theprincessabhorredtheembracesofaTurk；andAdel，orSaphadin，wouldnoteasilyrenounceapluralityofwives。A
personalinterviewwasdeclinedbySaladin，whoallegedtheirmutualignoranceofeachother'slanguage；andthenegotiationwasmanagedwithmuchartanddelaybytheirinterpretersandenvoys。Thefinalagreementwasequallydisapprovedbythezealotsofbothparties，bytheRomanpontiffandthecaliphofBagdad。ItwasstipulatedthatJerusalemandtheholysepulchreshouldbeopen，withouttributeorvexation，tothepilgrimageoftheLatinChristians；that，afterthedemolitionofAscalon，theyshouldinclusivelypossessthesea—coastfromJaffatoTyre；thatthecountofTripoliandtheprinceofAntiochshouldbecomprisedinthetruce；andthat，duringthreeyearsandthreemonths，allhostilitiesshouldcease。Theprincipalchiefsofthetwoarmiessworetotheobservanceofthetreaty；butthemonarchsweresatisfiedwithgivingtheirwordandtheirrighthand；andtheroyalmajestywasexcusedfromanoath，whichalwaysimpliessomesuspicionoffalsehoodanddishonor。RichardembarkedforEurope，toseekalongcaptivityandaprematuregrave；andthespaceofafewmonthsconcludedthelifeandgloriesofSaladin。TheOrientalsdescribehisedifyingdeath，whichhappenedatDamascus；buttheyseemignorantoftheequaldistributionofhisalmsamongthethreereligions，^81orofthedisplayofashroud，insteadofastandard，toadmonishtheEastoftheinstabilityofhumangreatness。Theunityofempirewasdissolvedbyhisdeath；hissonswereoppressedbythestrongerarmoftheiruncleSaphadin；thehostileinterestsofthesultansofEgypt，Damascus，andAleppo，^82wereagainrevived；andtheFranksorLatinsstoodandbreathed，andhoped，intheirfortressesalongtheSyriancoast。
[Footnote79:SeetheprogressofnegotiationandhostilityinBohadin，p。207—260，whowashimselfanactorinthetreaty。
RicharddeclaredhisintentionofreturningwithnewarmiestotheconquestoftheHolyLand；andSaladinansweredthemenacewithacivilcompliment，Vinisaufl。vi。c。28，p。423。]
[Footnote80:ThemostcopiousandoriginalaccountofthisholywarisGalfridiaVinisauf，ItinerariumRegisAnglorumRichardietalioruminTerramHierosolymorum，insixbooks，publishedintheiidvolumeofGale'sScriptoresHist。Anglicanae，p。247—
429。RogerHovedenandMatthewParisaffordlikewisemanyvaluablematerials；andtheformerdescribes，withaccuracy，thedisciplineandnavigationoftheEnglishfleet。]
[Footnote81:EvenVertottom。i。p。251adoptsthefoolishnotionoftheindifferenceofSaladin，whoprofessedtheKoranwithhislastbreath。]
[Footnote82:SeethesuccessionoftheAyoubites，inAbulpharagius，Dynast。p。277，&c。，andthetablesofM。DeGuignes，l'ArtdeVerifierlesDates，andtheBibliothequeOrientale。]
Thenoblestmonumentofaconqueror'sfame，andoftheterrorwhichheinspired，istheSaladinetenth，ageneraltaxwhichwasimposedonthelaity，andeventheclergy，oftheLatinchurch，fortheserviceoftheholywar。Thepracticewastoolucrativetoexpirewiththeoccasion:andthistributebecamethefoundationofallthetithesandtenthsonecclesiasticalbenefices，whichhavebeengrantedbytheRomanpontiffstoCatholicsovereigns，orreservedfortheimmediateuseoftheapostolicsee。^83ThispecuniaryemolumentmusthavetendedtoincreasetheinterestofthepopesintherecoveryofPalestine:
