[Footnote66:FromArabshah，tom。ii。c。96。ThebrightorsoftercolorsareborrowedfromSherefeddin，D'Herbelot，andtheInstitutions。]
　　[Footnote67:Hisnewsystemwasmultipliedfrom32piecesand64
　　squaresto56piecesand110or130squares；but，exceptinhiscourt，theoldgamehasbeenthoughtsufficientlyelaborate。TheMogulemperorwasratherpleasedthanhurtwiththevictoryofasubject:achessplayerwillfeelthevalueofthisencomium!]
　　[Footnote68:SeeSherefeddin，l。v。c。15，25。Arabshahtom。
　　ii。c。96，p。801，803approvestheimpietyofTimourandtheMoguls，whoalmostpreferredtotheKorantheYacsa，orLawofZingis，cuiDeusmaledicat；norwillhebelievethatSharokhhadabolishedtheuseandauthorityofthatPagancode。]
　　[Footnote69:Besidesthebloodypassagesofthisnarrative，I
　　mustrefertoananticipationinthethirdvolumeoftheDeclineandFall，whichinasinglenotep。234，note25accumulatesnearly300，000headsofthemonumentsofhiscruelty。ExceptinRowe'splayonthefifthofNovember，IdidnotexpecttohearofTimour'samiablemoderationWhite'spreface，p。7。YetIcanexcuseagenerousenthusiasminthereader，andstillmoreintheeditor，oftheInstitutions。]
　　[Footnote70:ConsultthelastchaptersofSherefeddinandArabshah，andM。DeGuignes，Hist。desHuns，tom。iv。l。xx。
　　Fraser'sHistoryofNadirShah，p。1—62。ThestoryofTimour'sdescendantsisimperfectlytold；andthesecondandthirdpartsofSherefeddinareunknown。]
　　[Footnote71:ShahAllum，thepresentMogul，isinthefourteenthdegreefromTimour，byMiranShah，histhirdson。SeethesecondvolumeofDow'sHistoryofHindostan。]
　　FardifferentwasthefateoftheOttomanmonarchy。Themassytrunkwasbenttotheground，butnosoonerdidthehurricanepassaway，thanitagainrosewithfreshvigorandmorelivelyvegetation。WhenTimour，ineverysense，hadevacuatedAnatolia，heleftthecitieswithoutapalace，atreasure，oraking。TheopencountrywasoverspreadwithhordesofshepherdsandrobbersofTartarorTurkmanorigin；therecentconquestsofBajazetwererestoredtotheemirs，oneofwhom，inbaserevenge，demolishedhissepulchre；andhisfivesonswereeager，bycivildiscord，toconsumetheremnantoftheirpatrimony。Ishallenumeratetheirnamesintheorderoftheirageandactions。^72
　　1。Itisdoubtful，whetherIrelatethestoryofthetrueMustapha，orofanimpostorwhopersonatedthatlostprince。Hefoughtbyhisfather'ssideinthebattleofAngora:butwhenthecaptivesultanwaspermittedtoinquireforhischildren，Mousaalonecouldbefound；andtheTurkishhistorians，theslavesofthetriumphantfaction，arepersuadedthathisbrotherwasconfoundedamongtheslain。IfMustaphaescapedfromthatdisastrousfield，hewasconcealedtwelveyearsfromhisfriendsandenemies；tillheemergedinThessaly，andwashailedbyanumerousparty，asthesonandsuccessorofBajazet。Hisfirstdefeatwouldhavebeenhislast，hadnotthetrue，orfalse，MustaphabeensavedbytheGreeks，andrestored，afterthedeceaseofhisbrotherMahomet，tolibertyandempire。A
　　degeneratemindseemedtoarguehisspuriousbirth；andif，onthethroneofAdrianople，hewasadoredastheOttomansultan，hisflight，hisfetters，andanignominiousgibbet，deliveredtheimpostortopopularcontempt。Asimilarcharacterandclaimwasassertedbyseveralrivalpretenders:thirtypersonsaresaidtohavesufferedunderthenameofMustapha；andthesefrequentexecutionsmayperhapsinsinuate，thattheTurkishcourtwasnotperfectlysecureofthedeathofthelawfulprince。2。Afterhisfather'scaptivity，Isa^73reignedforsometimeintheneighborhoodofAngora，Sinope，andtheBlackSea；andhisambassadorsweredismissedfromthepresenceofTimourwithfairpromisesandhonorablegifts。