andAnatolia，ofwhichtheformerwaspossessedbytheChristians，andthelatterbytheTurks。ThesultansofIconiumopposedsomeresistancetotheMogularms，tillAzzadinsoughtarefugeamongtheGreeksofConstantinople，andhisfeeblesuccessors，thelastoftheSeljukiandynasty，werefinallyextirpatedbythekhansofPersia。
[Footnote*:SeethecuriousaccountoftheexpeditionofHolagou，translatedfromtheChinese，byM。AbelRemusat，MelangesAsiat。2dser。tom。i。p。171。—M。]
[Footnote24:AllthatcanbeknownoftheAssassinsofPersiaandSyriaispouredfromthecopious，andevenprofuse，eruditionofM。Falconet，intwoMemoiresreadbeforetheAcademyofInscriptions，tom。xvii。p。127—170。
Note:VonHammer'sHistoryoftheAssassinshasnowthrownFalconet'sDissertationintotheshade。—M。]
[Footnote25:TheIsmaeliansofSyria，40，000Assassins，hadacquiredorfoundedtencastlesinthehillsaboveTortosa。
Abouttheyear1280，theywereextirpatedbytheMamalukes。]
[Footnote*:CompareVonHammer，GeschichtederAssassinen，p。
283，307。Wilken，GeschichtederKreuzzuge，vol。vii。p。406。
Price，ChronologicalRetrospect，vol。ii。p。217—223。—M。]
[Footnote26:AsaproofoftheignoranceoftheChineseinforeigntransactions，Imustobserve，thatsomeoftheirhistoriansextendtheconquestofZingishimselftoMedina，thecountryofMahomet，Gaubilp。42。]
[Footnote!:CompareWilken，vol。vii。p。410—M。]
[Footnote!!:OnthefriendlyrelationsoftheArmenianswiththeMongolsseeWilken，GeschichtederKreuzzuge，vol。vii。p。402。
TheyeagerlydesiredanallianceagainsttheMahometanpowers。—
M。]
[Footnote*:Trebizondescaped，apparentlybythedexterouspoliticsofthesovereign，butitacknowledgedtheMogulsupremacy。Falmerayer，p。172—M。]
III。NosoonerhadOctaisubvertedthenorthernempireofChina，thanheresolvedtovisitwithhisarmsthemostremotecountriesoftheWest。FifteenhundredthousandMogulsandTartarswereinscribedonthemilitaryroll:ofthesethegreatkhanselectedathird，whichheintrustedtothecommandofhisnephewBatou，thesonofTuli；whoreignedoverhisfather'sconqueststothenorthoftheCaspianSea。^!Afterafestivaloffortydays，Batousetforwardsonthisgreatexpedition；andsuchwasthespeedandardorofhisinnumerablesquadrons，thaninlessthansixyearstheyhadmeasuredalineofninetydegreesoflongitude，afourthpartofthecircumferenceoftheglobe。ThegreatriversofAsiaandEurope，theVolgaandKama，theDonandBorysthenes，theVistulaandDanube，theyeitherswamwiththeirhorsesorpassedontheice，ortraversedinleathernboats，whichfollowedthecamp，andtransportedtheirwagonsandartillery。BythefirstvictoriesofBatou，theremainsofnationalfreedomwereeradicatedintheimmenseplainsofTurkestanandKipzak。^27Inhisrapidprogress，heoverranthekingdoms，astheyarenowstyled，ofAstracanandCazan；andthetroopswhichhedetachedtowardsMountCaucasusexploredthemostsecretrecessesofGeorgiaandCircassia。Thecivildiscordofthegreatdukes，orprinces，ofRussia，betrayedtheircountrytotheTartars。TheyspreadfromLivoniatotheBlackSea，andbothMoscowandKiow，themodernandtheancientcapitals，werereducedtoashes；atemporaryruin，lessfatalthanthedeep，andperhapsindelible，mark，whichaservitudeoftwohundredyearshasimprintedonthecharacteroftheRussians。TheTartarsravagedwithequalfurythecountrieswhichtheyhopedtopossess，andthosewhichtheywerehasteningtoleave。FromthepermanentconquestofRussiatheymadeadeadly，thoughtransient，inroadintotheheartofPoland，andasfarasthebordersofGermany。ThecitiesofLublinandCracowwereobliterated:theyapproachedtheshoresoftheBaltic；andinthebattleofLignitztheydefeatedthedukesofSilesia，thePolishpalatines，andthegreatmasteroftheTeutonicorder，andfilledninesackswiththerightearsoftheslain。