IntheeyesoftheMoguls，whoheldtheindefeasiblesuccessionofthehouseofZingis，hewasdoubtlessarebelsubject；yethesprangfromthenobletribeofBerlass:hisfifthancestor，CarasharNevian，hadbeenthevizier^!ofZagatai，inhisnewrealmofTransoxiana；andintheascentofsomegenerations，thebranchofTimourisconfounded，atleastbythefemales，^7withtheImperialstem。^8HewasbornfortymilestothesouthofSamarcandinthevillageofSebzar，inthefruitfulterritoryofCash，ofwhichhisfatherswerethehereditarychiefs，aswellasofatomanoftenthousandhorse。^9Hisbirth^10wascastononeofthoseperiodsofanarchy，whichannouncethefalloftheAsiaticdynasties，andopenanewfieldtoadventurousambition。ThekhansofZagataiwereextinct；theemirsaspiredtoindependence；andtheirdomesticfeudscouldonlybesuspendedbytheconquestandtyrannyofthekhansofKashgar，who，withanarmyofGetesorCalmucks，^11invadedtheTransoxiankingdom。Fromthetwelfthyearofhisage，Timourhadenteredthefieldofaction；inthetwenty—fifth^!!hestoodforthasthedelivererofhiscountry；andtheeyesandwishesofthepeoplewereturnedtowardsaherowhosufferedintheircause。Thechiefsofthelawandofthearmyhadpledgedtheirsalvationtosupporthimwiththeirlivesandfortunes；butinthehourofdangertheyweresilentandafraid；and，afterwaitingsevendaysonthehillsofSamarcand，heretreatedtothedesertwithonlysixtyhorsemen。ThefugitiveswereovertakenbyathousandGetes，whomherepulsedwithincredibleslaughter，andhisenemieswereforcedtoexclaim，"Timourisawonderfulman:
fortuneandthedivinefavorarewithhim。"Butinthisbloodyactionhisownfollowerswerereducedtoten，anumberwhichwassoondiminishedbythedesertionofthreeCarizmians。^!!!Hewanderedinthedesertwithhiswife，sevencompanions，andfourhorses；andsixty—twodayswasheplungedinaloathsomedungeon，fromwhenceheescapedbyhisowncourageandtheremorseoftheoppressor。AfterswimmingthebroadandrapidsteamoftheJihoon，orOxus，heled，duringsomemonths，thelifeofavagrantandoutlaw，onthebordersoftheadjacentstates。Buthisfameshonebrighterinadversity；helearnedtodistinguishthefriendsofhisperson，theassociatesofhisfortune，andtoapplythevariouscharactersofmenfortheiradvantage，and，aboveall，forhisown。Onhisreturntohisnativecountry，Timourwassuccessivelyjoinedbythepartiesofhisconfederates，whoanxiouslysoughthiminthedesert；norcanI
refusetodescribe，inhispatheticsimplicity，oneoftheirfortunateencounters。Hepresentedhimselfasaguidetothreechiefs，whowereattheheadofseventyhorse。"Whentheireyesfelluponme，"saysTimour，"theywereoverwhelmedwithjoy；andtheyalightedfromtheirhorses；andtheycameandkneeled；andtheykissedmystirrup。Ialsocamedownfrommyhorse，andtookeachoftheminmyarms。AndIputmyturbanontheheadofthefirstchief；andmygirdle，richinjewelsandwroughtwithgold，Iboundontheloinsofthesecond；andthethirdIclothedinmyowncoat。Andtheywept，andIweptalso；andthehourofprayerwasarrived，andweprayed。Andwemountedourhorses，andcametomydwelling；andIcollectedmypeople，andmadeafeast。"Histrustybandsweresoonincreasedbythebravestofthetribes；heledthemagainstasuperiorfoe；and，aftersomevicissitudesofwartheGeteswerefinallydrivenfromthekingdomofTransoxiana。Hehaddonemuchforhisownglory；butmuchremainedtobedone，mucharttobeexerted，andsomebloodtobespilt，beforehecouldteachhisequalstoobeyhimastheirmaster。ThebirthandpowerofemirHousseincompelledhimtoacceptaviciousandunworthycolleague，whosesisterwasthebestbelovedofhiswives。Theirunionwasshortandjealous；