Buttheirmasterwassoondeprivedofhisprovinceandlife，byajealousbrother，thesovereignofAmasia；andthefinaleventsuggestedapiousallusion，thatthelawofMosesandJesus，ofIsaandMousa，hadbeenabrogatedbythegreaterMahomet。3。SolimanisnotnumberedinthelistoftheTurkishemperors:yethecheckedthevictoriousprogressoftheMoguls；andaftertheirdeparture，unitedforawhilethethronesofAdrianopleandBoursa。Inwarhewasbrave，active，andfortuntae；hiscouragewassoftenedbyclemency；butitwaslikewiseinflamedbypresumption，andcorruptedbyintemperanceandidleness。Herelaxedthenervesofdiscipline，inagovernmentwhereeitherthesubjectorthesovereignmustcontinuallytremble:hisvicesalienatedthechiefsofthearmyandthelaw；andhisdailydrunkenness，socontemptibleinaprinceandaman，wasdoublyodiousinadiscipleoftheprophet。
　　IntheslumberofintoxicationhewassurprisedbyhisbrotherMousa；andashefledfromAdrianopletowardstheByzantinecapital，Solimanwasovertakenandslaininabath，afterareignofsevenyearsandtenmonths。4。TheinvestitureofMousadegradedhimastheslaveoftheMoguls:histributarykingdomofAnatoliawasconfinedwithinanarrowlimit，norcouldhisbrokenmilitiaandemptytreasurycontendwiththehardyandveteranbandsofthesovereignofRomania。MousafledindisguisefromthepalaceofBoursa；traversedthePropontisinanopenboat；
　　wanderedovertheWalachianandServianhills；andaftersomevainattempts，ascendedthethroneofAdrianople，sorecentlystainedwiththebloodofSoliman。Inareignofthreeyearsandahalf，histroopswerevictoriousagainsttheChristiansofHungaryandtheMorea；butMousawasruinedbyhistimorousdispositionandunseasonableclemency。AfterresigningthesovereigntyofAnatolia，hefellavictimtotheperfidyofhisministers，andthesuperiorascendantofhisbrotherMahomet。5。
　　ThefinalvictoryofMahometwasthejustrecompenseofhisprudenceandmoderation。Beforehisfather'scaptivity，theroyalyouthhadbeenintrustedwiththegovernmentofAmasia，thirtydays'journeyfromConstantinople，andtheTurkishfrontieragainsttheChristiansofTrebizondandGeorgia。Thecastle，inAsiaticwarfare，wasesteemedimpregnable；andthecityofAmasia，^74whichisequallydividedbytheRiverIris，risesoneithersideintheformofanamphitheatre，andrepresentsonasmallerscaletheimageofBagdad。Inhisrapidcareer，TimourappearstohaveoverlookedthisobscureandcontumaciousangleofAnatolia；andMahomet，withoutprovokingtheconqueror，maintainedhissilentindependence，andchasedfromtheprovincethelaststragglersoftheTartarhost。^!HerelievedhimselffromthedangerousneighborhoodofIsa；butinthecontestsoftheirmorepowerfulbrethrenhisfirmneutralitywasrespected；till，afterthetriumphofMousa，hestoodforththeheirandavengeroftheunfortunateSoliman。MahometobtainedAnatoliabytreaty，andRomaniabyarms；andthesoldierwhopresentedhimwiththeheadofMousawasrewardedasthebenefactorofhiskingandcountry。Theeightyearsofhissoleandpeacefulreignwereusefullyemployedinbanishingthevicesofcivildiscord，andrestoringonafirmerbasisthefabricoftheOttomanmonarchy。Hislastcarewasthechoiceoftwoviziers，BajazetandIbrahim，^75whomightguidetheyouthofhissonAmurath；andsuchwastheirunionandprudence，thattheyconcealedabovefortydaystheemperor'sdeath，tillthearrivalofhissuccessorinthepalaceofBoursa。AnewwarwaskindledinEuropebytheprince，orimpostor，Mustapha；thefirstvizierlosthisarmyandhishead；butthemorefortunateIbrahim，whosenameandfamilyarestillrevered，extinguishedthelastpretendertothethroneofBajazet，andclosedthesceneofdomestichostility。
　　[Footnote72:Thecivilwars，fromthedeathofBajazettothatofMustapha，arerelated，accordingtotheTurks，byDemetriusCantemir，p。58—82。OftheGreeks，Chalcondyles，l。iv。andv。，Phranza，l。i。c。30—32，andDucas，c。18—27，thelastisthemostcopiousandbestinformed。]