afterthedeathofSaladin，theypreachedthecrusade，bytheirepistles，theirlegates，andtheirmissionaries；andtheaccomplishmentofthepiousworkmighthavebeenexpectedfromthezealandtalentsofInnocenttheThird。^84Underthatyoungandambitiouspriest，thesuccessorsofSt。Peterattainedthefullmeridianoftheirgreatness:andinareignofeighteenyears，heexercisedadespoticcommandovertheemperorsandkings，whomheraisedanddeposed；overthenations，whomaninterdictofmonthsoryearsdeprived，fortheoffenceoftheirrulers，oftheexerciseofChristianworship。InthecounciloftheLateranheactedastheecclesiastical，almostasthetemporal，sovereignoftheEastandWest。ItwasatthefeetofhislegatethatJohnofEnglandsurrenderedhiscrown；andInnocentmayboastofthetwomostsignaltriumphsoversenseandhumanity，theestablishmentoftransubstantiation，andtheoriginoftheinquisition。Athisvoice，twocrusades，thefourthandthefifth，wereundertaken；but，exceptakingofHungary，theprincesofthesecondorderwereattheheadofthepilgrims:theforceswereinadequatetothedesign；nordidtheeffectscorrespondwiththehopesandwishesofthepopeandthepeople。
ThefourthcrusadewasdivertedfromSyriatoConstantinople；andtheconquestoftheGreekorRomanempirebytheLatinswillformtheproperandimportantsubjectofthenextchapter。Inthefifth，^85twohundredthousandFrankswerelandedattheeasternmouthoftheNile。TheyreasonablyhopedthatPalestinemustbesubduedinEgypt，theseatandstorehouseofthesultan；and，afterasiegeofsixteenmonths，theMoslemsdeploredthelossofDamietta。ButtheChristianarmywasruinedbytheprideandinsolenceofthelegatePelagius，who，inthepope'sname，assumedthecharacterofgeneral:thesicklyFrankswereencompassedbythewatersoftheNileandtheOrientalforces；
anditwasbytheevacuationofDamiettathattheyobtainedasaferetreat，someconcessionsforthepilgrims，andthetardyrestitutionofthedoubtfulrelicofthetruecross。Thefailuremayinsomemeasurebeascribedtotheabuseandmultiplicationofthecrusades，whichwerepreachedatthesametimeagainstthePagansofLivonia，theMoorsofSpain，theAlbigeoisofFrance，andthekingsofSicilyoftheImperialfamily。^86Inthesemeritoriousservices，thevolunteersmightacquireathomethesamespiritualindulgence，andalargermeasureoftemporalrewards；andeventhepopes，intheirzealagainstadomesticenemy，weresometimestemptedtoforgetthedistressoftheirSyrianbrethren。Fromthelastageofthecrusadestheyderivedtheoccasionalcommandofanarmyandrevenue；andsomedeepreasonershavesuspectedthatthewholeenterprise，fromthefirstsynodofPlacentia，wascontrivedandexecutedbythepolicyofRome。Thesuspicionisnotfounded，eitherinnatureorinfact。ThesuccessorsofSt。Peterappeartohavefollowed，ratherthanguided，theimpulseofmannersandprejudice；withoutmuchforesightoftheseasons，orcultivationofthesoil，theygatheredtheripeandspontaneousfruitsofthesuperstitionofthetimes。Theygatheredthesefruitswithouttoilorpersonaldanger:inthecounciloftheLateran，InnocenttheThirddeclaredanambiguousresolutionofanimatingthecrusadersbyhisexample；butthepilotofthesacredvesselcouldnotabandonthehelm；norwasPalestineeverblessedwiththepresenceofaRomanpontiff。^87[Footnote83:ThomassinDisciplinedel'Eglise，tom。iii。p。311—374hascopiouslytreatedoftheorigin，abuses，andrestrictionsofthesetenths。Atheorywasstarted，butnotpursued，thattheywererightfullyduetothepope，atenthoftheLevite'stenthtothehighpriest，SeldenonTithes；seehisWorks，vol。iii。p。ii。p。1083。]
[Footnote84:SeetheGestaInnocentiiIII。inMurat。Script。
Rer。Ital。，tom。iii。p。486—568。]
[Footnote85:Seethevthcrusade，andthesiegeofDamietta，inJacobusaVitriaco，l。iii。p。1125—1149，intheGestaDeiofBongarsius，aneye—witness，BernardThesaurarius，inScript。
Muratori，tom。vii。p。825—846，c。190—207，acontemporary，andSanutus，SecretaFidelCrucis，l。iii。p。xi。c。4—9，adiligentcompiler；andoftheArabiansAbulpharagius，Dynast。p。