FromLignitz，theextremepointoftheirwesternmarch，theyturnedasidetotheinvasionofHungary；andthepresenceorspiritofBatouinspiredthehostoffivehundredthousandmen:theCarpathianhillscouldnotbelongimpervioustotheirdividedcolumns；andtheirapproachhadbeenfondlydisbelievedtillitwasirresistiblyfelt。Theking，BelatheFourth，assembledthemilitaryforceofhiscountsandbishops；buthehadalienatedthenationbyadoptingavagranthordeoffortythousandfamiliesofComans，andthesesavageguestswereprovokedtorevoltbythesuspicionoftreacheryandthemurderoftheirprince。ThewholecountrynorthoftheDanubewaslostinaday，anddepopulatedinasummer；andtheruinsofcitiesandchurcheswereoverspreadwiththebonesofthenatives，whoexpiatedthesinsoftheirTurkishancestors。Anecclesiastic，whofledfromthesackofWaradin，describesthecalamitieswhichhehadseen，orsuffered；
andthesanguinaryrageofsiegesandbattlesisfarlessatrociousthanthetreatmentofthefugitives，whohadbeenalluredfromthewoodsunderapromiseofpeaceandpardonandwhowerecoollyslaughteredassoonastheyhadperformedthelaborsoftheharvestandvintage。InthewintertheTartarspassedtheDanubeontheice，andadvancedtoGranorStrigonium，aGermancolony，andthemetropolisofthekingdom。Thirtyengineswereplantedagainstthewalls；theditcheswerefilledwithsacksofearthanddeadbodies；andafterapromiscuousmassacre，threehundrednoblematronswereslaininthepresenceofthekhan。OfallthecitiesandfortressesofHungary，threealonesurvivedtheTartarinvasion，andtheunfortunateBatahidhisheadamongtheislandsoftheAdriatic。
[Footnote!:SeethecuriousextractsfromtheMahometanwriters，Hist。desMongols，p。707。—M。]
[Footnote27:TheDashteKipzak，orplainofKipzak，extendsoneithersideoftheVolga，inaboundlessspacetowardstheJaikandBorysthenes，andissupposedtocontaintheprimitivenameandnationoftheCossacks。]
[Footnote*:OlmutzwasgallantlyandsuccessfullydefendedbyStenberg，Hist。desMongols，p。396。—M。]
TheLatinworldwasdarkenedbythiscloudofsavagehostility:aRussianfugitivecarriedthealarmtoSweden；andtheremotenationsoftheBalticandtheoceantrembledattheapproachoftheTartars，^28whomtheirfearandignorancewereinclinedtoseparatefromthehumanspecies。SincetheinvasionoftheArabsintheeighthcentury，Europehadneverbeenexposedtoasimilarcalamity:andifthedisciplesofMahometwouldhaveoppressedherreligionandliberty，itmightbeapprehendedthattheshepherdsofScythiawouldextinguishhercities，herarts，andalltheinstitutionsofcivilsociety。TheRomanpontiffattemptedtoappeaseandconverttheseinvinciblePagansbyamissionofFranciscanandDominicanfriars；buthewasastonishedbythereplyofthekhan，thatthesonsofGodandofZingiswereinvestedwithadivinepowertosubdueorextirpatethenations；
andthatthepopewouldbeinvolvedintheuniversaldestruction，unlesshevisitedinperson，andasasuppliant，theroyalhorde。
TheemperorFrederictheSecondembracedamoregenerousmodeofdefence；andhisletterstothekingsofFranceandEngland，andtheprincesofGermany，representedthecommondanger，andurgedthemtoarmtheirvassalsinthisjustandrationalcrusade。^29
TheTartarsthemselveswereawedbythefameandvaloroftheFranks；thetownofNewstadtinAustriawasbravelydefendedagainstthembyfiftyknightsandtwentycrossbows；andtheyraisedthesiegeontheappearanceofaGermanarmy。AfterwastingtheadjacentkingdomsofServia，Bosnia，andBulgaria，BatouslowlyretreatedfromtheDanubetotheVolgatoenjoyedtherewardsofvictoryinthecityandpalaceofSerai，whichstartedathiscommandfromthemidstofthedesert。*
[Footnote28:Intheyear1238，theinhabitantsofGothiaSwedenandFrisewereprevented，bytheirfearoftheTartars，fromsending，asusual，theirshipstotheherringfisheryonthecoastofEngland；andastherewasnoexportation，fortyorfiftyofthesefishweresoldforashilling，MatthewParis，p。396。
