PartII。
Thedangerandscandalofthisexcommunicationsubsistedabovethreeyears，tillthepopularclamorwasassuagedbytimeandrepentance；tillthebrethrenofArseniuscondemnedhisinflexiblespirit，sorepugnanttotheunboundedforgivenessofthegospel。Theemperorhadartfullyinsinuated，that，ifhewerestillrejectedathome，hemightseek，intheRomanpontiff，amoreindulgentjudge；butitwasfarmoreeasyandeffectualtofindortoplacethatjudgeattheheadoftheByzantinechurch。
Arseniuswasinvolvedinavaguerumorofconspiracyanddisaffection；someirregularstepsinhisordinationandgovernmentwereliabletocensure；asynoddeposedhimfromtheepiscopaloffice；andhewastransportedunderaguardofsoldierstoasmallislandofthePropontis。Beforehisexile，hesullenlyrequestedthatastrictaccountmightbetakenofthetreasuresofthechurch；boasted，thathissoleriches，threepiecesofgold，hadbeenearnedbytranscribingthepsalms；
continuedtoassertthefreedomofhismind；anddenied，withhislastbreath，thepardonwhichwasimploredbytheroyalsinner。
^25Aftersomedelay，Gregory，bishopofAdrianople，wastranslatedtotheByzantinethrone；buthisauthoritywasfoundinsufficienttosupporttheabsolutionoftheemperor；andJoseph，areverendmonk，wassubstitutedtothatimportantfunction。Thisedifyingscenewasrepresentedinthepresenceofthesenateandthepeople；attheendofsixyearsthehumblepenitentwasrestoredtothecommunionofthefaithful；andhumanitywillrejoice，thatamildertreatmentofthecaptiveLascariswasstipulatedasaproofofhisremorse。ButthespiritofArseniusstillsurvivedinapowerfulfactionofthemonksandclergy，whoperseveredaboutforty—eightyearsinanobstinateschism。TheirscruplesweretreatedwithtendernessandrespectbyMichaelandhisson；andthereconciliationoftheArseniteswastheseriouslaborofthechurchandstate。Intheconfidenceoffanaticism，theyhadproposedtotrytheircausebyamiracle；
andwhenthetwopapers，thatcontainedtheirownandtheadversecause，werecastintoafierybrazier，theyexpectedthattheCatholicveritywouldberespectedbytheflames。Alas!thetwopaperswereindiscriminatelyconsumed，andthisunforeseenaccidentproducedtheunionofaday，andrenewedthequarrelofanage。^26ThefinaltreatydisplayedthevictoryoftheArsenites:theclergyabstainedduringfortydaysfromallecclesiasticalfunctions；aslightpenancewasimposedonthelaity；thebodyofArseniuswasdepositedinthesanctuary；and，inthenameofthedepartedsaint，theprinceandpeoplewerereleasedfromthesinsoftheirfathers。^27
[Footnote*:Excepttheomissionofaprayerfortheemperor，thechargesagainstArseniuswereofdifferentnature:hewasaccusedofhavingallowedthesultanofIconiumtobatheinvesselssignedwiththecross，andtohaveadmittedhimtothechurch，thoughunbaptized，duringtheservice。Itwaspleaded，infavorofArsenius，amongotherproofsofthesultan'sChristianity，thathehadofferedtoeatham。Pachymer，l。iv。c。4，p。265。
Itwasafterhisexilethathewasinvolvedinachargeofconspiracy。—M。]
[Footnote25:PachymerrelatestheexileofArsenius，l。iv。c。
1—16:hewasoneofthecommissarieswhovisitedhiminthedesertisland。Thelasttestamentoftheunforgivingpatriarchisstillextant，Dupin，BibliothequeEcclesiastique，tom。x。p。
95。]
[Footnote*:PachymercallshimGermanus。—M。]
