Note:Wereadinthe"ChronicleoftheConquestofConstantinople，andoftheEstablishmentoftheFrenchintheMorea，"translatedbyJABuchon，Paris，1825，p。64thatLeoVI。，calledthePhilosopher，hadprophesiedthataperfidiousemperorshouldbeprecipitatedfromthetopofthiscolumn。Thecrusadersconsideredthemselvesunderanobligationtofulfilthisprophecy。Brosset，noteonLeBeau，vol。xvii。p。180。M
　　Brossetannouncesthatacompleteeditionofthiswork，ofwhichtheoriginalGreekofthefirstbookonlyhasbeenpublishedbyM。Buchoninpreparation，toformpartofthenewseriesoftheByzantinehistorian—M。]
　　[Footnote20:ThedynastiesofNice，Trebizond，andEpirusofwhichNicetassawtheoriginwithoutmuchpleasureorhopearelearnedlyexplored，andclearlyrepresented，intheFamiliaeByzantinaeofDucange。]
　　[Footnote*:Thiswasatitle，notapersonalappellation。
　　Joinvillespeaksofthe"GrantComnenie，etsiredeTraffezzontes。"Fallmerayer，p。82。—M。]
　　[Footnote21:ExceptsomefactsinPachymerandNicephorusGregoras，whichwillhereafterbeused，theByzantinewritersdisdaintospeakoftheempireofTrebizond，orprincipalityoftheLazi；andamongtheLatins，itisconspicuousonlyintheromancersofthexivthorxvthcenturies。YettheindefatigableDucangehasdugoutFam。Byz。p。192twoauthenticpassagesinVincentofBeauvaisl。xxxi。c。144andtheprothonotaryOgerius，apudWading，A。D。1279，No。4。]
　　[Footnote!:OntherevolutionsofTrebizondunderthelaterempiredowntothisperiod，seeFallmerayer，GeschichtedesKaiserthumsvonTrapezunt，ch。iii。ThewifeofManuelfledwithherinfantsonsandhertreasurefromtherelentlessenmityofIsaacAngelus。FallmerayerconjecturesthatherarrivalenabledtheGreeksofthatregiontomakeheadagainsttheformidableThamar，theGeorgianqueenofTeflis，p。42。TheygraduallyformedadominiononthebanksofthePhasis，whichthedistractedgovernmentoftheAngelineglectedorwereunabletosuppress。OnthecaptureofConstantinoplebytheLatins，AlexiuswasjoinedbymanynoblefugitivesfromConstantinople。
　　HehadalwaysretainedthenameofCaesar。HenowfixedtheseatofhisempireatTrebizond；buthehadneverabandonedhispretensionstotheByzantinethrone，ch。iii。FallmerayerappearstomakeoutatriumphantcaseastotheassumptionoftheroyaltitlebyAlexiustheFirst。SincethepublicationofM。
　　Fallmerayer'swork，Munchen，1827，M。Tafelhaspublished，attheendoftheopusculaofEustathius，acuriouschronicleofTrebizondbyMichaelPanaretas，Frankfort，1832。Itgivesthesuccessionoftheemperors，andsomeothercuriouscircumstancesoftheirwarswiththeseveralMahometanpowers。—M。]
　　[Footnote!!:ThesuccessorofAlexiuswashisson—in—lawAndronicusI。，oftheComnenianfamily，surnamedGidon。TherewerefivesuccessionsbetweenAlexiusandJohn，accordingtoFallmerayer，p。103。ThetroopsofTrebizondfoughtinthearmyofDschelaleddin，theKarismian，againstAlleddin，theSeljukiansultanofRoum，butasalliesratherthanvassals，p。107。ItwasafterthedefeatofDschelaleddinthattheyfurnishedtheircontingenttoAlai—eddin。FallmerayerstrugglesinvaintomitigatethismarkofthesubjectionoftheComnenitothesultan。p。116。—M。]
　　[Footnote22:TheportraitoftheFrenchLatinsisdrawninNicetasbythehandofprejudiceandresentment。P。791Ed。
　　Bak。]
　　[Footnote23:Iherebegintouse，withfreedomandconfidence，theeightbooksoftheHistoiredeC。P。sousl'EmpiredesFrancois，whichDucangehasgivenasasupplementtoVillehardouin；andwhich，inabarbarousstyle，deservesthepraiseofanoriginalandclassicwork。]
　　TheLatinconquerorshadbeensalutedwithasolemnandearlyembassyfromJohn，orJoannice，orCalo—John，therevoltedchiefoftheBulgariansandWalachians。Hedeemedhimselftheirbrother，asthevotaryoftheRomanpontiff，fromwhomhehadreceivedtheregaltitleandaholybanner；andinthesubversionoftheGreekmonarchy，hemightaspiretothenameoftheirfriendandaccomplice。ButCalo—Johnwasastonishedtofind，thattheCountofFlandershadassumedthepompandprideofthesuccessorsofConstantine；andhisambassadorsweredismissedwithahaughtymessage，thattherebelmustdeserveapardon，bytouchingwithhisforeheadthefootstooloftheImperialthrone。