butthepolicyofTimour，intheirfrequentquarrels，exposedhisrivaltothereproachofinjusticeandperfidy；and，afterafinaldefeat，Housseinwasslainbysomesagaciousfriends，whopresumed，forthelasttime，todisobeythecommandsoftheirlord。Attheageofthirty—four，^12andinageneraldietorcouroultai，hewasinvestedwithImperialcommand，butheaffectedtoreverethehouseofZingis；andwhiletheemirTimourreignedoverZagataiandtheEast，anominalkhanservedasaprivateofficerinthearmiesofhisservant。Afertilekingdom，fivehundredmilesinlengthandinbreadth，mighthavesatisfiedtheambitionofasubject；butTimouraspiredtothedominionoftheworld；andbeforehisdeath，thecrownofZagataiwasoneofthetwenty—sevencrownswhichhehadplacedonhishead。
Withoutexpatiatingonthevictoriesofthirty—fivecampaigns；
withoutdescribingthelinesofmarch，whichherepeatedlytracedoverthecontinentofAsia；Ishallbrieflyrepresenthisconquestsin，I。Persia，II。Tartary，and，III。India，^13andfromthenceproceedtothemoreinterestingnarrativeofhisOttomanwar。
[Footnote!:Inthememoirs，thetitleGurganisinoneplacep。
23interpretedtheson—in—law；inanotherp。28asKurkan，greatprince，generalissimo，andprimeministerofJagtai。—M。]
[Footnote7:AfterrelatingsomefalseandfoolishtalesofTimourLenc，Arabshahiscompelledtospeaktruth，andtoownhimforakinsmanofZingis，permulieres，ashepeevishlyadds，
laqueosSatanae，parsi。c。i。p。25。ThetestimonyofAbulghaziKhanP。ii。c。5，P。v。c。4isclear，unquestionable，anddecisive。]
[Footnote8:Accordingtooneofthepedigrees，thefourthancestorofZingis，andtheninthoftimour，werebrothers；andtheyagreed，thattheposterityoftheeldershouldsucceedtothedignityofkhan，andthatthedescendantsoftheyoungershouldfilltheofficeoftheirministerandgeneral。ThistraditionwasatleastconvenienttojustifythefirststepsofTimour'sambition，Institutions，p。24，25，fromtheMS。
fragmentsofTimour'sHistory。]
[Footnote9:SeetheprefaceofSherefeddin，andAbulfeda'sGeography，Chorasmiae，&c。，Descriptio，p。60，61，intheiiidvolumeofHudson'sMinorGreekGeographers。]
[Footnote10:SeehisnativityinDr。Hyde，SyntagmaDissertat。
tom。ii。p。466，asitwascastbytheastrologersofhisgrandsonUlughBeg。Hewasborn，A。D。1336，April9，11degrees57minutes。P。M。，lat。36。Iknownotwhethertheycanprovethegreatconjunctionoftheplanetsfromwhence，likeotherconquerorsandprophets，TimourderivedthesurnameofSahebKeran，ormasteroftheconjunctions，Bibliot。Orient。p。878。]
[Footnote11:IntheInstitutionsofTimour，thesesubjectsofthekhanofKashgararemostimproperlystyledOuzbegs，orUsbeks，anamewhichbelongstoanotherbranchandcountryofTartars，Abulghazi，P。v。c。v。P。vii。c。5。CouldIbesurethatthiswordisintheTurkishoriginal，Iwouldboldlypronounce，thattheInstitutionswereframedacenturyafterthedeathofTimour，sincetheestablishmentoftheUsbeksinTransoxiana。
Note:Col。Stewartobserves，thatthePersiantranslatorhassometimesmadeuseofthenameUzbekbyanticipation。Heobserves，likewise，thattheseJitsGetesarenottobeconfoundedwiththeancientGetae:theywereunconvertedTurks。
Col。TodHistoryofRajasthan，vol。i。p。166wouldidentifytheJitswiththeancientrace。—M。]
[Footnote!!:Hewastwenty—sevenbeforeheservedhisfirstwarsundertheemirHoussein，whoruledoverKhorasanandMawerainnehr。VonHammer，vol。i。p。262。NeitherofthesestatementsagreeswiththeMemoirs。Attwelvehewasaboy。"I
