Note:Asingular"allegoric"explanationofthisstrangefacthasrecentlybeenbroached:itisconnectedwiththechargeofidolatryandEasternhereticalopinionssubsequentlymadeagainsttheTemplars。"WehavenodoubtthattheywereManicheeorGnosticstandards。"Theauthorsaystheanimalsthemselveswerecarriedbeforethearmy。—M。"Thegoose，inEgyptiansymbols，aseveryEgyptianscholarknows，meant'divineSon，'or'SonofGod。'ThegoatmeantTyphon，orDevil。ThuswehavetheManicheeopposingprinciplesofgoodandevil，asstandards，attheheadoftheignorantmobofcrusadinginvaders。CananyonedoubtthatalargeportionofthishostmusthavebeeninfectedwiththeManicheeorGnosticidolatry?"AccountoftheTempleChurchbyR。W。Billings，p。5London。1838。Thisis，atallevents，acuriouscoincidence，especiallyconsideredinconnectionwiththeextensivedisseminationofthePaulicianopinionsamongthecommonpeopleofEurope。Atanyrate，insoinexplicableamatter，weareinclinedtocatchatanyexplanation，howeverwildorsubtile。—M。]
　　[Footnote36:BenjaminofTudeladescribesthestateofhisJewishbrethrenfromColognealongtheRhine:theywererich，generous，learned，hospitable，andlivedintheeagerhopeoftheMessiah，Voyage，tom。i。p。243—245，parBaratier。InseventyyearshewroteaboutA。D。1170theyhadrecoveredfromthesemassacres。]
　　[Footnote37:ThesemassacresanddepredationsontheJews，whichwererenewedateachcrusade，arecoollyrelated。Itistrue，thatSt。Bernardepist。363，tom。i。p。329admonishestheOrientalFranks，nonsuntpersequendiJudaei，nonsunttrucidandi。Thecontrarydoctrinehadbeenpreachedbyarivalmonk。
　　Note:ThisisanunjustsarcasmagainstSt。Bernard。HestoodaboveallrivalryofthiskindSeenote31，c。lx。—M]
　　BetweenthefrontiersofAustriaandtheseatoftheByzantinemonarchy，thecrusaderswerecompelledtotraverseasintervalofsixhundredmiles；thewildanddesolatecountriesofHungary^38andBulgaria。Thesoilisfruitful，andintersectedwithrivers；butitwasthencoveredwithmorassesandforests，whichspreadtoaboundlessextent，whenevermanhasceasedtoexercisehisdominionovertheearth。BothnationshadimbibedtherudimentsofChristianity；theHungarianswereruledbytheirnativeprinces；theBulgariansbyalieutenantoftheGreekemperor；but，ontheslightestprovocation，theirferociousnaturewasrekindled，andampleprovocationwasaffordedbythedisordersofthefirstpilgrimsAgriculturemusthavebeenunskilfulandlanguidamongapeople，whosecitieswerebuiltofreedsandtimber，whichweredesertedinthesummerseasonforthetentsofhuntersandshepherds。Ascantysupplyofprovisionswasrudelydemanded，forciblyseized，andgreedilyconsumed；andonthefirstquarrel，thecrusadersgavealoosetoindignationandrevenge。Buttheirignoranceofthecountry，ofwar，andofdiscipline，exposedthemtoeverysnare。TheGreekpraefectofBulgariacommandedaregularforce；atthetrumpetoftheHungarianking，theeighthorthetenthofhismartialsubjectsbenttheirbowsandmountedonhorseback；theirpolicywasinsidious，andtheirretaliationonthesepiousrobberswasunrelentingandbloody。^39AboutathirdofthenakedfugitivesandthehermitPeterwasofthenumberescapedtotheThracianmountains；andtheemperor，whorespectedthepilgrimageandsuccoroftheLatins，conductedthembysecureandeasyjourneystoConstantinople，andadvisedthemtoawaitthearrivaloftheirbrethren。Forawhiletheyrememberedtheirfaultsandlosses；