　　Hisresentment^24wouldhaveexhaledinactsofviolenceandblood:hiscoolerpolicywatchedtherisingdiscontentoftheGreeks；affectedatenderconcernfortheirsufferings；andpromised，thattheirfirststrugglesforfreedomshouldbesupportedbyhispersonandkingdom。Theconspiracywaspropagatedbynationalhatred，thefirmestbandofassociationandsecrecy:theGreekswereimpatienttosheathetheirdaggersinthebreastsofthevictoriousstrangers；buttheexecutionwasprudentlydelayed，tillHenry，theemperor'sbrother，hadtransportedtheflowerofhistroopsbeyondtheHellespont。MostofthetownsandvillagesofThraceweretruetothemomentandthesignal；andtheLatins，withoutarmsorsuspicion，wereslaughteredbythevileandmercilessrevengeoftheirslaves。
　　FromDemotica，thefirstsceneofthemassacre，thesurvivingvassalsofthecountofSt。PolescapedtoAdrianople；buttheFrenchandVenetians，whooccupiedthatcity，wereslainorexpelledbythefuriousmultitude:thegarrisonsthatcouldeffecttheirretreatfellbackoneachothertowardsthemetropolis；andthefortresses，thatseparatelystoodagainsttherebels，wereignorantofeachother'sandoftheirsovereign'sfate。ThevoiceoffameandfearannouncedtherevoltoftheGreeksandtherapidapproachoftheirBulgarianally；andCalo—John，notdependingontheforcesofhisownkingdom，haddrawnfromtheScythianwildernessabodyoffourteenthousandComans，whodrank，asitwassaid，thebloodoftheircaptives，andsacrificedtheChristiansonthealtarsoftheirgods。^25
　　[Footnote24:InCalo—John'sanswertothepopewemayfindhisclaimsandcomplaints，GestaInnocentIII。c。108，109:hewascherishedatRomeastheprodigalson。]
　　[Footnote25:TheComanswereaTartarorTurkmanhorde，whichencampedinthexiithandxiiithcenturiesonthevergeofMoldavia。Thegreaterpartwerepagans，butsomewereMahometans，andthewholehordewasconvertedtoChristianityA。D。1370byLewis，kingofHungary]
　　Alarmedbythissuddenandgrowingdanger，theemperordespatchedaswiftmessengertorecallCountHenryandhistroops；andhadBaldwinexpectedthereturnofhisgallantbrother，withasupplyoftwentythousandArmenians，hemighthaveencounteredtheinvaderwithequalnumbersandadecisivesuperiorityofarmsanddiscipline。Butthespiritofchivalrycouldseldomdiscriminatecautionfromcowardice；andtheemperortookthefieldwithahundredandfortyknights，andtheirtrainofarchersandsergeants。Themarshal，whodissuadedandobeyed，ledthevanguardintheirmarchtoAdrianople；themainbodywascommandedbythecountofBlois；theageddogeofVenicefollowedwiththerear；andtheirscantynumberswereincreasedfromallsidesbythefugitiveLatins。TheyundertooktobesiegetherebelsofAdrianople；andsuchwasthepioustendencyofthecrusadesthattheyemployedtheholyweekinpillagingthecountryfortheirsubsistence，andinframingenginesforthedestructionoftheirfellow—Christians。ButtheLatinsweresooninterruptedandalarmedbythelightcavalryoftheComans，whoboldlyskirmishedtotheedgeoftheirimperfectlines:andaproclamationwasissuedbythemarshalofRomania，that，onthetrumpet'ssound，thecavalryshouldmountandform；butthatnone，underpainofdeath，shouldabandonthemselvestoadesultoryanddangerouspursuit。ThiswiseinjunctionwasfirstdisobeyedbythecountofBlois，whoinvolvedtheemperorinhisrashnessandruin。TheComans，oftheParthianorTartarschool，fledbeforetheirfirstcharge；butafteracareeroftwoleagues，whentheknightsandtheirhorseswerealmostbreathless，theysuddenlyturned，rallied，andencompassedtheheavysquadronsoftheFranks。Thecountwasslainonthefield；