[Footnote26:Pachymerl。vii。c。22relatesthismiraculoustriallikeaphilosopher，andtreatswithsimilarcontemptaplotoftheArsenites，tohidearevelationinthecoffinofsomeoldsaint，l。vii。c。13。Hecompensatesthisincredulitybyanimagethatweeps，anotherthatbleeds，l。vii。c。30，andthemiraculouscuresofadeafandamutepatient，l。xi。c。32。]
[Footnote27:ThestoryoftheArsenitesisspreadthroughthethirteenbooksofPachymer。TheirunionandtriumpharereservedforNicephorusGregoras，l。vii。c。9，whoneitherlovesnoresteemsthesesectaries。]
Theestablishmentofhisfamilywasthemotive，oratleastthepretence，ofthecrimeofPalaeologus；andhewasimpatienttoconfirmthesuccession，bysharingwithhiseldestsonthehonorsofthepurple。Andronicus，afterwardssurnamedtheElder，wasproclaimedandcrownedemperoroftheRomans，inthefifteenthyearofhisage；and，fromthefirstaeraofaprolixandingloriousreign，heheldthataugusttitlenineyearsasthecolleague，andfiftyasthesuccessor，ofhisfather。Michaelhimself，hadhediedinaprivatestation，wouldhavebeenthoughtmoreworthyoftheempire；andtheassaultsofhistemporalandspiritualenemieslefthimfewmomentstolaborforhisownfameorthehappinessofhissubjects。HewrestedfromtheFranksseveralofthenoblestislandsoftheArchipelago，Lesbos，Chios，andRhodes:hisbrotherConstantinewassenttocommandinMalvasiaandSparta；andtheeasternsideoftheMorea，fromArgosandNapolitoCapeThinners，wasrepossessedbytheGreeks。ThiseffusionofChristianbloodwasloudlycondemnedbythepatriarch；andtheinsolentpriestpresumedtointerposehisfearsandscruplesbetweenthearmsofprinces。
Butintheprosecutionofthesewesternconquests，thecountriesbeyondtheHellespontwereleftnakedtotheTurks；andtheirdepredationsverifiedtheprophecyofadyingsenator，thattherecoveryofConstantinoplewouldbetheruinofAsia。ThevictoriesofMichaelwereachievedbyhislieutenants；hisswordrustedinthepalace；and，inthetransactionsoftheemperorwiththepopesandthekingofNaples，hispoliticalactswerestainedwithcrueltyandfraud。^28
[Footnote28:OfthexiiibooksofPachymer，thefirstsixastheivthandvthofNicephorusGregorascontainthereignofMichael，atthetimeofwhosedeathhewasfortyyearsofage。
Insteadofbreaking，likehiseditorthePerePoussin，hishistoryintotwoparts，IfollowDucangeandCousin，whonumberthexiii。booksinoneseries。]
I。TheVaticanwasthemostnaturalrefugeofaLatinemperor，whohadbeendrivenfromhisthrone；andPopeUrbantheFourthappearedtopitythemisfortunes，andvindicatethecause，ofthefugitiveBaldwin。Acrusade，withplenaryindulgence，waspreachedbyhiscommandagainsttheschismaticGreeks:heexcommunicatedtheiralliesandadherents；solicitedLouistheNinthinfavorofhiskinsman；anddemandedatenthoftheecclesiasticalrevenuesofFranceandEnglandfortheserviceoftheholywar。^29ThesubtleGreek，whowatchedtherisingtempestoftheWest，attemptedtosuspendorsoothethehostilityofthepope，bysuppliantembassiesandrespectfulletters；butheinsinuatedthattheestablishmentofpeacemustpreparethereconciliationandobedienceoftheEasternchurch。TheRomancourtcouldnotbedeceivedbysogrossanartifice；andMichaelwasadmonished，thattherepentanceofthesonshouldprecedetheforgivenessofthefather；andthatfaithanambiguouswordwastheonlybasisoffriendshipandalliance。Afteralongandaffecteddelay，theapproachofdanger，andtheimportunityofGregorytheTenth，compelledhimtoenteronamoreseriousnegotiation:heallegedtheexampleofthegreatVataces；andtheGreekclergy，whounderstoodtheintentionsoftheirprince，werenotalarmedbythefirststepsofreconciliationandrespect。