294，andtheExtractsattheendofJoinville，p。533，537，540，547，&c。]
[Footnote86:TothosewhotookthecrossagainstMainfroy，thepopeA。D。1255grantedplenissimampeccatorumremissionem。
FidelesmirabanturquodtantumeispromitteretprosanguineChristianorumeffundendoquantumprocruoreinfideliumaliquando，MatthewParisp。785。Ahighflightforthereasonofthexiiithcentury。]
[Footnote87:ThissimpleideaisagreeabletothegoodsenseofMosheim，Institut。Hist。Eccles。p。332，andthefinephilosophyofHume，Hist。ofEngland，vol。i。p。330。]
Thepersons，thefamilies，andestatesofthepilgrims，wereundertheimmediateprotectionofthepopes；andthesespiritualpatronssoonclaimedtheprerogativeofdirectingtheiroperations，andenforcing，bycommandsandcensures，theaccomplishmentoftheirvow。FrederictheSecond，^88thegrandsonofBarbarossa，wassuccessivelythepupil，theenemy，andthevictimofthechurch。Attheageoftwenty—oneyears，andinobediencetohisguardianInnocenttheThird，heassumedthecross；thesamepromisewasrepeatedathisroyalandimperialcoronations；andhismarriagewiththeheiressofJerusalemforeverboundhimtodefendthekingdomofhissonConrad。ButasFredericadvancedinageandauthority，herepentedoftherashengagementsofhisyouth:hisliberalsenseandknowledgetaughthimtodespisethephantomsofsuperstitionandthecrownsofAsia:henolongerentertainedthesamereverenceforthesuccessorsofInnocent:andhisambitionwasoccupiedbytherestorationoftheItalianmonarchyfromSicilytotheAlps。Butthesuccessofthisprojectwouldhavereducedthepopestotheirprimitivesimplicity；and，afterthedelaysandexcusesoftwelveyears，theyurgedtheemperor，withentreatiesandthreats，tofixthetimeandplaceofhisdepartureforPalestine。IntheharborsofSicilyandApulia，hepreparedafleetofonehundredgalleys，andofonehundredvessels，thatwereframedtotransportandlandtwothousandfivehundredknights，withtheirhorsesandattendants；hisvassalsofNaplesandGermanyformedapowerfularmy；andthenumberofEnglishcrusaderswasmagnifiedtosixtythousandbythereportoffame。Buttheinevitableoraffectedslownessofthesemightypreparationsconsumedthestrengthandprovisionsofthemoreindigentpilgrims:themultitudewasthinnedbysicknessanddesertion；andthesultrysummerofCalabriaanticipatedthemischiefsofaSyriancampaign。AtlengththeemperorhoistedsailatBrundusium，withafleetandarmyoffortythousandmen:
buthekepttheseanomorethanthreedays；andhishastyretreat，whichwasascribedbyhisfriendstoagrievousindisposition，wasaccusedbyhisenemiesasavoluntaryandobstinatedisobedience。ForsuspendinghisvowwasFredericexcommunicatedbyGregorytheNinth；forpresuming，thenextyear，toaccomplishhisvow，hewasagainexcommunicatedbythesamepope。^89Whileheservedunderthebannerofthecross，acrusadewaspreachedagainsthiminItaly；andafterhisreturnhewascompelledtoaskpardonfortheinjurieswhichhehadsuffered。TheclergyandmilitaryordersofPalestinewerepreviouslyinstructedtorenouncehiscommunionanddisputehiscommands；andinhisownkingdom，theemperorwasforcedtoconsentthattheordersofthecampshouldbeissuedinthenameofGodandoftheChristianrepublic。FredericenteredJerusalemintriumph；andwithhisownhandsfornopriestwouldperformtheofficehetookthecrownfromthealtaroftheholysepulchre。Butthepatriarchcastaninterdictonthechurchwhichhispresencehadprofaned；andtheknightsofthehospitalandtempleinformedthesultanhoweasilyhemightbesurprisedandslaininhisunguardedvisittotheRiverJordan。Insuchastateoffanaticismandfaction，victorywashopeless，anddefencewasdifficult；buttheconclusionofanadvantageouspeacemaybeimputedtothediscordoftheMahometans，andtheirpersonalesteemforthecharacterofFrederic。