　　theemperorwasmadeprisoner；andiftheonedisdainedtofly，iftheotherrefusedtoyield，theirpersonalbraverymadeapooratonementfortheirignorance，orneglect，ofthedutiesofageneral。^26
　　[Footnote26:Nicetas，fromignoranceormalice，imputesthedefeattothecowardiceofDandolo，p。383；butVillehardouinshareshisownglorywithhisvenerablefriend，quivielshomeereetgoteneveoit，maismulteresagesetpreusetvigueros，No。193。
　　Note:GibbonappearstometohavemisapprehendedthepassageofNicetas。Hesays，"thatprincipalandsubtlestmischief。thatprimarycauseofallthehorriblemiseriessufferedbytheRomans，"i。e。theByzantines。ItisaneffusionofmalicioustriumphagainsttheVenetians，towhomhealwaysascribesthecaptureofConstantinople。—M。]
　　ChapterLXI:PartitionOfTheEmpireByTheFrenchAndVenetians。
　　PartII。
　　Proudofhisvictoryandhisroyalprize，theBulgarianadvancedtorelieveAdrianopleandachievethedestructionoftheLatins。Theymustinevitablyhavebeendestroyed，ifthemarshalofRomaniahadnotdisplayedacoolcourageandconsummateskill；
　　uncommoninallages，butmostuncommoninthosetimes，whenwarwasapassion，ratherthanascience。Hisgriefandfearswerepouredintothefirmandfaithfulbosomofthedoge；butinthecamphediffusedanassuranceofsafety，whichcouldonlyberealizedbythegeneralbelief。AlldayhemaintainedhisperilousstationbetweenthecityandtheBarbarians:
　　Villehardouindecampedinsilenceatthedeadofnight；andhismasterlyretreatofthreedayswouldhavedeservedthepraiseofXenophonandthetenthousand。Intherear，themarshalsupportedtheweightofthepursuit；inthefront，hemoderatedtheimpatienceofthefugitives；andwherevertheComansapproached，theywererepelledbyalineofimpenetrablespears。
　　Onthethirdday，thewearytroopsbeheldthesea，thesolitarytownofRodosta，^27andtheirfriends，whohadlandedfromtheAsiaticshore。Theyembraced，theywept；buttheyunitedtheirarmsandcounsels；andinhisbrother'sabsence，CountHenryassumedtheregencyoftheempire，atonceinastateofchildhoodandcaducity。^28IftheComanswithdrewfromthesummerheats，seventhousandLatins，inthehourofdanger，desertedConstantinople，theirbrethren，andtheirvows。SomepartialsuccesswasoverbalancedbythelossofonehundredandtwentyknightsinthefieldofRusium；andoftheImperialdomain，nomorewasleftthanthecapital，withtwoorthreeadjacentfortressesontheshoresofEuropeandAsia。ThekingofBulgariawasresistlessandinexorable；andCalo—Johnrespectfullyeludedthedemandsofthepope，whoconjuredhisnewproselytetorestorepeaceandtheemperortotheafflictedLatins。ThedeliveranceofBaldwinwasnolonger，hesaid，inthepowerofman:thatprincehaddiedinprison；andthemannerofhisdeathisvariouslyrelatedbyignoranceandcredulity。
　　Theloversofatragiclegendwillbepleasedtohear，thattheroyalcaptivewastemptedbytheamorousqueenoftheBulgarians；
　　thathischasterefusalexposedhimtothefalsehoodofawomanandthejealousyofasavage；thathishandsandfeetwereseveredfromhisbody；thathisbleedingtrunkwascastamongthecarcassesofdogsandhorses；andthathebreathedthreedays，beforehewasdevouredbythebirdsofprey。^29Abouttwentyyearsafterwards，inawoodoftheNetherlands，ahermitannouncedhimselfasthetrueBaldwin，theemperorofConstantinople，andlawfulsovereignofFlanders。Herelatedthewondersofhisescape，hisadventures，andhispenance，amongapeoplepronetobelieveandtorebel；and，inthefirsttransport，Flandersacknowledgedherlong—lostsovereign。A
　　shortexaminationbeforetheFrenchcourtdetectedtheimpostor，whowaspunishedwithanignominiousdeath；buttheFlemingsstilladheredtothepleasingerror；andthecountessJaneisaccusedbythegravesthistoriansofsacrificingtoherambitionthelifeofanunfortunatefather。^30