　　butnosoonerweretheyrevivedbythehospitableentertainment，thantheirvenomwasagaininflamed；theystungtheirbenefactor，andneithergardens，norpalaces，norchurches，weresafefromtheirdepredations。Forhisownsafety，AlexiusalluredthemtopassovertotheAsiaticsideoftheBosphorus；buttheirblindimpetuositysoonurgedthemtodesertthestationwhichhehadassigned，andtorushheadlongagainsttheTurks，whooccupiedtheroadtoJerusalem。Thehermit，consciousofhisshame，hadwithdrawnfromthecamptoConstantinople；andhislieutenant，WalterthePenniless，whowasworthyofabettercommand，attemptedwithoutsuccesstointroducesomeorderandprudenceamongtheherdofsavages。Theyseparatedinquestofprey，andthemselvesfellaneasypreytotheartsofthesultan。Byarumorthattheirforemostcompanionswereriotinginthespoilsofhiscapital，SolimantemptedthemainbodytodescendintotheplainofNice:theywereoverwhelmedbytheTurkisharrows；
　　andapyramidofbones^40informedtheircompanionsoftheplaceoftheirdefeat。Ofthefirstcrusaders，threehundredthousandhadalreadyperished，beforeasinglecitywasrescuedfromtheinfidels，beforetheirgraverandmorenoblebrethrenhadcompletedthepreparationsoftheirenterprise。^41
　　[Footnote38:SeethecontemporarydescriptionofHungaryinOthoofFrisingen，l。ii。c。31，inMuratori，Script。RerumItalicarum，tom。vi。p。665666。]
　　[Footnote*:Thenarrativeofthefirstmarchisveryincorrect。
　　ThefirstpartymovedunderWalterdePexegoandWalterthePenniless:theypassedsafethroughHungary，thekingdomofKalmeny，andwereattackedinBulgaria。Peterfollowedwith40，000men；passedthroughHungary；butseeingtheclothesofsixteencrusaders，whohadbeenempaledonthewallsofSemlin。
　　heattackedandstormedthecity。HethenmarchedtoNissa，where，atfirst，hewashospitablyreceived:butanaccidentalquarreltakingplace，hesufferedagreatdefeat。Wilken，vol。
　　i。p。84—86—M。]
　　[Footnote39:TheoldHungarians，withoutexceptingTurotzius，areillinformedofthefirstcrusade，whichtheyinvolveinasinglepassage。Katona，likeourselves，canonlyquotethewritersofFrance；buthecompareswithlocalsciencetheancientandmoderngeography。AnteportamCyperon，isSopronorPoson；
　　Mallevilla，Zemlin；FluviusMaroe，Savus；Lintax，Leith；
　　Mesebroch，orMerseburg，Ouar，orMoson；Tollenburg，Pragg，deRegibusHungariae，tom。iii。p。19—53。]
　　[Footnote*:Solimanhadbeenkilledin1085，inabattleagainstToutoneh，brotherofMalekSchah，betweenAppeloandAntioch。ItwasnotSoliman，therefore，buthissonDavid，surnamedKilidjeArslan，the"SwordoftheLion，"whoreignedinNice。Almostalltheoccidentalauthorshavefallenintothismistake，whichwasdetectedbyM。Michaud，Hist。desCrois。4thedit。andExtraitsdesAut。Arab。rel。auxCroisades，parM。ReinaudParis，1829，p。
　　3。HiskingdomextendedfromtheOrontestotheEuphrates，andasfarastheBosphorus。KilidjeArslanmustuniformlybesubstitutedforSoliman。BrossetnoteonLeBeau，tom。xv。p。
　　311。—M。]
　　[Footnote40:AnnaComnenaAlexias，l。x。p。287describesthisasamountain。InthesiegeofNice，suchwereusedbytheFranksthemselvesasthematerialsofawall。]
　　[Footnote41:Seetableonfollowingpage。]
　　"Tosavetimeandspace，Ishallrepresent，inashorttable，theparticularreferencestothegreateventsofthefirstcrusade。"
　　[SeeTable1。:EventsOfTheFirstCrusade]
　　NoneofthegreatsovereignsofEuropeembarkedtheirpersonsinthefirstcrusade。TheemperorHenrytheFourthwasnotdisposedtoobeythesummonsofthepope:PhiliptheFirstofFrancewasoccupiedbyhispleasures；WilliamRufusofEnglandbyarecentconquest；thekin`gsofSpainwereengagedinadomesticwaragainsttheMoors；andthenorthernmonarchsofScotland，Denmark，^42Sweden，andPoland，wereyetstrangerstothepassionsandinterestsoftheSouth。Thereligiousardorwasmorestronglyfeltbytheprincesofthesecondorder，whoheldanimportantplaceinthefeudalsystem。Theirsituationwillnaturallycastunderfourdistinctheadsthereviewoftheirnamesandcharacters；butImayescapesomeneedlessrepetition，byobservingatonce，thatcourageandtheexerciseofarmsarethecommonattributeoftheseChristianadventurers。I。ThefirstrankbothinwarandcouncilisjustlyduetoGodfreyofBouillon；andhappywouldithavebeenforthecrusaders，iftheyhadtrustedthemselvestothesoleconductofthataccomplishedhero，aworthyrepresentativeofCharlemagne，fromwhomhewasdescendedinthefemaleline。