Itiswhimsicalenough，thattheordersofaMogulkhan，whoreignedonthebordersofChina，shouldhaveloweredthepriceofherringsintheEnglishmarket。]
[Footnote29:IshallcopyhischaracteristicorflatteringepithetsofthedifferentcountriesofEurope:FurensacfervensadarmaGermania，strenuaemilitiaegenitrixetalumnaFrancia，bellicosaetaudaxHispania，virtuosavirisetclassemunitafertilisAnglia，impetuosisbellatoribusrefertaAlemannia，navalisDacia，indomitaItalia，pacisignaraBurgundia，inquietaApulia，cummarisGraeci，AdriaticietTyrrheniinsulispyraticisetinvictis，Creta，Cypro，Sicilia，cumOceanoconterminisinsulis，etregionibus，cruentaHybernia，cumagiliWalliapalustrisScotia，glacialisNorwegia，suamelectammilitiamsubvexilloCrucisdestinabunt，&c。MatthewParis，p。498。]
[Footnote*:HewasrecalledbythedeathofOctai—M。]
IV。EventhepoorandfrozenregionsofthenorthattractedthearmsoftheMoguls:Sheibanikhan，thebrotherofthegreatBatou，ledahordeoffifteenthousandfamiliesintothewildsofSiberia；andhisdescendantsreignedatTobolskoiabovethreecenturies，tilltheRussianconquest。ThespiritofenterprisewhichpursuedthecourseoftheObyandYeniseimusthaveledtothediscoveryoftheicysea。Afterbrushingawaythemonstrousfables，ofmenwithdogs'headsandclovenfeet，weshallfind，that，fifteenyearsafterthedeathofZingis，theMogulswereinformedofthenameandmannersoftheSamoyedesintheneighborhoodofthepolarcircle，whodweltinsubterraneoushuts，andderivedtheirfursandtheirfoodfromthesoleoccupationofhunting。^30
[Footnote30:SeeCarpin'srelationinHackluyt，vol。i。p。30。
ThepedigreeofthekhansofSiberiaisgivenbyAbulghazi，partviii。p。485—495。HavetheRussiansfoundnoTartarchroniclesatTobolskoi?
Note:SeetheaccountoftheMongollibraryinBergman，NomadischeStrensreyen，vol。iii。p。185，205，andRemusat，Hist。
desLanguesTartares，p。327，andprefacetoSchmidt，GeschichtederOst—Mongolen。—M。]
WhileChina，Syria，andPoland，wereinvadedatthesametimebytheMogulsandTartars，theauthorsofthemightymischiefwerecontentwiththeknowledgeanddeclaration，thattheirwordwastheswordofdeath。Likethefirstcaliphs，thefirstsuccessorsofZingisseldomappearedinpersonattheheadoftheirvictoriousarmies。OnthebanksoftheOnonandSelinga，theroyalorgoldenhordeexhibitedthecontrastofsimplicityandgreatness；oftheroastedsheepandmare'smilkwhichcomposedtheirbanquets；andofadistributioninonedayoffivehundredwagonsofgoldandsilver。TheambassadorsandprincesofEuropeandAsiawerecompelledtoundertakethisdistantandlaboriouspilgrimage；andthelifeandreignofthegreatdukesofRussia，thekingsofGeorgiaandArmenia，thesultansofIconium，andtheemirsofPersia，weredecidedbythefrownorsmileofthegreatkhan。ThesonsandgrandsonsofZingishadbeenaccustomedtothepastorallife；butthevillageofCaracorum^31wasgraduallyennobledbytheirelectionandresidence。AchangeofmannersisimpliedintheremovalofOctaiandMangoufromatenttoahouse；andtheirexamplewasimitatedbytheprincesoftheirfamilyandthegreatofficersoftheempire。Insteadoftheboundlessforest，theenclosureofaparkaffordedthemoreindolentpleasuresofthechase；theirnewhabitationsweredecoratedwithpaintingandsculpture；theirsuperfluoustreasureswerecastinfountains，andbasins，andstatuesofmassysilver；andtheartistsofChinaandParisviedwitheachotherintheserviceofthegreatkhan。^32Caracorumcontainedtwostreets，theoneofChinesemechanics，theotherofMahometantraders；andtheplacesofreligiousworship，oneNestorianchurch，twomosques，andtwelvetemplesofvariousidols，mayrepresentinsomedegreethenumberanddivisionofinhabitants。YetaFrenchmissionarydeclares，thatthetownofSt。Denys，nearParis，wasmoreconsiderablethantheTartarcapital；andthatthewholepalaceofMangouwasscarcelyequaltoatenthpartofthatBenedictineabbey。TheconquestsofRussiaandSyriamightamusethevanityofthegreatkhans；buttheywereseatedonthebordersofChina；theacquisitionofthatempirewasthenearestandmostinterestingobject；andtheymightlearnfromtheirpastoraleconomy，thatitisfortheadvantageoftheshepherdtoprotectandpropagatehisflock。I