fanciedthatIperceivedinmyselfallthesignsofgreatnessandwisdom，andwhoevercametovisitme，Ireceivedwithgreathauteuranddignity。"Atseventeenheundertookthemanagementoftheflocksandherdsofthefamily，p。24。Atnineteenhebecamereligious，and"leftoffplayingchess，"madeakindofBudhistvownevertoinjurelivingthingandfelthisfootparalyzedfromhavingaccidentallytroduponanant，p。30。Attwenty，thoughtsofrebellionandgreatnessroseinhismind；attwenty—one，heseemstohaveperformedhisfirstfeatofarms。
Hewasapractisedwarriorwhenheserved，inhistwenty—seventhyear，underEmirHoussein。]
[Footnote!!!:CompareMemoirs，page61。Theimprisonmentistherestatedatfifty—threedays。"AtthistimeImadeavowtoGodthatIwouldneverkeepanyperson，whetherguiltyorinnocent，foranylengthoftime，inprisonorinchains。"p。63。
—M。]
[Footnote*:Timour，ononeoccasion，senthimthismessage:"Hewhowishestoembracethebrideofroyaltymustkissheracrosstheedgeofthesharpsword，"p。83。ThesceneofthetrialofHoussein，theresistanceofTimourgraduallybecomingmorefeeble，thevengeanceofthechiefsbecomingproportionablymoredetermined，isstrikinglyportrayed。Mem。p130—M。]
[Footnote12:TheistbookofSherefeddinisemployedontheprivatelifeofthehero:andhehimself，orhissecretary，Institutions，p。3—77，enlargeswithpleasureonthethirteendesignsandenterpriseswhichmosttrulyconstitutehispersonalmerit。ItevenshinesthroughthedarkcoloringofArabshah，P。
i。c。1—12。]
[Footnote13:TheconquestsofPersia，Tartary，andIndia，arerepresentedintheiidandiiidbooksofSherefeddin，andbyArabshah，c。13—55。ConsulttheexcellentIndexestotheInstitutions。
Note:ComparetheseventhbookofVonHammer，GeschichtedesOsmanischenReiches。—M。]
I。Foreverywar，amotiveofsafetyorrevenge，ofhonororzeal，ofrightorconvenience，maybereadilyfoundinthejurisprudenceofconquerors。NosoonerhadTimourreunitedtothepatrimonyofZagataithedependentcountriesofCarizmeandCandahar，thanheturnedhiseyestowardsthekingdomsofIranorPersia。FromtheOxustotheTigris，thatextensivecountrywasleftwithoutalawfulsovereignsincethedeathofAbousaid，thelastofthedescendantsofthegreatHolacou。Peaceandjusticehadbeenbanishedfromthelandabovefortyyears；andtheMogulinvadermightseemtolistentothecriesofanoppressedpeople。
Theirpettytyrantsmighthaveopposedhimwithconfederatearms:
theyseparatelystood，andsuccessivelyfell；andthedifferenceoftheirfatewasonlymarkedbythepromptitudeofsubmissionortheobstinacyofresistance。Ibrahim，princeofShirwan，orAlbania，kissedthefootstooloftheImperialthrone。Hispeace—offeringsofsilks，horses，andjewels，werecomposed，accordingtotheTartarfashion，eacharticleofninepieces；butacriticalspectatorobserved，thattherewereonlyeightslaves。
"Imyselfamtheninth，"repliedIbrahim，whowaspreparedfortheremark；andhisflatterywasrewardedbythesmileofTimour。
^14ShahMansour，princeofFars，ortheproperPersia，wasoneoftheleastpowerful，butmostdangerous，ofhisenemies。InabattleunderthewallsofShiraz，hebroke，withthreeorfourthousandsoldiers，thecoulormainbodyofthirtythousandhorse，wheretheemperorfoughtinperson。NomorethanfourteenorfifteenguardsremainednearthestandardofTimour:hestoodfirmasarock，andreceivedonhishelmettwoweightystrokesofacimeter:^15theMogulsrallied；theheadofMansourwasthrownathisfeet；andhedeclaredhisesteemofthevalorofafoe，byextirpatingallthemalesofsointrepidarace。