TheenemyofthechurchisaccusedofmaintainingwiththemiscreantsanintercourseofhospitalityandfriendshipunworthyofaChristian；ofdespisingthebarrennessoftheland；andofindulgingaprofanethought，thatifJehovahhadseenthekingdomofNaplesheneverwouldhaveselectedPalestinefortheinheritanceofhischosenpeople。YetFredericobtainedfromthesultantherestitutionofJerusalem，ofBethlemandNazareth，ofTyreandSidon；theLatinswereallowedtoinhabitandfortifythecity；anequalcodeofcivilandreligiousfreedomwasratifiedforthesectariesofJesusandthoseofMahomet；and，whiletheformerworshippedattheholysepulchre，thelattermightprayandpreachinthemosqueofthetemple，^90fromwhencetheprophetundertookhisnocturnaljourneytoheaven。
Theclergydeploredthisscandaloustoleration；andtheweakerMoslemsweregraduallyexpelled；buteveryrationalobjectofthecrusadeswasaccomplishedwithoutbloodshed；thechurcheswererestored，themonasterieswerereplenished；and，inthespaceoffifteenyears，theLatinsofJerusalemexceededthenumberofsixthousand。Thispeaceandprosperity，forwhichtheywereungratefultotheirbenefactor，wasterminatedbytheirruptionofthestrangeandsavagehordesofCarizmians。^91FlyingfromthearmsoftheMoguls，thoseshepherdsoftheCaspianrolledheadlongonSyria；andtheunionoftheFrankswiththesultansofAleppo，Hems，andDamascus，wasinsufficienttostemtheviolenceofthetorrent。Whateverstoodagainstthemwascutoffbythesword，ordraggedintocaptivity:themilitaryorderswerealmostexterminatedinasinglebattle；andinthepillageofthecity，intheprofanationoftheholysepulchre，theLatinsconfessandregretthemodestyanddisciplineoftheTurksandSaracens。
[Footnote88:TheoriginalmaterialsforthecrusadeofFredericII。maybedrawnfromRicharddeSt。GermanoinMuratori，Script。RerumItal。tom。vii。p。1002—1013andMatthewParis，p。286，291，300，302，304。ThemostrationalmodernsareFleury，Hist。Eccles。tom。xvi。，Vertot，ChevaliersdeMalthe，tom。i。l。iii。，Giannone，IstoriaCivilediNapoli，tom。ii。l。xvi。，andMuratori，Annalid'Italia，tom。x。]
[Footnote89:PoorMuratoriknowswhattothink，butknowsnotwhattosay:"Chinoquiilcapo，'&c。p。322]
[Footnote90:Theclergyartfullyconfoundedthemosqueorchurchofthetemplewiththeholysepulchre，andtheirwilfulerrorhasdeceivedbothVertotandMuratori。]
[Footnote91:TheirruptionoftheCarizmians，orCorasmins，isrelatedbyMatthewParis，p。546，547，andbyJoinville，Nangis，andtheArabians，p。111，112，191，192，528，530。]
[Footnote*:TheywereinalliancewithEyub，sultanofSyria。
Wilkenvol。vi。p。630。—M。]
Ofthesevencrusades，thetwolastwereundertakenbyLouistheNinth，kingofFrance；wholosthislibertyinEgypt，andhislifeonthecoastofAfrica。Twenty—eightyearsafterhisdeath，hewascanonizedatRome；andsixty—fivemiracleswerereadilyfound，andsolemnlyattested，tojustifytheclaimoftheroyalsaint。^92Thevoiceofhistoryrendersamorehonorabletestimony，thatheunitedthevirtuesofaking，ahero，andaman；thathismartialspiritwastemperedbytheloveofprivateandpublicjustice；andthatLouiswasthefatherofhispeople，thefriendofhisneighbors，andtheterroroftheinfidels。
Superstitionalone，inalltheextentofherbalefulinfluence，^93corruptedhisunderstandingandhisheart:hisdevotionstoopedtoadmireandimitatethebeggingfriarsofFrancisandDominic:hepursuedwithblindandcruelzealtheenemiesofthefaith；andthebestofkingstwicedescendedfromhisthronetoseektheadventuresofaspiritualknight—errant。Amonkishhistorianwouldhavebeencontenttoapplaudthemostdespicablepartofhischaracter；butthenobleandgallantJoinville，^94