havealreadycelebratedthewisdomandvirtueofaMandarinwhopreventedthedesolationoffivepopulousandcultivatedprovinces。Inaspotlessadministrationofthirtyyears，thisfriendofhiscountryandofmankindcontinuallylaboredtomitigate，orsuspend，thehavocofwar；tosavethemonuments，andtorekindletheflame，ofscience；torestrainthemilitarycommanderbytherestorationofcivilmagistrates；andtoinstiltheloveofpeaceandjusticeintothemindsoftheMoguls。Hestruggledwiththebarbarismofthefirstconquerors；buthissalutarylessonsproducedarichharvestinthesecondgeneration。Thenorthern，andbydegreesthesouthern，empireacquiescedinthegovernmentofCublai，thelieutenant，andafterwardsthesuccessor，ofMangou；andthenationwasloyaltoaprincewhohadbeeneducatedinthemannersofChina。Herestoredtheformsofhervenerableconstitution；andthevictorssubmittedtothelaws，thefashions，andeventheprejudices，ofthevanquishedpeople。Thispeacefultriumph，whichhasbeenmorethanoncerepeated，maybeascribed，inagreatmeasure，tothenumbersandservitudeoftheChinese。TheMogularmywasdissolvedinavastandpopulouscountry；andtheiremperorsadoptedwithpleasureapoliticalsystem，whichgivestotheprincethesolidsubstanceofdespotism，andleavestothesubjecttheemptynamesofphilosophy，freedom，andfilialobedience。UnderthereignofCublai，lettersandcommerce，peaceandjustice，wererestored；thegreatcanal，offivehundredmiles，wasopenedfromNankintothecapital:hefixedhisresidenceatPekin；anddisplayedinhiscourtthemagnificenceofthegreatestmonarchofAsia。Yetthislearnedprincedeclinedfromthepureandsimplereligionofhisgreatancestor:hesacrificedtotheidolFo；andhisblindattachmenttothelamasofThibetandthebonzesofChina^33provokedthecensureofthedisciplesofConfucius。Hissuccessorspollutedthepalacewithacrowdofeunuchs，physicians，andastrologers，whilethirteenmillionsoftheirsubjectswereconsumedintheprovincesbyfamine。OnehundredandfortyyearsafterthedeathofZingis，hisdegeneraterace，thedynastyoftheYuen，wasexpelledbyarevoltofthenativeChinese；andtheMogulemperorswerelostintheoblivionofthedesert。Beforethisrevolution，theyhadforfeitedtheirsupremacyoverthedependentbranchesoftheirhouse，thekhansofKipzakandRussia，thekhansofZagatai，orTransoxiana，andthekhansofIranorPersia。Bytheirdistanceandpower，theseroyallieutenantshadsoonbeenreleasedfromthedutiesofobedience；andafterthedeathofCublai，theyscornedtoacceptasceptreoratitlefromhisunworthysuccessors。Accordingtotheirrespectivesituations，theymaintainedthesimplicityofthepastorallife，orassumedtheluxuryofthecitiesofAsia；buttheprincesandtheirhordeswerealikedisposedforthereceptionofaforeignworship。AftersomehesitationbetweentheGospelandtheKoran，theyconformedtothereligionofMahomet；andwhiletheyadoptedfortheirbrethrentheArabsandPersians，theyrenouncedallintercoursewiththeancientMoguls，theidolatersofChina。
[Footnote31:TheMapofD'AnvilleandtheChineseItinerariesDeGuignes，tom。i。partii。p。57seemtomarkthepositionofHolin，orCaracorum，aboutsixhundredmilestothenorth—westofPekin。ThedistancebetweenSelinginskyandPekinisnear2000
Russianversts，between1300and1400Englishmiles，Bell'sTravels，vol。ii。p。67。]
[Footnote32:RubruquisfoundatCaracorumhiscountrymanGuillaumeBoucher，orfevredeParis，whohadexecutedforthekhanasilvertreesupportedbyfourlions，andejectingfourdifferentliquors。Abulghazipartiv。p。366mentionsthepaintersofKitayorChina。]