　　[Footnote27:Thetruthofgeography，andtheoriginaltextofVillehardouin，No。194，placeRodostothreedays'journeytroisjorneesfromAdrianople:butVigenere，inhisversion，hasmostabsurdlysubstitutedtroisheures；andthiserror，whichisnotcorrectedbyDucangehasentrappedseveralmoderns，whosenamesIshallspare。]
　　[Footnote28:ThereignandendofBaldwinarerelatedbyVillehardouinandNicetas，p。386—416；andtheiromissionsaresuppliedbyDucangeinhisObservations，andtotheendofhisfirstbook。]
　　[Footnote29:Afterbrushingawayalldoubtfulandimprobablecircumstances，wemayprovethedeathofBaldwin，1。BythefirmbeliefoftheFrenchbarons，Villehardouin，No。230。2。BythedeclarationofCalo—Johnhimself，whoexcuseshisnotreleasingthecaptiveemperor，quiadebitumcarnisexsolveratcumcarcereteneretur，GestaInnocentIII。c。109。
　　Note:CompareVonRaumer。GeschichtederHohenstaufen，vol。
　　ii。p。237。Petitot，inhisprefacetoVillehardouinintheCollectiondesMemoires，relatifsal'HistoiredeFrance，tom。i。
　　p。85，expresseshisbeliefinthefirstpartofthe"tragiclegend。"—M。]
　　[Footnote30:SeethestoryofthisimpostorfromtheFrenchandFlemishwritersinDucange，Hist。deC。P。iii。9；andtheridiculousfablesthatwerebelievedbythemonksofSt。Alban's，inMatthewParis，Hist。Major，p。271，272。
　　Inallcivilizedhostility，atreatyisestablishedfortheexchangeorransomofprisoners；andiftheircaptivitybeprolonged，theirconditionisknown，andtheyaretreatedaccordingtotheirrankwithhumanityorhonor。ButthesavageBulgarianwasastrangertothelawsofwar:hisprisonswereinvolvedindarknessandsilence；andaboveayearelapsedbeforetheLatinscouldbeassuredofthedeathofBaldwin，beforehisbrother，theregentHenry，wouldconsenttoassumethetitleofemperor。HismoderationwasapplaudedbytheGreeksasanactofrareandinimitablevirtue。Theirlightandperfidiousambitionwaseagertoseizeoranticipatethemomentofavacancy，whilealawofsuccession，theguardianbothoftheprinceandpeople，wasgraduallydefinedandconfirmedinthehereditarymonarchiesofEurope。InthesupportoftheEasternempire，Henrywasgraduallyleftwithoutanassociate，astheheroesofthecrusaderetiredfromtheworldorfromthewar。ThedogeofVenice，thevenerableDandolo，inthefulnessofyearsandglory，sunkintothegrave。ThemarquisofMontferratwasslowlyrecalledfromthePeloponnesianwartotherevengeofBaldwinandthedefenceofThessalonica。Somenicedisputesoffeudalhomageandservicewerereconciledinapersonalinterviewbetweentheemperorandtheking；theywerefirmlyunitedbymutualesteemandthecommondanger；andtheiralliancewassealedbythenuptialsofHenrywiththedaughteroftheItalianprince。Hesoondeploredthelossofhisfriendandfather。AtthepersuasionofsomefaithfulGreeks，BonifacemadeaboldandsuccessfulinroadamongthehillsofRhodope:theBulgariansfledonhisapproach；theyassembledtoharasshisretreat。Ontheintelligencethathisrearwasattacked，withoutwaitingforanydefensivearmor，heleapedonhorseback，couchedhislance，anddrovetheenemiesbeforehim；butintherashpursuithewaspiercedwithamortalwound；andtheheadofthekingofThessalonicawaspresentedtoCalo—John，whoenjoyedthehonors，withoutthemerit，ofvictory。
　　Itishere，atthismelancholyevent，thatthepenorthevoiceofJeffreyofVillehardouinseemstodroportoexpire；^31andifhestillexercisedhismilitaryofficeofmarshalofRomania，hissubsequentexploitsareburiedinoblivion。^32ThecharacterofHenrywasnotunequaltohisarduoussituation:inthesiegeofConstantinople，andbeyondtheHellespont，hehaddeservedthefameofavaliantknightandaskilfulcommander；andhiscouragewastemperedwithadegreeofprudenceandmildnessunknowntohisimpetuousbrother。InthedoublewaragainsttheGreeksofAsiaandtheBulgariansofEurope，hewasevertheforemostonshipboardoronhorseback；andthoughhecautiouslyprovidedforthesuccessofhisarms，thedroopingLatinswereoftenrousedbyhisexampletosaveandtosecondtheirfearlessemperor。