FromShiraz，histroopsadvancedtothePersianGulf；andtherichnessandweaknessofOrmuz^16weredisplayedinanannualtributeofsixhundredthousanddinarsofgold。Bagdadwasnolongerthecityofpeace，theseatofthecaliphs；butthenoblestconquestofHolacoucouldnotbeoverlookedbyhisambitioussuccessor。ThewholecourseoftheTigrisandEuphrates，fromthemouthtothesourcesofthoserivers，wasreducedtohisobedience:heenteredEdessa；andtheTurkmansoftheblacksheepwerechastisedforthesacrilegiouspillageofacaravanofMecca。InthemountainsofGeorgia，thenativeChristiansstillbravedthelawandtheswordofMahomet，bythreeexpeditionsheobtainedthemeritofthegazie，orholywar；andtheprinceofTeflisbecamehisproselyteandfriend。
[Footnote14:ThereverenceoftheTartarsforthemysteriousnumberofnineisdeclaredbyAbulghaziKhan，who，forthatreason，divideshisGenealogicalHistoryintonineparts。]
[Footnote15:AccordingtoArabshah，P。i。c。28，p。183，thecowardTimourranawaytohistent，andhidhimselffromthepursuitofShahMansourunderthewomen'sgarments。PerhapsSherefeddinl。iii。c。25hasmagnifiedhiscourage。]
[Footnote16:ThehistoryofOrmuzisnotunlikethatofTyre。
Theoldcity，onthecontinent，wasdestroyedbytheTartars，andrenewedinaneighboringisland，withoutfreshwaterorvegetation。ThekingsofOrmuz，richintheIndiantradeandthepearlfishery，possessedlargeterritoriesbothinPersiaandArabia；buttheywereatfirstthetributariesofthesultansofKerman，andatlastweredeliveredA。D。1505bythePortuguesetyrantsfromthetyrannyoftheirownviziers，MarcoPolo，l。i。
c。15，16，fol。7，8。Abulfeda，Geograph。tabul。xi。p。261，262，anoriginalChronicleofOrmuz，inTexeira，orStevens'sHistoryofPersia，p。376—416，andtheItinerariesinsertedintheistvolumeofRamusio，ofLudovicoBarthema，1503，fol。167，ofAndreaCorsali，1517fol。202，203，andofOdoardoBarbessa，in1516，fol313—318。]
II。AjustretaliationmightbeurgedfortheinvasionofTurkestan，ortheEasternTartary。ThedignityofTimourcouldnotenduretheimpunityoftheGetes:hepassedtheSihoon，subduedthekingdomofKashgar，andmarchedseventimesintotheheartoftheircountry。Hismostdistantcampwastwomonths'
journey，orfourhundredandeightyleaguestothenorth—eastofSamarcand；andhisemirs，whotraversedtheRiverIrtish，engravedintheforestsofSiberiaarudememorialoftheirexploits。TheconquestofKipzak，ortheWesternTartary，^17
wasfoundedonthedoublemotiveofaidingthedistressed，andchastisingtheungrateful。Toctamish，afugitiveprince，wasentertainedandprotectedinhiscourt:theambassadorsofAurussKhanweredismissedwithahaughtydenial，andfollowedonthesamedaybythearmiesofZagatai；andtheirsuccessestablishedToctamishintheMogulempireoftheNorth。But，afterareignoftenyears，thenewkhanforgotthemeritsandthestrengthofhisbenefactor；thebaseusurper，ashedeemedhim，ofthesacredrightsofthehouseofZingis。ThroughthegatesofDerbend，heenteredPersiaattheheadofninetythousandhorse:withtheinnumerableforcesofKipzak，Bulgaria，Circassia，andRussia，hepassedtheSihoon，burntthepalacesofTimour，andcompelledhim，amidstthewintersnows，tocontendforSamarcandandhislife。Afteramildexpostulation，andagloriousvictory，theemperorresolvedonrevenge；andbytheeast，andthewest，oftheCaspian，andtheVolga，hetwiceinvadedKipzakwithsuchmightypowers，thatthirteenmilesweremeasuredfromhisrighttohisleftwing。Inamarchoffivemonths，theyrarelybeheldthefootstepsofman；andtheirdailysubsistencewasoftentrustedtothefortuneofthechase。Atlengththearmiesencounteredeachother；butthetreacheryofthestandard—bearer，who，intheheatofaction，reversedtheImperialstandardofKipzak，determinedthevictoryoftheZagatais；andToctamishI
