[Footnote17:PetrusSiculus，p。763，764，thecontinuatorofTheophanes，l。iv。c。4，p。103，104，Cedrenus，p。541，542，545，andZonaras，tom。ii。l。xvi。p。156，describetherevoltandexploitsofCarbeasandhisPaulicians。]
　　[Footnote18:OtterVoyageenTurquieetenPerse，tom。ii。isprobablytheonlyFrankwhohasvisitedtheindependentBarbariansofTephricenowDivrigni，fromwhomhefortunatelyescapedinthetrainofaTurkishofficer。]
　　[Footnote19:InthehistoryofChrysocheir，GenesiusChron。p。
　　67—70，edit。Venet。hasexposedthenakednessoftheempire。
　　ConstantinePorphyrogenitusinVit。Basil。c。37—43，p。166—
　　171hasdisplayedthegloryofhisgrandfather。Cedrenusp。
　　570—573iswithouttheirpassionsortheirknowledge。]
　　[Footnote20:HowelegantistheGreektongue，eveninthemouthofCedrenus!]
　　ChapterLIV:OriginAndDoctrineOfThePaulicians。
　　PartII。
　　Aboutthemiddleoftheeightcentury，Constantine，surnamedCopronymusbytheworshippersofimages，hadmadeanexpeditionintoArmenia，andfound，inthecitiesofMeliteneandTheodosiopolis，agreatnumberofPaulicians，hiskindredheretics。Asafavor，orpunishment，hetransplantedthemfromthebanksoftheEuphratestoConstantinopleandThrace；andbythisemigrationtheirdoctrinewasintroducedanddiffusedinEurope。^21Ifthesectariesofthemetropolisweresoonmingledwiththepromiscuousmass，thoseofthecountrystruckadeeprootinaforeignsoil。ThePauliciansofThraceresistedthestormsofpersecution，maintainedasecretcorrespondencewiththeirArmenianbrethren，andgaveaidandcomforttotheirpreachers，whosolicited，notwithoutsuccess，theinfantfaithoftheBulgarians。^22Inthetenthcentury，theywererestoredandmultipliedbyamorepowerfulcolony，whichJohnZimisces^23
　　transportedfromtheChalybianhillstothevalleysofMountHaemus。TheOrientalclergywhowouldhavepreferredthedestruction，impatientlysighedfortheabsence，oftheManichaeans:thewarlikeemperorhadfeltandesteemedtheirvalor:theirattachmenttotheSaracenswaspregnantwithmischief；but，onthesideoftheDanube，againsttheBarbariansofScythia，theirservicemightbeuseful，andtheirlosswouldbedesirable。Theirexileinadistantlandwassoftenedbyafreetoleration:thePauliciansheldthecityofPhilippopolisandthekeysofThrace；theCatholicsweretheirsubjects；theJacobiteemigrantstheirassociates:theyoccupiedalineofvillagesandcastlesinMacedoniaandEpirus；andmanynativeBulgarianswereassociatedtothecommunionofarmsandheresy。
　　Aslongastheywereawedbypowerandtreatedwithmoderation，theirvoluntarybandsweredistinguishedinthearmiesoftheempire；andthecourageofthesedogs，evergreedyofwar，everthirstyofhumanblood，isnoticedwithastonishment，andalmostwithreproach，bythepusillanimousGreeks。Thesamespiritrenderedthemarrogantandcontumacious:theywereeasilyprovokedbycapriceorinjury；andtheirprivilegeswereoftenviolatedbythefaithlessbigotryofthegovernmentandclergy。
　　InthemidstoftheNormanwar，twothousandfivehundredManichaeansdesertedthestandardofAlexiusComnenus，^24andretiredtotheirnativehomes。Hedissembledtillthemomentofrevenge；invitedthechiefstoafriendlyconference；andpunishedtheinnocentandguiltybyimprisonment，confiscation，andbaptism。Inanintervalofpeace，theemperorundertookthepiousofficeofreconcilingthemtothechurchandstate:hiswinterquarterswerefixedatPhilippopolis；andthethirteenthapostle，asheisstyledbyhispiousdaughter，consumedwholedaysandnightsintheologicalcontroversy。Hisargumentswerefortified，theirobstinacywasmelted，bythehonorsandrewardswhichhebestowedonthemosteminentproselytes；andanewcity，surroundedwithgardens，enrichedwithimmunities，anddignifiedwithhisownname，wasfoundedbyAlexiusfortheresidenceofhisvulgarconverts。