whosharedthefriendshipandcaptivityofLouis，hastracedwiththepencilofnaturethefreeportraitofhisvirtuesaswellasofhisfailings。Fromthisintimateknowledgewemaylearntosuspectthepoliticalviewsofdepressingtheirgreatvassals，whicharesooftenimputedtotheroyalauthorsofthecrusades。
Abovealltheprincesofthemiddleages，LouistheNinthsuccessfullylaboredtorestoretheprerogativesofthecrown；
butitwasathomeandnotintheEast，thatheacquiredforhimselfandhisposterity:hisvowwastheresultofenthusiasmandsickness；andifhewerethepromoter，hewaslikewisethevictim，ofhisholymadness。FortheinvasionofEgypt，Francewasexhaustedofhertroopsandtreasures；hecoveredtheseaofCypruswitheighteenhundredsails；themostmodestenumerationamountstofiftythousandmen；and，ifwemighttrusthisownconfession，asitisreportedbyOrientalvanity，hedisembarkedninethousandfivehundredhorse，andonehundredandthirtythousandfoot，whoperformedtheirpilgrimageundertheshadowofhispower。^95
[Footnote92:Read，ifyoucan，theLifeandMiraclesofSt。
Louis，bytheconfessorofQueenMargaret，p。291—523。
Joinville，duLouvre。]
[Footnote93:Hebelievedallthatmotherchurchtaught，Joinville，p。10，buthecautionedJoinvilleagainstdisputingwithinfidels。"L'ommelaysaidheinhisoldlanguagequandilotmediredelaloiCrestienne，nedoitpasdeffendrelaloiCrestiennenemaisquedel'espee，dequoiildoitdonnerparmileventrededens，tantcommeelleypeutentrer'p。12。]
[Footnote94:IhavetwoeditionsofJoinville，theoneParis，1668mostvaluablefortheobservationsofDucange；theotherParis，auLouvre，1761mostpreciousforthepureandauthentictext，aMS。ofwhichhasbeenrecentlydiscovered。ThelasteditionprovesthatthehistoryofSt。LouiswasfinishedA。D。
1309，withoutexplaining，orevenadmiring，theageoftheauthor，whichmusthaveexceededninetyyears，Preface，p。x。
ObservationsdeDucange，p。17。]
[Footnote95:Joinville，p。32。ArabicExtracts，p。549。
Note:CompareWilken，vol。vii。p。94。—M。]
Incompletearmor，theoriflammewavingbeforehim，Louisleapedforemostonthebeach；andthestrongcityofDamietta，whichhadcosthispredecessorsasiegeofsixteenmonths，wasabandonedonthefirstassaultbythetremblingMoslems。ButDamiettawasthefirstandthelastofhisconquests；andinthefifthandsixthcrusades，thesamecauses，almostonthesameground，wereproductiveofsimilarcalamities。^96Afteraruinousdelay，whichintroducedintothecamptheseedsofanepidemicdisease，theFranksadvancedfromthesea—coasttowardsthecapitalofEgypt，andstrovetosurmounttheunseasonableinundationoftheNile，whichopposedtheirprogress。Undertheeyeoftheirintrepidmonarch，thebaronsandknightsofFrancedisplayedtheirinvinciblecontemptofdangeranddiscipline:hisbrother，thecountofArtois，stormedwithinconsideratevalorthetownofMassoura；andthecarrierpigeonsannouncedtotheinhabitantsofCairothatallwaslost。Butasoldier，whoafterwardsusurpedthesceptre，ralliedtheflyingtroops:themainbodyoftheChristianswasfarbehindthevanguard；andArtoiswasoverpoweredandslain。AshowerofGreekfirewasincessantlypouredontheinvaders；theNilewascommandedbytheEgyptiangalleys，theopencountrybytheArabs；allprovisionswereintercepted；eachdayaggravatedthesicknessandfamine；
andaboutthesametimearetreatwasfoundtobenecessaryandimpracticable。TheOrientalwritersconfess，thatLouismighthaveescaped，ifhewouldhavedesertedhissubjects；hewasmadeprisoner，withthegreatestpartofhisnobles；allwhocouldnotredeemtheirlivesbyserviceorransomwereinhumanlymassacred；