Butsuchefforts，andsomesuppliesofmenandmoneyfromFrance，wereoflessavailthantheerrors，thecruelty，anddeath，oftheirmostformidableadversary。WhenthedespairoftheGreeksubjectsinvitedCalo—Johnastheirdeliverer，theyhopedthathewouldprotecttheirlibertyandadopttheirlaws:theyweresoontaughttocomparethedegreesofnationalferocity，andtoexecratethesavageconqueror，whonolongerdissembledhisintentionofdispeoplingThrace，ofdemolishingthecities，andoftransplantingtheinhabitantsbeyondtheDanube。ManytownsandvillagesofThracewerealreadyevacuated:aheapofruinsmarkedtheplaceofPhilippopolis，andasimilarcalamitywasexpectedatDemoticaandAdrianople，bythefirstauthorsoftherevolt。TheyraisedacryofgriefandrepentancetothethroneofHenry；theemperoralonehadthemagnanimitytoforgiveandtrustthem。Nomorethanfourhundredknights，withtheirsergeantsandarchers，couldbeassembledunderhisbanner；andwiththisslenderforcehefoughtandrepulsedtheBulgarian，who，besideshisinfantry，wasattheheadoffortythousandhorse。Inthisexpedition，Henryfeltthedifferencebetweenahostileandafriendlycountry:theremainingcitieswerepreservedbyhisarms；andthesavage，withshameandloss，wascompelledtorelinquishhisprey。ThesiegeofThessalonicawasthelastoftheevilswhichCalo—Johninflictedorsuffered:hewasstabbedinthenightinhistent；andthegeneral，perhapstheassassin，whofoundhimwelteringinhisblood，ascribedtheblow，withgeneralapplause，tothelanceofSt。Demetrius。^33
　　Afterseveralvictories，theprudenceofHenryconcludedanhonorablepeacewiththesuccessorofthetyrant，andwiththeGreekprincesofNiceandEpirus。Ifhecededsomedoubtfullimits，anamplekingdomwasreservedforhimselfandhisfeudatories；andhisreign，whichlastedonlytenyears，affordedashortintervalofprosperityandpeace。FarabovethenarrowpolicyofBaldwinandBoniface，hefreelyintrustedtotheGreeksthemostimportantofficesofthestateandarmy；andthisliberalityofsentimentandpracticewasthemoreseasonable，astheprincesofNiceandEpirushadalreadylearnedtoseduceandemploythemercenaryvaloroftheLatins。ItwastheaimofHenrytouniteandrewardhisdeservingsubjects，ofeverynationandlanguage；butheappearedlesssolicitoustoaccomplishtheimpracticableunionofthetwochurches。Pelagius，thepope'slegate，whoactedasthesovereignofConstantinople，hadinterdictedtheworshipoftheGreeks，andsternlyimposedthepaymentoftithes，thedoubleprocessionoftheHolyGhost，andablindobediencetotheRomanpontiff。Astheweakerparty，theypleadedthedutiesofconscience，andimploredtherightsoftoleration:"Ourbodies，"theysaid，"areCaesar's，butoursoulsbelongonlytoGod。Thepersecutionwascheckedbythefirmnessoftheemperor:^34andifwecanbelievethatthesameprincewaspoisonedbytheGreeksthemselves，wemustentertainacontemptibleideaofthesenseandgratitudeofmankind。Hisvalorwasavulgarattribute，whichhesharedwithtenthousandknights；butHenrypossessedthesuperiorcouragetooppose，inasuperstitiousage，theprideandavariceoftheclergy。InthecathedralofSt。Sophiahepresumedtoplacehisthroneontherighthandofthepatriarch；andthispresumptionexcitedthesharpestcensureofPopeInnocenttheThird。Byasalutaryedict，oneofthefirstexamplesofthelawsofmortmain，heprohibitedthealienationoffiefs:manyoftheLatins，desirousofreturningtoEurope，resignedtheirestatestothechurchforaspiritualortemporalreward；theseholylandswereimmediatelydischargedfrommilitaryservice，andacolonyofsoldierswouldhavebeengraduallytransformedintoacollegeofpriests。^35
　　[Footnote31:Villehardouin，No。257。Iquote，withregret，thislamentableconclusion，whereweloseatoncetheoriginalhistory，andtherichillustrationsofDucange。ThelastpagesmayderivesomelightfromHenry'stwoepistlestoInnocentIII。，Gesta，c。106，107。]