HisfatherwasofthenobleraceofthecountsofBoulogne:Brabant，thelowerprovinceofLorraine，^43wastheinheritanceofhismother；andbytheemperor'sbountyhewashimselfinvestedwiththatducaltitle，whichhasbeenimproperlytransferredtohislordshipofBouillonintheArdennes。^44IntheserviceofHenrytheFourth，heborethegreatstandardoftheempire，andpiercedwithhislancethebreastofRodolph，therebelking:GodfreywasthefirstwhoascendedthewallsofRome；andhissickness，hisvow，perhapshisremorseforbearingarmsagainstthepope，confirmedanearlyresolutionofvisitingtheholysepulchre，notasapilgrim，butadeliverer。Hisvalorwasmaturedbyprudenceandmoderation；
　　hispiety，thoughblind，wassincere；and，inthetumultofacamp，hepractisedtherealandfictitiousvirtuesofaconvent。
　　Superiortotheprivatefactionsofthechiefs，hereservedhisenmityfortheenemiesofChrist；andthoughhegainedakingdombytheattempt，hispureanddisinterestedzealwasacknowledgedbyhisrivals。GodfreyofBouillon^45wasaccompaniedbyhistwobrothers，byEustacetheelder，whohadsucceededtothecountyofBoulogne，andbytheyounger，Baldwin，acharacterofmoreambiguousvirtue。ThedukeofLorraine，wasalikecelebratedoneithersideoftheRhine:fromhisbirthandeducation，hewasequallyconversantwiththeFrenchandTeutoniclanguages:thebaronsofFrance，Germany，andLorraine，assembledtheirvassals；andtheconfederateforcethatmarchedunderhisbannerwascomposedoffourscorethousandfootandabouttenthousandhorse。II。IntheparliamentthatwasheldatParis，intheking'spresence，abouttwomonthsafterthecouncilofClermont，Hugh，countofVermandois，wasthemostconspicuousoftheprinceswhoassumedthecross。ButtheappellationoftheGreatwasapplied，notsomuchtohismeritorpossessions，thoughneitherwerecontemptible，astotheroyalbirthofthebrotherofthekingofFrance。^46Robert，dukeofNormandy，wastheeldestsonofWilliamtheConqueror；butonhisfather'sdeathhewasdeprivedofthekingdomofEngland，byhisownindolenceandtheactivityofhisbrotherRufus。TheworthofRobertwasdegradedbyanexcessivelevityandeasinessoftemper:hischeerfulnessseducedhimtotheindulgenceofpleasure；hisprofuseliberalityimpoverishedtheprinceandpeople；hisindiscriminateclemencymultipliedthenumberofoffenders；andtheamiablequalitiesofaprivatemanbecametheessentialdefectsofasovereign。Forthetriflingsumoftenthousandmarks，hemortgagedNormandyduringhisabsencetotheEnglishusurper；^47buthisengagementandbehaviorintheholywarannouncedinRobertareformationofmanners，andrestoredhiminsomedegreetothepublicesteem。AnotherRobertwascountofFlanders，aroyalprovince，which，inthiscentury，gavethreequeenstothethronesofFrance，England，andDenmark:hewassurnamedtheSwordandLanceoftheChristians；butintheexploitsofasoldierhesometimesforgotthedutiesofageneral。Stephen，countofChartres，ofBlois，andofTroyes，wasoneoftherichestprincesoftheage；andthenumberofhiscastleshasbeencomparedtothethreehundredandsixty—fivedaysoftheyear。Hismindwasimprovedbyliterature；and，inthecouncilofthechiefs，theeloquentStephen^48waschosentodischargetheofficeoftheirpresident。ThesefourweretheprincipalleadersoftheFrench，theNormans，andthepilgrimsoftheBritishisles:butthelistofthebaronswhowerepossessedofthreeorfourtownswouldexceed，saysacontemporary，thecatalogueoftheTrojanwar。^49III。InthesouthofFrance，thecommandwasassumedbyAdhemarbishopofPuy，thepopeegate，andbyRaymondcountofSt。GilesandThoulousewhoaddedtheproudertitlesofdukeofNarbonneandmarquisofProvence。Theformerwasarespectableprelate，alikequalifiedforthisworldandthenext。