peakthelanguageoftheInstitutionsgavethetribeofToushitothewindofdesolation。^18HefledtotheChristiandukeofLithuania；againreturnedtothebanksoftheVolga；and，afterfifteenbattleswithadomesticrival，atlastperishedinthewildsofSiberia。ThepursuitofaflyingenemycarriedTimourintothetributaryprovincesofRussia:adukeofthereigningfamilywasmadeprisoneramidsttheruinsofhiscapital；andYeletz，bytheprideandignoranceoftheOrientals，mighteasilybeconfoundedwiththegenuinemetropolisofthenation。MoscowtrembledattheapproachoftheTartar，andtheresistancewouldhavebeenfeeble，sincethehopesoftheRussianswereplacedinamiraculousimageoftheVirgin，towhoseprotectiontheyascribedthecasualandvoluntaryretreatoftheconqueror。
AmbitionandprudencerecalledhimtotheSouth，thedesolatecountrywasexhausted，andtheMogulsoldierswereenrichedwithanimmensespoilofpreciousfurs，oflinenofAntioch，^19andofingotsofgoldandsilver。^20OnthebanksoftheDon，orTanais，hereceivedanhumbledeputationfromtheconsulsandmerchantsofEgypt，^21Venice，Genoa，Catalonia，andBiscay，whooccupiedthecommerceandcityofTana，orAzoph，atthemouthoftheriver。Theyofferedtheirgifts，admiredhismagnificence，andtrustedhisroyalword。Butthepeacefulvisitofanemir，whoexploredthestateofthemagazinesandharbor，wasspeedilyfollowedbythedestructivepresenceoftheTartars。Thecitywasreducedtoashes；theMoslemswerepillagedanddismissed；butalltheChristians，whohadnotfledtotheirships，werecondemnedeithertodeathorslavery。^22RevengepromptedhimtoburnthecitiesofSeraiandAstrachan，themonumentsofrisingcivilization；andhisvanityproclaimed，thathehadpenetratedtotheregionofperpetualdaylight，astrangephenomenon，whichauthorizedhisMahometandoctorstodispensewiththeobligationofeveningprayer。^23
[Footnote17:ArabshahhadtravelledintoKipzak，andacquiredasingularknowledgeofthegeography，cities，andrevolutions，ofthatnorthernregion，P。i。c。45—49。]
[Footnote18:InstitutionsofTimour，p。123，125。Mr。White，theeditor，bestowssomeanimadversiononthesuperficialaccountofSherefeddin，l。iii。c。12，13，14，whowasignorantofthedesignsofTimour，andthetruespringsofaction。]
[Footnote19:ThefursofRussiaaremorecrediblethantheingots。ButthelinenofAntiochhasneverbeenfamous:andAntiochwasinruins。IsuspectthatitwassomemanufactureofEurope，whichtheHansemerchantshadimportedbythewayofNovogorod。]
[Footnote20:M。LevesqueHist。deRussie，tom。ii。p。247。ViedeTimour，p。64—67，beforetheFrenchversionoftheInstituteshascorrectedtheerrorofSherefeddin，andmarkedthetruelimitofTimour'sconquests。Hisargumentsaresuperfluous；andasimpleappealtotheRussianannalsissufficienttoprovethatMoscow，whichsixyearsbeforehadbeentakenbyToctamish，escapedthearmsofamoreformidableinvader。]
[Footnote21:AnEgyptianconsulfromGrandCairoismentionedinBarbaro'svoyagetoTanain1436，afterthecityhadbeenrebuilt，Ramusio，tom。ii。fol。92。]
[Footnote22:ThesackofAzophisdescribedbySherefeddin，l。
iii。c。55，andmuchmoreparticularlybytheauthorofanItalianchronicle，AndreasdeRedusiisdeQuero，inChron。
Tarvisiano，inMuratori，Script。RerumItalicarum，tom。xix。p。
802—805。HehadconversedwiththeMianis，twoVenetianbrothers，oneofwhomhadbeensentadeputytothecampofTimour，andtheotherhadlostatAzophthreesonsand12，000
ducats。]