　　[Footnote73:Arabshah，tom。ii。c。26，whosetestimonyonthisoccasionisweightyandvaluable。TheexistenceofIsaunknowntotheTurksislikewiseconfirmedbySherefeddin，l。v。c。
　　57。]
　　[Footnote*:Heescapedfromthebath，andfledtowardsConstantinople。Fivemothersfromavillage，Dugundschi，whoseinhabitantshadsufferedseverelyfromtheexactionsofhisofficers，recognizedandfollowedhim。Solimanshottwoofthem，theothersdischargedtheirarrowsintheirturnthesultanfellandhisheadwascutoff。V。Hammer，vol。i。p。349。—M]
　　[Footnote74:Arabshah，loc。citat。Abulfeda，Geograph。tab。
　　xvii。p。302。Busbequius，epist。i。p。96，97，inItinereC。P。
　　etAmasiano。]
　　[Footnote!:Seehisninebattles。V。Hammer，p。339。—M。]
　　[Footnote75:ThevirtuesofIbrahimarepraisedbyacontemporaryGreek，Ducas，c。25。HisdescendantsarethesolenoblesinTurkey:theycontentthemselveswiththeadministrationofhispiousfoundations，areexcusedfrompublicoffices，andreceivetwoannualvisitsfromthesultan，Cantemir，p。76。]
　　Intheseconflicts，thewisestTurks，andindeedthebodyofthenation，werestronglyattachedtotheunityoftheempire；
　　andRomaniaandAnatolia，sooftentornasunderbyprivateambition，wereanimatedbyastrongandinvincibletendencyofcohesion。TheireffortsmighthaveinstructedtheChristianpowers；andhadtheyoccupied，withaconfederatefleet，theStraitsofGallipoli，theOttomans，atleastinEurope，musthavebeenspeedilyannihilated。ButtheschismoftheWest，andthefactionsandwarsofFranceandEngland，divertedtheLatinsfromthisgenerousenterprise:theyenjoyedthepresentrespite，withoutathoughtoffuturity；andwereoftentemptedbyamomentaryinteresttoservethecommonenemyoftheirreligion。
　　AcolonyofGenoese，^76whichhadbeenplantedatPhocaea^77ontheIoniancoast，wasenrichedbythelucrativemonopolyofalum；
　　^78andtheirtranquillity，undertheTurkishempire，wassecuredbytheannualpaymentoftribute。InthelastcivilwaroftheOttomans，theGenoesegovernor，Adorno，aboldandambitiousyouth，embracedthepartyofAmurath；andundertook，withsevenstoutgalleys，totransporthimfromAsiatoEurope。Thesultanandfivehundredguardsembarkedonboardtheadmiral'sship；
　　whichwasmannedbyeighthundredofthebravestFranks。Hislifeandlibertywereintheirhands；norcanwe，withoutreluctance，applaudthefidelityofAdorno，who，inthemidstofthepassage，kneltbeforehim，andgratefullyacceptedadischargeofhisarrearsoftribute。TheylandedinsightofMustaphaandGallipoli；twothousandItalians，armedwithlancesandbattle—axes，attendedAmurathtotheconquestofAdrianople；
　　andthisvenalservicewassoonrepaidbytheruinofthecommerceandcolonyofPhocaea。
　　[Footnote76:SeePachymer，l。v。c。29，NicephorusGregoras，l。ii。c。1，Sherefeddin，l。v。c。57，andDucas，c。25。
　　Thelastofthese，acuriousandcarefulobserver，isentitled，fromhisbirthandstation，toparticularcreditinallthatconcernsIoniaandtheislands。AmongthenationsthatresortedtoNewPhocaea，hementionstheEnglish；anearlyevidenceofMediterraneantrade。]
　　[Footnote77:Forthespiritofnavigation，andfreedomofancientPhocaea，orratherthePhocaeans，consultthefirstbookofHerodotus，andtheGeographicalIndexofhislastandlearnedFrenchtranslator，M。Larchertom。vii。p。299。]
　　[Footnote78:PhocaeaisnotenumeratedbyPlinyHist。Nat。
　　xxxv。52amongtheplacesproductiveofalum:hereckonsEgyptasthefirst，andforthesecondtheIsleofMelos，whosealumminesaredescribedbyTournefort，tom。i。lettreiv。，atravellerandanaturalist。AfterthelossofPhocaea，theGenoese，in1459，foundthatusefulmineralintheIsleofIschia，Ismael。Bouillaud，adDucam，c。25。]