TheimportantstationofPhilippopoliswaswrestedfromtheirhands；thecontumaciousleadersweresecuredinadungeon，orbanishedfromtheircountry；andtheirlivesweresparedbytheprudence，ratherthanthemercy，ofanemperor，atwhosecommandapoorandsolitaryhereticwasburntalivebeforethechurchofSt。Sophia。^25ButtheproudhopeoferadicatingtheprejudicesofanationwasspeedilyoverturnedbytheinvinciblezealofthePaulicians，whoceasedtodissembleorrefusedtoobey。AfterthedepartureanddeathofAlexius，theysoonresumedtheircivilandreligiouslaws。Inthebeginningofthethirteenthcentury，theirpopeorprimateamanifestcorruptionresidedontheconfinesofBulgaria，Croatia，andDalmatia，andgoverned，byhisvicars，thefilialcongregationsofItalyandFrance。^26Fromthataera，aminutescrutinymightprolongandperpetuatethechainoftradition。Attheendofthelastage，thesectorcolonystillinhabitedthevalleysofMountHaemus，wheretheirignoranceandpovertyweremorefrequentlytormentedbytheGreekclergythanbytheTurkishgovernment。ThemodernPaulicianshavelostallmemoryoftheirorigin；andtheirreligionisdisgracedbytheworshipofthecross，andthepracticeofbloodysacrifice，whichsomecaptiveshaveimportedfromthewildsofTartary。^27
　　[Footnote21:Copronymustransportedhisheretics；andthussaysCedrenus，p。463，whohascopiedtheannalsofTheophanes。]
　　[Footnote22:PetrusSiculus，whoresidedninemonthsatTephriceA。D。870fortheransomofcaptives，p。764，wasinformedoftheirintendedmission，andaddressedhispreservative，theHistoriaManichaeorumtothenewarchbishopoftheBulgarians，p。754。]
　　[Footnote23:ThecolonyofPauliciansandJacobitestransplantedbyJohnZimiscesA。D。970fromArmeniatoThrace，ismentionedbyZonarastom。ii。l。xvii。p。209andAnnaComnena，Alexiad，l。xiv。p。450，&c。]
　　[Footnote24:TheAlexiadofAnnaComnenal。v。p。131，l。vi。
　　p。154，155，l。xiv。p。450—457，withtheAnnotationsofDucangerecordsthetransactionsofherapostolicfatherwiththeManichaeans，whoseabominableheresyshewasdesirousofrefuting。]
　　[Footnote25:Basil，amonk，andtheauthoroftheBogomiles，asectofGnostics，whosoonvanished，AnnaComnena，Alexiad，l。
　　xv。p。486—494Mosheim，Hist。Ecclesiastica，p。420。]
　　[Footnote26:Matt。Paris，Hist。Major，p。267。ThispassageofourEnglishhistorianisallegedbyDucangeinanexcellentnoteonVillehardouinNo。208，whofoundthePauliciansatPhilippopolisthefriendsoftheBulgarians。]
　　[Footnote27:SeeMarsigli，StatoMilitaredell'ImperioOttomano，p。24。]
　　IntheWest，thefirstteachersoftheManichaeantheologyhadbeenrepulsedbythepeople，orsuppressedbytheprince。
　　ThefavorandsuccessofthePauliciansintheeleventhandtwelfthcenturiesmustbeimputedtothestrong，thoughsecret，discontentwhicharmedthemostpiousChristiansagainstthechurchofRome。Heravaricewasoppressive，herdespotismodious；lessdegenerateperhapsthantheGreeksintheworshipofsaintsandimages，herinnovationsweremorerapidandscandalous:shehadrigorouslydefinedandimposedthedoctrineoftransubstantiation:thelivesoftheLatinclergyweremorecorrupt，andtheEasternbishopsmightpassforthesuccessorsoftheapostles，iftheywerecomparedwiththelordlyprelates，whowieldedbyturnsthecrosier，thesceptre，andthesword。ThreedifferentroadsmightintroducethePauliciansintotheheartofEurope。AftertheconversionofHungary，thepilgrimswhovisitedJerusalemmightsafelyfollowthecourseoftheDanube:
　　intheirjourneyandreturntheypassedthroughPhilippopolis；