Butwhenhepressedtheconclusionofthetreaty，theystrenuouslydeclared，thattheLatins，thoughnotinname，werehereticsinfact，andthattheydespisedthosestrangersasthevilestandmostdespicableportionofthehumanrace。^30Itwasthetaskoftheemperortopersuade，tocorrupt，tointimidatethemostpopularecclesiastics，togainthevoteofeachindividual，andalternatelytourgetheargumentsofChristiancharityandthepublicwelfare。ThetextsofthefathersandthearmsoftheFrankswerebalancedinthetheologicalandpoliticalscale；andwithoutapprovingtheadditiontotheNicenecreed，themostmoderateweretaughttoconfess，thatthetwohostilepropositionsofproceedingfromtheFatherbytheSon，andofproceedingfromtheFatherandtheSon，mightbereducedtoasafeandCatholicsense。^31Thesupremacyofthepopewasadoctrinemoreeasytoconceive，butmorepainfultoacknowledge:
yetMichaelrepresentedtohismonksandprelates，thattheymightsubmittonametheRomanbishopasthefirstofthepatriarchs；andthattheirdistanceanddiscretionwouldguardthelibertiesoftheEasternchurchfromthemischievousconsequencesoftherightofappeal。Heprotestedthathewouldsacrificehislifeandempireratherthanyieldthesmallestpointoforthodoxfaithornationalindependence；andthisdeclarationwassealedandratifiedbyagoldenbull。ThepatriarchJosephwithdrewtoamonastery，toresignorresumehisthrone，accordingtotheeventofthetreaty:thelettersofunionandobedienceweresubscribedbytheemperor，hissonAndronicus，andthirty—fivearchbishopsandmetropolitans，withtheirrespectivesynods；andtheepiscopallistwasmultipliedbymanydioceseswhichwereannihilatedundertheyokeoftheinfidels。Anembassywascomposedofsometrustyministersandprelates:theyembarkedforItaly，withrichornamentsandrareperfumesforthealtarofSt。Peter；andtheirsecretordersauthorizedandrecommendedaboundlesscompliance。TheywerereceivedinthegeneralcouncilofLyons，byPopeGregorytheTenth，attheheadoffivehundredbishops。^32Heembracedwithtearshislong—lostandrepentantchildren；acceptedtheoathoftheambassadors，whoabjuredtheschisminthenameofthetwoemperors；adornedtheprelateswiththeringandmitre；chantedinGreekandLatintheNicenecreedwiththeadditionoffilioque；andrejoicedintheunionoftheEastandWest，whichhadbeenreservedforhisreign。Toconsummatethispiouswork，theByzantinedeputieswerespeedilyfollowedbythepope'snuncios；andtheirinstructiondisclosesthepolicyoftheVatican，whichcouldnotbesatisfiedwiththevaintitleofsupremacy。Afterviewingthetemperoftheprinceandpeople，theywereenjoinedtoabsolvetheschismaticclergy，whoshouldsubscribeandsweartheirabjurationandobedience；toestablishinallthechurchestheuseoftheperfectcreed；topreparetheentranceofacardinallegate，withthefullpowersanddignityofhisoffice；andtoinstructtheemperorintheadvantageswhichhemightderivefromthetemporalprotectionoftheRomanpontiff。^33
[Footnote29:Ducange，Hist。deC。P。l。v。c。33，&c。，fromtheEpistlesofUrbanIV。]
[Footnote30:FromtheirmercantileintercoursewiththeVenetiansandGenoese，theybrandedtheLatins:Pachymer，l。v。
c。10。"Somearehereticsinname；others，liketheLatins，infact，"saidthelearnedVeccus，l。v。c。12，whosoonafterwardsbecameaconvertc。15，16andapatriarch，c。
24。]