Thelatterwasaveteranwarrior，whohadfoughtagainsttheSaracensofSpain，andwhoconsecratedhisdecliningage，notonlytothedeliverance，buttotheperpetualservice，oftheholysepulchre。HisexperienceandrichesgavehimastrongascendantintheChristiancamp，whosedistresshewasoftenable，andsometimeswilling，torelieve。ButitwaseasierforhimtoextortthepraiseoftheInfidels，thantopreservetheloveofhissubjectsandassociates。Hiseminentqualitieswerecloudedbyatemperhaughty，envious，andobstinate；and，thoughheresignedanamplepatrimonyforthecauseofGod，hispiety，inthepublicopinion，wasnotexemptfromavariceandambition。^50Amercantile，ratherthanamartial，spiritprevailedamonghisprovincials，^51acommonname，whichincludedthenativesofAuvergneandLanguedoc，^52thevassalsofthekingdomofBurgundyorArles。FromtheadjacentfrontierofSpainhedrewabandofhardyadventurers；ashemarchedthroughLombardy，acrowdofItaliansflockedtohisstandard，andhisunitedforceconsistedofonehundredthousandhorseandfoot。IfRaymondwasthefirsttoenlistandthelasttodepart，thedelaymaybeexcusedbythegreatnessofhispreparationandthepromiseofaneverlastingfarewell。IV。ThenameofBohemond，thesonofRobertGuiscard，wasalreadyfamousbyhisdoublevictoryovertheGreekemperor；buthisfather'swillhadreducedhimtotheprincipalityofTarentum，andtheremembranceofhisEasterntrophies，tillhewasawakenedbytherumorandpassageoftheFrenchpilgrims。ItisinthepersonofthisNormanchiefthatwemayseekforthecoolestpolicyandambition，withasmallallayofreligiousfanaticism。Hisconductmayjustifyabeliefthathehadsecretlydirectedthedesignofthepope，whichheaffectedtosecondwithastonishmentandzeal:atthesiegeofAmalphi，hisexampleanddiscourseinflamedthepassionsofaconfederatearmy；heinstantlytorehisgarmenttosupplycrossesforthenumerouscandidates，andpreparedtovisitConstantinopleandAsiaattheheadoftenthousandhorseandtwentythousandfoot。SeveralprincesoftheNormanraceaccompaniedthisveterangeneral；andhiscousinTancred^53wasthepartner，ratherthantheservant，ofthewar。
　　IntheaccomplishedcharacterofTancredwediscoverallthevirtuesofaperfectknight，^54thetruespiritofchivalry，whichinspiredthegeneroussentimentsandsocialofficesofmanfarbetterthanthebasephilosophy，orthebaserreligion，ofthetimes。
　　[Footnote42:TheauthoroftheEspritdesCroisadeshasdoubted，andmighthavedisbelieved，thecrusadeandtragicdeathofPrinceSueno，with1500or15，000Danes，whowascutoffbySultanSolimaninCappadocia，butwhostilllivesinthepoemofTasso，tom。iv。p。111—115。]
　　[Footnote43:ThefragmentsofthekingdomsofLotharingia，orLorraine，werebrokenintothetwoduchiesoftheMoselleandoftheMeuse:thefirsthaspreserveditsname，whichinthelatterhasbeenchangedintothatofBrabant，Vales。Notit。Gall。p。
　　283—288。]
　　[Footnote44:See，intheDescriptionofFrance，bytheAbbedeLonguerue，thearticlesofBoulogne，parti。p。54；Brabant，partii。p。47，48；Bouillon，p。134。Onhisdeparture，GodfreysoldorpawnedBouillontothechurchfor1300marks。]
　　[Footnote45:SeethefamilycharacterofGodfrey，inWilliamofTyre，l。ix。c。5—8；hispreviousdesigninGuibert，p。485；
　　hissicknessandvowinBernard。Thesaur。，c78。]
　　[Footnote46:AnnaComnenasupposes，thatHughwasproudofhisnobilityriches，andpower，l。x。p。288:thetwolastarticlesappearmoreequivocal；butanitem，whichsevenhundredyearsagowasfamousinthepalaceofConstantinople，atteststheancientdignityoftheCapetianfamilyofFrance。]
　　[Footnote47:Will。Gemeticensis，l。vii。c。7，p。672，673，inCamden。Normanicis。Hepawnedtheduchyforonehundredthpartofthepresentyearlyrevenue。Tenthousandmarksmaybeequaltofivehundredthousandlivres，andNormandyannuallyyieldsfifty—sevenmillionstotheking，Necker，AdministrationdesFinances，tom。i。p。287。]