　　andthesectaries，disguisingtheirnameandheresy，mightaccompanytheFrenchorGermancaravanstotheirrespectivecountries。ThetradeanddominionofVenicepervadedthecoastoftheAdriatic，andthehospitablerepublicopenedherbosomtoforeignersofeveryclimateandreligion。UndertheByzantinestandard，thePaulicianswereoftentransportedtotheGreekprovincesofItalyandSicily:inpeaceandwar，theyfreelyconversedwithstrangersandnatives，andtheiropinionsweresilentlypropagatedinRome，Milan，andthekingdomsbeyondtheAlps。^28Itwassoondiscovered，thatmanythousandCatholicsofeveryrank，andofeithersex，hadembracedtheManichaeanheresy；andtheflameswhichconsumedtwelvecanonsofOrleanswasthefirstactandsignalofpersecution。TheBulgarians，^29
　　anamesoinnocentinitsorigin，soodiousinitsapplication，spreadtheirbranchesoverthefaceofEurope。UnitedincommonhatredofidolatryandRome，theywereconnectedbyaformofepiscopalandpresbyteriangovernment；theirvarioussectswerediscriminatedbysomefainterordarkershadesoftheology；buttheygenerallyagreedinthetwoprinciples，thecontemptoftheOldTestamentandthedenialofthebodyofChrist，eitheronthecrossorintheeucharist。Aconfessionofsimpleworshipandblamelessmannersisextortedfromtheirenemies；andsohighwastheirstandardofperfection，thattheincreasingcongregationsweredividedintotwoclassesofdisciples，ofthosewhopractised，andofthosewhoaspired。ItwasinthecountryoftheAlbigeois，^30inthesouthernprovincesofFrance，thatthePauliciansweremostdeeplyimplanted；andthesamevicissitudesofmartyrdomandrevengewhichhadbeendisplayedintheneighborhoodoftheEuphrates，wererepeatedinthethirteenthcenturyonthebanksoftheRhone。ThelawsoftheEasternemperorswererevivedbyFrederictheSecond。TheinsurgentsofTephricewererepresentedbythebaronsandcitiesofLanguedoc:
　　PopeInnocentIII。surpassedthesanguinaryfameofTheodora。ItwasincrueltyalonethathersoldierscouldequaltheheroesoftheCrusades，andthecrueltyofherpriestswasfarexcelledbythefoundersoftheInquisition；^31anofficemoreadaptedtoconfirm，thantorefute，thebeliefofanevilprinciple。ThevisibleassembliesofthePaulicians，orAlbigeois，wereextirpatedbyfireandsword；andthebleedingremnantescapedbyflight，concealment，orCatholicconformity。ButtheinvinciblespiritwhichtheyhadkindledstilllivedandbreathedintheWesternworld。Inthestate，inthechurch，andeveninthecloister，alatentsuccessionwaspreservedofthedisciplesofSt。Paul；whoprotestedagainstthetyrannyofRome，embracedtheBibleastheruleoffaith，andpurifiedtheircreedfromallthevisionsoftheGnostictheology。ThestrugglesofWickliffinEngland，ofHussinBohemia，wereprematureandineffectual；butthenamesofZuinglius，Luther，andCalvin，arepronouncedwithgratitudeasthedeliverersofnations。
　　[Footnote28:TheintroductionofthePauliciansintoItalyandFranceisamplydiscussedbyMuratoriAntiquitat。ItaliaeMediiAevi，tom。v。dissert。lx。p。81—152andMosheim，p。379—
　　382，419—422。YetbothhaveoverlookedacuriouspassageofWilliamtheApulian，whoclearlydescribestheminabattlebetweentheGreeksandNormans，A。D。1040，inMuratori，Script。
　　RerumItal。tom。v。p。256:
　　CumGraecisaderantquidam，quospessimuserrorFeceratamentes，etabipsonomenhabebant。]
　　ButheissoignorantoftheirdoctrineastomakethemakindofSabelliansorPatripassians。]
　　[Footnote29:Bulgari，Boulgres，Bougres，anationalappellation，hasbeenappliedbytheFrenchasatermofreproachtousurersandunnaturalsinners。ThePaterini，orPatelini，hasbeenmadetosignifyasmoothandflatteringhypocrite，suchasl'AvocatPatelinofthatoriginalandpleasantfarce，Ducange，Gloss。
　　Latinitat。MediietInfimiAevi。TheManichaeanswerelikewisenamedCathariorthepure，bycorruption。Gazari，&c。]
　　[Footnote30:Ofthelaws，crusade，andpersecutionagainsttheAlbigeois，ajust，thoughgeneral，ideaisexpressedbyMosheim，p。477—481。Thedetailmaybefoundintheecclesiasticalhistorians，ancientandmodern，CatholicsandProtestants；andamongsttheseFleuryisthemostimpartialandmoderate。]