[Footnote31:InthisclasswemayplacePachymerhimself，whosecopiousandcandidnarrativeoccupiesthevthandvithbooksofhishistory。YettheGreekissilentonthecouncilofLyons，andseemstobelievethatthepopesalwaysresidedinRomeandItaly，l。v。c。17，21。]
[Footnote32:SeetheactsofthecouncilofLyonsintheyear1274。Fleury，Hist。Ecclesiastique，tom。xviii。p。181—199。
Dupin，Bibliot。Eccles。tom。x。p。135。]
[Footnote33:Thiscuriousinstruction，whichhasbeendrawnwithmoreorlesshonestybyWadingandLeoAllatiusfromthearchivesoftheVatican，isgiveninanabstractorversionbyFleury，tom。xviii。p。252—258。]
Buttheyfoundacountrywithoutafriend，anationinwhichthenamesofRomeandUnionwerepronouncedwithabhorrence。ThepatriarchJosephwasindeedremoved:hisplacewasfilledbyVeccus，anecclesiasticoflearningandmoderation；andtheemperorwasstillurgedbythesamemotives，topersevereinthesameprofessions。ButinhisprivatelanguagePalaeologusaffectedtodeplorethepride，andtoblametheinnovations，oftheLatins；andwhilehedebasedhischaracterbythisdoublehypocrisy，hejustifiedandpunishedtheoppositionofhissubjects。BythejointsuffrageofthenewandtheancientRome，asentenceofexcommunicationwaspronouncedagainsttheobstinateschismatics；thecensuresofthechurchwereexecutedbytheswordofMichael；onthefailureofpersuasion，hetriedtheargumentsofprisonandexile，ofwhippingandmutilation；
thosetouchstones，saysanhistorian，ofcowardsandthebrave。
TwoGreeksstillreignedinAetolia，Epirus，andThessaly，withtheappellationofdespots:theyhadyieldedtothesovereignofConstantinople，buttheyrejectedthechainsoftheRomanpontiff，andsupportedtheirrefusalbysuccessfularms。Undertheirprotection，thefugitivemonksandbishopsassembledinhostilesynods；andretortedthenameofhereticwiththegallingadditionofapostate:theprinceofTrebizondwastemptedtoassumetheforfeittitleofemperor；andeventheLatinsofNegropont，Thebes，Athens，andtheMorea，forgotthemeritsoftheconvert，tojoin，withopenorclandestineaid，theenemiesofPalaeologus。Hisfavoritegenerals，ofhisownblood，andfamily，successivelydeserted，orbetrayed，thesacrilegioustrust。HissisterEulogia，aniece，andtwofemalecousins，conspiredagainsthim；anotherniece，MaryqueenofBulgaria，negotiatedhisruinwiththesultanofEgypt；and，inthepubliceye，theirtreasonwasconsecratedasthemostsublimevirtue。
^34Tothepope'snuncios，whourgedtheconsummationofthework，Palaeologusexposedanakedrecitalofallthathehaddoneandsufferedfortheirsake。Theywereassuredthattheguiltysectaries，ofbothsexesandeveryrank，hadbeendeprivedoftheirhonors，theirfortunes，andtheirliberty；aspreadinglistofconfiscationandpunishment，whichinvolvedmanypersons，thedearesttotheemperor，orthebestdeservingofhisfavor。Theywereconductedtotheprison，tobeholdfourprincesoftheroyalbloodchainedinthefourcorners，andshakingtheirfettersinanagonyofgriefandrage。Twoofthesecaptiveswereafterwardsreleased；theonebysubmission，theotherbydeath:
buttheobstinacyoftheirtwocompanionswaschastisedbythelossoftheireyes；andtheGreeks，theleastadversetotheunion，deploredthatcruelandinauspicioustragedy。^35
Persecutorsmustexpectthehatredofthosewhomtheyoppress；
buttheycommonlyfindsomeconsolationinthetestimonyoftheirconscience，theapplauseoftheirparty，and，perhaps，thesuccessoftheirundertaking。ButthehypocrisyofMichael，whichwaspromptedonlybypoliticalmotives，musthaveforcedhimtohatehimself，todespisehisfollowers，andtoesteemandenvytherebelchampionsbywhomhewasdetestedanddespised。