[Footnote*:SeetheinterestingsketchofthelifeofthisministerYelin—ThsouthsaiinthesecondvolumeofthesecondseriesofRecherchesAsiatiques，parARemusat，p。64。—M。]
[Footnote*:CompareHist。desMongols，p。616。—M。]
[Footnote33:Theattachmentofthekhans，andthehatredofthemandarins，tothebonzesandlamasDuhalde，Hist。delaChine，tom。i。p。502，503seemstorepresentthemasthepriestsofthesamegod，oftheIndianFo，whoseworshipprevailsamongthesectsofHindostanSiam，Thibet，China，andJapan。Butthismysterioussubjectisstilllostinacloud，whichtheresearchersofourAsiaticSocietymaygraduallydispel。]
ChapterLXIV:Moguls，OttomanTurkds。
PartIII。
Inthisshipwreckofnations，somesurprisemaybeexcitedbytheescapeoftheRomanempire，whoserelics，atthetimeoftheMogulinvasion，weredismemberedbytheGreeksandLatins。
LesspotentthanAlexander，theywerepressed，liketheMacedonian，bothinEuropeandAsia，bytheshepherdsofScythia；
andhadtheTartarsundertakenthesiege，ConstantinoplemusthaveyieldedtothefateofPekin，Samarcand，andBagdad。ThegloriousandvoluntaryretreatofBatoufromtheDanubewasinsultedbythevaintriumphoftheFranksandGreeks；^34andinasecondexpeditiondeathsurprisedhiminfullmarchtoattackthecapitaloftheCaesars。HisbrotherBorgacarriedtheTartararmsintoBulgariaandThrace；buthewasdivertedfromtheByzantinewarbyavisittoNovogorod，inthefifty—seventhdegreeoflatitude，wherehenumberedtheinhabitantsandregulatedthetributesofRussia。TheMogulkhanformedanalliancewiththeMamalukesagainsthisbrethrenofPersia:threehundredthousandhorsepenetratedthroughthegatesofDerbend；
andtheGreeksmightrejoiceinthefirstexampleofdomesticwar。AftertherecoveryofConstantinople，MichaelPalaeologus，^35atadistancefromhiscourtandarmy，wassurprisedandsurroundedinaThraciancastle，bytwentythousandTartars。Buttheobjectoftheirmarchwasaprivateinterest:theycametothedeliveranceofAzzadin，theTurkishsultan；andwerecontentwithhispersonandthetreasureoftheemperor。TheirgeneralNoga，whosenameisperpetuatedinthehordesofAstracan，raisedaformidablerebellionagainstMengoTimour，thethirdofthekhausofKipzak；obtainedinmarriageMaria，thenaturaldaughterofPalaeologus；andguardedthedominionsofhisfriendandfather。ThesubsequentinvasionsofaScythiancastwerethoseofoutlawsandfugitives:andsomethousandsofAlaniandComans，whohadbeendrivenfromtheirnativezeats，werereclaimedfromavagrantlife，andenlistedintheserviceoftheempire。SuchwastheinfluenceinEuropeoftheinvasionoftheMoguls。Thefirstterroroftheirarmssecured，ratherthandisturbed，thepeaceoftheRomanAsia。ThesultanofIconiumsolicitedapersonalinterviewwithJohnVataces；andhisartfulpolicyencouragedtheTurkstodefendtheirbarrieragainstthecommonenemy。^36Thatbarrierindeedwassoonoverthrown；andtheservitudeandruinoftheSeljukiansexposedthenakednessoftheGreeks。TheformidableHolagouthreatenedtomarchtoConstantinopleattheheadoffourhundredthousandmen；andthegroundlesspanicofthecitizensofNicewillpresentanimageoftheterrorwhichhehadinspired。Theaccidentofaprocession，andthesoundofadolefullitany，"FromthefuryoftheTartars，goodLord，deliverus，"hadscatteredthehastyreportofanassaultandmassacre。Intheblindcredulityoffear，thestreetsofNicewerecrowdedwiththousandsofbothsexes，whoknewnotfromwhatortowhomtheyfled；andsomehourselapsedbeforethefirmnessofthemilitaryofficerscouldrelievethecityfromthisimaginaryfoe。ButtheambitionofHolagouandhissuccessorswasfortunatelydivertedbytheconquestofBagdad，andalongvicissitudeofSyrianwars；theirhostilitytotheMoslemsinclinedthemtounitewiththeGreeksandFranks；