstitiousreverenceforlivinganddepartedsaints:hisCode，andmoreespeciallyhisNovels，confirmandenlargetheprivilegesoftheclergy；andineverydisputebetweenamonkandalayman，thepartialjudgewasinclinedtopronounce，thattruth，andinnocence，andjustice，werealwaysonthesideofthechurch。Inhispublicandprivatedevotions，theemperorwasassiduousandexemplary；hisprayers，vigils，andfasts，displayedtheausterepenanceofamonk；hisfancywasamusedbythehope，orbelief，ofpersonalinspiration；hehadsecuredthepatronageoftheVirginandSt。Michaelthearchangel；andhisrecoveryfromadangerousdiseasewasascribedtothemiraculoussuccoroftheholymartyrsCosmasandDamian。ThecapitalandtheprovincesoftheEastweredecoratedwiththemonumentsofhisreligion；^81andthoughthefargreaterpartofthesecostlystructuresmaybeattributedtohistasteorostentation，thezealoftheroyalarchitectwasprobablyquickenedbyagenuinesenseofloveandgratitudetowardshisinvisiblebenefactors。
　　AmongthetitlesofImperialgreatness，thenameofPiouswasmostpleasingtohisear；topromotethetemporalandspiritualinterestofthechurchwastheseriousbusinessofhislife；andthedutyoffatherofhiscountrywasoftensacrificedtothatofdefenderofthefaith。Thecontroversiesofthetimeswerecongenialtohistemperandunderstandingandthetheologicalprofessorsmustinwardlyderidethediligenceofastranger，whocultivatedtheirartandneglectedhisown。"Whatcanyefear，"
　　saidaboldconspiratortohisassociates，"fromyourbigotedtyrant?Sleeplessandunarmed，hesitswholenightsinhiscloset，debatingwithreverendgraybeards，andturningoverthepagesofecclesiasticalvolumes。"^82Thefruitsoftheselucubrationsweredisplayedinmanyaconference，whereJustinianmightshineastheloudestandmostsubtileofthedisputants；inmanyasermon，which，underthenameofedictsandepistles，proclaimedtotheempirethetheologyoftheirmaster。WhiletheBarbariansinvadedtheprovinces，whilethevictoriouslegionmarchedunderthebannersofBelisariusandNarses，thesuccessorofTrajan，unknowntothecamp，wascontenttovanquishattheheadofasynod。Hadheinvitedtothesesynodsadisinterestedandrationalspectator，Justinianmighthavelearned，"thatreligiouscontroversyistheoffspringofarroganceandfolly；
　　thattruepietyismostlaudablyexpressedbysilenceandsubmission；thatman，ignorantofhisownnature，shouldnotpresumetoscrutinizethenatureofhisGod；andthatitissufficientforustoknow，thatpowerandbenevolencearetheperfectattributesoftheDeity。"^83
　　[Footnote80:ThestrainoftheAnecdotesofProcopius，c。11，13，18，27，28，withthelearnedremarksofAlemannus，isconfirmed，ratherthancontradicted，bytheActsoftheCouncils，thefourthbookofEvagrius，andthecomplaintsoftheAfricanFacundus，inhisxiithbook—detribuscapitulis，"cumvideridoctusappetitimportune……spontaneisquaestionibusecclesiamturbat。"SeeProcop。deBell。Goth。l。iii。c。35。]
　　[Footnote81:Procop。deEdificiis，l。i。c。6，7，&c。，passim。]
　　[Footnote82:Procop。deBell。Goth。l。iii。c。32。InthelifeofSt。EutychiusapudAleman。adProcop。Arcan。c。18thesamecharacterisgivenwithadesigntopraiseJustinian。]
　　[Footnote83:Forthesewiseandmoderatesentiments，ProcopiusdeBell。Goth。l。i。c。3isscourgedintheprefaceofAlemannus，whorankshimamongthepoliticalChristians—sedlongeveriushaeresiumomniumsentinas，prorsusqueAtheos—
　　abominableAtheists，whopreachedtheimitationofGod'smercytoman，adHist。Arcan。c。13。]
　　Tolerationwasnotthevirtueofthetimes，andindulgencetorebelshasseldombeenthevirtueofprinces。Butwhentheprincedescendstothenarrowandpeevishcharacterofadisputant，heiseasilyprovokedtosupplythedefectofargumentbytheplenitudeofpower，andtochastisewithoutmercytheperverseblindnessofthosewhowilfullyshuttheireyesagainstthelightofdemonstration。ThereignofJustinianwasauniformyetvarioussceneofpersecution；andheappearstohavesurpassedhisindolentpredecessors，bothinthecontrivanceofhislawsandtherigoroftheirexecution。Theinsufficienttermofthreemonthswasassignedfortheconversionorexileofallheretics；^84andifhestillconnivedattheirprecariousstay，theyweredeprived，underhisironyoke，notonlyofthebenefitsofsociety，butofthecommonbirth—rightofmenandChristians。
　　Attheendoffourhundredyears，theMontanistsofPhrygia^85
　　stillbreathedthewildenthusiasmofperfectionandprophecywhichtheyhadimbibedfromtheirmaleandfemaleapostles，thespecialorgansoftheParaclete。OntheapproachoftheCatholicpriestsandsoldiers，theygraspedwithalacritythecrownofmartyrdomtheconventicleandthecongregationperishedintheflames，buttheseprimitivefanaticswerenotextinguishedthreehundredyearsafterthedeathoftheirtyrant。UndertheprotectionoftheirGothicconfederates，thechurchoftheAriansatConstantinoplehadbravedtheseverityofthelaws:theirclergyequalledthewealthandmagnificenceofthesenate；andthegoldandsilverwhichwereseizedbytherapacioushandofJustinianmightperhapsbeclaimedasthespoilsoftheprovinces，andthetrophiesoftheBarbarians。AsecretremnantofPagans，whostilllurkedinthemostrefinedandmostrusticconditionsofmankind，excitedtheindignationoftheChristians，whowereperhapsunwillingthatanystrangersshouldbethewitnessesoftheirintestinequarrels。Abishopwasnamedastheinquisitorofthefaith，andhisdiligencesoondiscovered，inthecourtandcity，themagistrates，lawyers，physicians，andsophists，whostillcherishedthesuperstitionoftheGreeks。