WhilehisviolencewasabhorredatConstantinople，atRomehisslownesswasarraigned，andhissinceritysuspected；tillatlengthPopeMartintheFourthexcludedtheGreekemperorfromthepaleofachurch，intowhichhewasstrivingtoreduceaschismaticpeople。Nosoonerhadthetyrantexpired，thantheunionwasdissolved，andabjuredbyunanimousconsent；thechurcheswerepurified；thepenitentswerereconciled；andhissonAndronicus，afterweepingthesinsanderrorsofhisyouthmostpiouslydeniedhisfathertheburialofaprinceandaChristian。^36
[Footnote*:AccordingtoFallmarayerhehadalwaysmaintainedthistitle。—M。]
[Footnote34:ThisfrankandauthenticconfessionofMichael'sdistressisexhibitedinbarbarousLatinbyOgerius，whosignshimselfProtonotariusInterpretum，andtranscribedbyWadingfromtheMSS。oftheVatican，A。D。1278，No。3。HisannalsoftheFranciscanorder，theFratresMinores，inxvii。volumesinfolio，Rome，1741，Ihavenowaccidentallyseenamongthewastepaperofabookseller。]
[Footnote35:SeethevithbookofPachymer，particularlythechapters1，11，16，18，24—27。Heisthemorecredible，ashespeaksofthispersecutionwithlessangerthansorrow。]
[Footnote36:Pachymer，l。vii。c。1—ii。17。ThespeechofAndronicustheElderlib。xii。c。2isacuriousrecord，whichprovesthatiftheGreeksweretheslavesoftheemperor，theemperorwasnotlesstheslaveofsuperstitionandtheclergy。]
II。InthedistressoftheLatins，thewallsandtowersofConstantinoplehadfallentodecay:theywererestoredandfortifiedbythepolicyofMichael，whodepositedaplenteousstoreofcornandsaltprovisions，tosustainthesiegewhichhemighthourlyexpectfromtheresentmentoftheWesternpowers。
Ofthese，thesovereignoftheTwoSicilieswasthemostformidableneighbor:butaslongastheywerepossessedbyMainfroy，thebastardofFrederictheSecond，hismonarchywasthebulwark，ratherthantheannoyance，oftheEasternempire。
Theusurper，thoughabraveandactiveprince，wassufficientlyemployedinthedefenceofhisthrone:hisproscriptionbysuccessivepopeshadseparatedMainfroyfromthecommoncauseoftheLatins；andtheforcesthatmighthavebesiegedConstantinopleweredetainedinacrusadeagainstthedomesticenemyofRome。Theprizeofheravenger，thecrownoftheTwoSicilies，waswonandwornbythebrotherofStLouis，byCharlescountofAnjouandProvence，wholedthechivalryofFranceonthisholyexpedition。^37ThedisaffectionofhisChristiansubjectscompelledMainfroytoenlistacolonyofSaracenswhomhisfatherhadplantedinApulia；andthisodioussuccorwillexplainthedefianceoftheCatholichero，whorejectedalltermsofaccommodation。"Bearthismessage，"saidCharles，"tothesultanofNocera，thatGodandtheswordareumpirebetweenus；
andthatheshalleithersendmetoparadise，orIwillsendhimtothepitofhell。"Thearmiesmet:andthoughIamignorantofMainfroy'sdoomintheotherworld，inthishelosthisfriends，hiskingdom，andhislife，inthebloodybattleofBenevento。
NaplesandSicilywereimmediatelypeopledwithawarlikeraceofFrenchnobles；andtheiraspiringleaderembracedthefutureconquestofAfrica，Greece，andPalestine。ThemostspeciousreasonsmightpointhisfirstarmsagainsttheByzantineempire；
andPalaeologus，diffidentofhisownstrength，repeatedlyappealedfromtheambitionofCharlestothehumanityofSt。