　　[Footnote31:TheActsLiberSententiarumoftheInquisitionofTholouseA。D。1307—1323havebeenpublishedbyLimborch，Amstelodami，1692，withapreviousHistoryoftheInquisitioningeneral。Theydeservedamorelearnedandcriticaleditor。
　　AswemustnotcalumniateevenSatan，ortheHolyOffice，Iwillobserve，thatofalistofcriminalswhichfillsnineteenfoliopages，onlyfifteenmenandfourwomenweredeliveredtotheseculararm。]
　　[Footnote*:Thepopularityof"Milner'sHistoryoftheChurch"
　　withsomereaders，maymakeitpropertoobserve，thathisattempttoexculpatethePauliciansfromthechargeofGnosticismorManicheismisindirectdefiance，ifnotinignorance，ofalltheoriginalauthorities。Gibbonhimself，itappears，wasnotacquaintedwiththeworkofPhotius，"ContraManicheosRepullulantes，"thefirstbookofwhichwaseditedbyMontfaucon，BibliothecaCoisliniana，parsii。p。349，375，thewholebyWolf，inhisAnecdotaGraeca。Hamburg1722。Compareaverysensibletract。LettertoRev。S。R。Maitland，byJG。Dowling，M。A。
　　London，1835。—M。]
　　Aphilosopher，whocalculatesthedegreeoftheirmeritandthevalueoftheirreformation，willprudentlyaskfromwhatarticlesoffaith，aboveoragainstourreason，theyhaveenfranchisedtheChristians；forsuchenfranchisementisdoubtlessabenefitsofarasitmaybecompatiblewithtruthandpiety。Afterafairdiscussion，weshallratherbesurprisedbythetimidity，thanscandalizedbythefreedom，ofourfirstreformers。^32WiththeJews，theyadoptedthebeliefanddefenceofalltheHebrewScriptures，withalltheirprodigies，fromthegardenofEdentothevisionsoftheprophetDaniel；andtheywerebound，liketheCatholics，tojustifyagainsttheJewstheabolitionofadivinelaw。InthegreatmysteriesoftheTrinityandIncarnationthereformerswereseverelyorthodox:theyfreelyadoptedthetheologyofthefour，orthesixfirstcouncils；andwiththeAthanasiancreed，theypronouncedtheeternaldamnationofallwhodidnotbelievetheCatholicfaith。
　　Transubstantiation，theinvisiblechangeofthebreadandwineintothebodyandbloodofChrist，isatenetthatmaydefythepowerofargumentandpleasantry；butinsteadofconsultingtheevidenceoftheirsenses，oftheirsight，theirfeeling，andtheirtaste，thefirstProtestantswereentangledintheirownscruples，andawedbythewordsofJesusintheinstitutionofthesacrament。Luthermaintainedacorporeal，andCalvinareal，presenceofChristintheeucharist；andtheopinionofZuinglius，thatitisnomorethanaspiritualcommunion，asimplememorial，hasslowlyprevailedinthereformedchurches。
　　^33Butthelossofonemysterywasamplycompensatedbythestupendousdoctrinesoforiginalsin，redemption，faith，grace，andpredestination，whichhavebeenstrainedfromtheepistlesofSt。Paul。Thesesubtilequestionshadmostassuredlybeenpreparedbythefathersandschoolmen；butthefinalimprovementandpopularusemaybeattributedtothefirstreformers，whoenforcedthemastheabsoluteandessentialtermsofsalvation。
　　HithertotheweightofsupernaturalbeliefinclinesagainsttheProtestants；andmanyasoberChristianwouldratheradmitthatawaferisGod，thanthatGodisacruelandcapricioustyrant。
　　[Footnote32:TheopinionsandproceedingsofthereformersareexposedinthesecondpartofthegeneralhistoryofMosheim；butthebalance，whichhehasheldwithsoclearaneye，andsosteadyahand，beginstoinclineinfavorofhisLutheranbrethren。]
　　[Footnote33:UnderEdwardVI。ourreformationwasmoreboldandperfect，butinthefundamentalarticlesofthechurchofEngland，astrongandexplicitdeclarationagainsttherealpresencewasobliteratedintheoriginalcopy，topleasethepeopleortheLutherans，orQueenElizabeth，Burnet'sHistoryoftheReformation，vol。ii。p。82，128，302。]