　　[Footnote48:HisoriginallettertohiswifeisinsertedintheSpicilegiumofDom。Luc。d'Acheri，tom。iv。andquotedintheEspritdesCroisadestom。i。p。63。]
　　[Footnote49:Uniusenimduum，triumseuquatuoroppidorumdominosquisnumeret?quorumtantafuitcopia，utnonvixtotidemTrojanaobsidiocoegisseputetur。EverthelivelyandinterestingGuibert，p。486。]
　　[Footnote50:Itissingularenough，thatRaymondofSt。Giles，asecondcharacterinthegenuinehistoryofthecrusades，shouldshineasthefirstofheroesinthewritingsoftheGreeksAnnaComnen。Alexiad，l。xxi。andtheArabians，Longueruana，p。
　　129。]
　　[Footnote51:OmnesdeBurgundia，etAlvernia，etVasconia，etGothi，ofLanguedoc，provincialesappellabantur，caeteriveroFrancigenaeethocinexercitu；interhostesautemFrancidicebantur。RaymonddesAgiles，p。144。]
　　[Footnote52:Thetownofhisbirth，orfirstappanage，wasconsecratedtoStAegidius，whosename，asearlyasthefirstcrusade，wascorruptedbytheFrenchintoSt。Gilles，orSt。
　　Giles。ItissituateintheIowenLanguedoc，betweenNismesandtheRhone，andstillboastsacollegiatechurchofthefoundationofRaymond，Melangestiresd'uneGrandeBibliotheque，tom。
　　xxxvii。p51。]
　　[Footnote53:ThemotherofTancredwasEmma，sisterofthegreatRobertGuiscard；hisfather，theMarquisOdotheGood。Itissingularenough，thatthefamilyandcountryofsoillustriousapersonshouldbeunknown；butMuratorireasonablyconjecturesthathewasanItalian，andperhapsoftheraceofthemarquisesofMontferratinPiedmont，Script。tom。v。p。281，282。]
　　[Footnote54:TogratifythechildishvanityofthehouseofEste。Tassohasinsertedinhispoem，andinthefirstcrusade，afabuloushero，thebraveandamorousRinaldo，x。75，xvii。66—
　　94。HemightborrowhisnamefromaRinaldo，withtheAquilabiancaEstense，whovanquished，asthestandard—beareroftheRomanchurch，theemperorFredericI。，StoriaImperialediRicobaldo，inMuratoriScript。Ital。tom。ix。p。360。Ariosto，OrlandoFurioso，iii。30。But，1。ThedistanceofsixtyyearsbetweentheyouthofthetwoRinaldosdestroystheiridentity。
　　2。TheStoriaImperialeisaforgeryoftheConteBoyardo，attheendofthexvthcentury，Muratori，p。281—289。3。ThisRinaldo，andhisexploits，arenotlesschimericalthantheheroofTasso，Muratori，AntichitaEstense，tom。i。p。350。]
　　ChapterLVIII:TheFirstCrusade。
　　PartIII。
　　BetweentheageofCharlemagneandthatofthecrusades，arevolutionhadtakenplaceamongtheSpaniards，theNormans，andtheFrench，whichwasgraduallyextendedtotherestofEurope。
　　Theserviceoftheinfantrywasdegradedtotheplebeians；thecavalryformedthestrengthofthearmies，andthehonorablenameofmiles，orsoldier，wasconfinedtothegentlemen^55whoservedonhorseback，andwereinvestedwiththecharacterofknighthood。Thedukesandcounts，whohadusurpedtherightsofsovereignty，dividedtheprovincesamongtheirfaithfulbarons:
　　thebaronsdistributedamongtheirvassalsthefiefsorbeneficesoftheirjurisdiction；andthesemilitarytenants，thepeersofeachotherandoftheirlord，composedthenobleorequestrianorder，whichdisdainedtoconceivethepeasantorburgherasofthesamespecieswiththemselves。Thedignityoftheirbirthwaspreservedbypureandequalalliances；theirsonsalone，whocouldproducefourquartersorlinesofancestrywithoutspotorreproach，mightlegallypretendtothehonorofknighthood；butavaliantplebeianwassometimesenrichedandennobledbythesword，andbecamethefatherofanewrace。Asingleknightcouldimpart，accordingtohisjudgment，thecharacterwhichhereceived；andthewarlikesovereignsofEuropederivedmoregloryfromthispersonaldistinctionthanfromthelustreoftheirdiadem。Thisceremony，ofwhichsometracesmaybefoundinTacitusandthewoodsofGermany，^56wasinitsoriginsimpleandprofane；thecandidate，aftersomeprevioustrial，wasinvestedwiththeswordandspurs；andhischeekorshoulderwastouchedwithaslightblow，asanemblemofthelastaffrontwhichitwaslawfulforhimtoendure。