　　YettheservicesofLutherandhisrivalsaresolidandimportant；andthephilosophermustownhisobligationstothesefearlessenthusiasts。^34I。Bytheirhandstheloftyfabricofsuperstition，fromtheabuseofindulgencestotheintercessonoftheVirgin，hasbeenlevelledwiththeground。Myriadsofbothsexesofthemonasticprofessionwererestoredtothelibertyandlaborsofsociallife。Ahierarchyofsaintsandangels，ofimperfectandsubordinatedeities，werestrippedoftheirtemporalpower，andreducedtotheenjoymentofcelestialhappiness；theirimagesandrelicswerebanishedfromthechurch；
　　andthecredulityofthepeoplewasnolongernourishedwiththedailyrepetitionofmiraclesandvisions。TheimitationofPaganismwassuppliedbyapureandspiritualworshipofprayerandthanksgiving，themostworthyofman，theleastunworthyoftheDeity。Itonlyremainstoobserve，whethersuchsublimesimplicitybeconsistentwithpopulardevotion；whetherthevulgar，intheabsenceofallvisibleobjects，willnotbeinflamedbyenthusiasm，orinsensiblysubsideinlanguorandindifference。II。Thechainofauthoritywasbroken，whichrestrainsthebigotfromthinkingashepleases，andtheslavefromspeakingashethinks:thepopes，fathers，andcouncils，werenolongerthesupremeandinfalliblejudgesoftheworld；
　　andeachChristianwastaughttoacknowledgenolawbuttheScriptures，nointerpreterbuthisownconscience。Thisfreedom，however，wastheconsequence，ratherthanthedesign，oftheReformation。Thepatriotreformerswereambitiousofsucceedingthetyrantswhomtheyhaddethroned。Theyimposedwithequalrigortheircreedsandconfessions；theyassertedtherightofthemagistratetopunishhereticswithdeath。ThepiousorpersonalanimosityofCalvinproscribedinServetus^35theguiltofhisownrebellion；^36andtheflamesofSmithfield，inwhichhewasafterwardsconsumed，hadbeenkindledfortheAnabaptistsbythezealofCranmer。^37Thenatureofthetigerwasthesame，buthewasgraduallydeprivedofhisteethandfangs。A
　　spiritualandtemporalkingdomwaspossessedbytheRomanpontiff；theProtestantdoctorsweresubjectsofanhumblerank，withoutrevenueorjurisdiction。HisdecreeswereconsecratedbytheantiquityoftheCatholicchurch:theirargumentsanddisputesweresubmittedtothepeople；andtheirappealtoprivatejudgmentwasacceptedbeyondtheirwishes，bycuriosityandenthusiasm。SincethedaysofLutherandCalvin，asecretreformationhasbeensilentlyworkinginthebosomofthereformedchurches；manyweedsofprejudicewereeradicated；andthedisciplesofErasmus^38diffusedaspiritoffreedomandmoderation。Thelibertyofconsciencehasbeenclaimedasacommonbenefit，aninalienableright:^39thefreegovernmentsofHolland^40andEngland^41introducedthepracticeoftoleration；andthenarrowallowanceofthelawshasbeenenlargedbytheprudenceandhumanityofthetimes。Intheexercise，themindhasunderstoodthelimitsofitspowers，andthewordsandshadowsthatmightamusethechildcannolongersatisfyhismanlyreason。Thevolumesofcontroversyareoverspreadwithcobwebs:thedoctrineofaProtestantchurchisfarremovedfromtheknowledgeorbeliefofitsprivatemembers；
　　andtheformsoforthodoxy，thearticlesoffaith，aresubscribedwithasigh，orasmile，bythemodernclergy。YetthefriendsofChristianityarealarmedattheboundlessimpulseofinquiryandscepticism。ThepredictionsoftheCatholicsareaccomplished:thewebofmysteryisunravelledbytheArminians，Arians，andSocinians，whosenumbermustnotbecomputedfromtheirseparatecongregations；andthepillarsofRevelationareshakenbythosemenwhopreservethenamewithoutthesubstanceofreligion，whoindulgethelicensewithoutthetemperofphilosophy。^42
　　[Footnote34:"HaditnotbeenforsuchmenasLutherandmyself，"saidthefanaticWhistontoHalleythephilosopher，"youwouldnowbekneelingbeforeanimageofSt。Winifred。"]
　　[Footnote35:ThearticleofServetintheDictionnaireCritiqueofChauffepieisthebestaccountwhichIhaveseenofthisshamefultransaction。SeelikewisetheAbbed'Artigny，NouveauxMemoiresd'Histoire，&c。，tom。ii。p。55—154。]