　　IfTimourhadgenerouslymarchedattherequest，andtotherelief，oftheGreekemperor，hemightbeentitledtothepraiseandgratitudeoftheChristians。^79ButaMussulman，whocarriedintoGeorgiatheswordofpersecution，andrespectedtheholywarfareofBajazet，wasnotdisposedtopityorsuccortheidolatersofEurope。TheTartarfollowedtheimpulseofambition；andthedeliveranceofConstantinoplewastheaccidentalconsequence。WhenManuelabdicatedthegovernment，itwashisprayer，ratherthanhishope，thattheruinofthechurchandstatemightbedelayedbeyondhisunhappydays；andafterhisreturnfromawesternpilgrimage，heexpectedeveryhourthenewsofthesadcatastrophe。Onasudden，hewasastonishedandrejoicedbytheintelligenceoftheretreat，theoverthrow，andthecaptivityoftheOttoman。Manuel^80immediatelysailedfromModonintheMorea；ascendedthethroneofConstantinople，anddismissedhisblindcompetitortoaneasyexileintheIsleofLesbos。TheambassadorsofthesonofBajazetweresoonintroducedtohispresence；buttheirpridewasfallen，theirtonewasmodest:theywereawedbythejustapprehension，lesttheGreeksshouldopentotheMogulsthegatesofEurope。
　　Solimansalutedtheemperorbythenameoffather；solicitedathishandsthegovernmentorgiftofRomania；andpromisedtodeservehisfavorbyinviolablefriendship，andtherestitutionofThessalonica，withthemostimportantplacesalongtheStrymon，thePropontis，andtheBlackSea。TheallianceofSolimanexposedtheemperortotheenmityandrevengeofMousa:
　　theTurksappearedinarmsbeforethegatesofConstantinople；
　　buttheywererepulsedbyseaandland；andunlessthecitywasguardedbysomeforeignmercenaries，theGreeksmusthavewonderedattheirowntriumph。But，insteadofprolongingthedivisionoftheOttomanpowers，thepolicyorpassionofManuelwastemptedtoassistthemostformidableofthesonsofBajazet。
　　HeconcludedatreatywithMahomet，whoseprogresswascheckedbytheinsuperablebarrierofGallipoli:thesultanandhistroopsweretransportedovertheBosphorus；hewashospitablyentertainedinthecapital；andhissuccessfulsallywasthefirststeptotheconquestofRomania。Theruinwassuspendedbytheprudenceandmoderationoftheconqueror:hefaithfullydischargedhisownobligationsandthoseofSoliman，respectedthelawsofgratitudeandpeace；andlefttheemperorguardianofhistwoyoungersons，inthevainhopeofsavingthemfromthejealouscrueltyoftheirbrotherAmurath。Buttheexecutionofhislasttestamentwouldhaveoffendedthenationalhonorandreligion；andthedivanunanimouslypronounced，thattheroyalyouthsshouldneverbeabandonedtothecustodyandeducationofaChristiandog。Onthisrefusal，theByzantinecouncilsweredivided；buttheageandcautionofManuelyieldedtothepresumptionofhissonJohn；andtheyunsheathedadangerousweaponofrevenge，bydismissingthetrueorfalseMustapha，whohadlongbeendetainedasacaptiveandhostage，andforwhosemaintenancetheyreceivedanannualpensionofthreehundredthousandaspers。^81Atthedoorofhisprison，Mustaphasubscribedtoeveryproposal；andthekeysofGallipoli，orratherofEurope，werestipulatedasthepriceofhisdeliverance。ButnosoonerwasheseatedonthethroneofRomania，thanhedismissedtheGreekambassadorswithasmileofcontempt，declaring，inapioustone，that，atthedayofjudgment，hewouldratheranswerfortheviolationofanoath，thanforthesurrenderofaMussulmancityintothehandsoftheinfidels。Theemperorwasatoncetheenemyofthetworivals；
　　fromwhomhehadsustained，andtowhomhehadoffered，aninjury；andthevictoryofAmurathwasfollowed，intheensuingspring，bythesiegeofConstantinople。^82
　　[Footnote79:Thewriterwhohasthemostabusedthisfabulousgenerosity，isouringeniousSirWilliamTemple，hisWorks，vol。
　　iii。p。349，350，octavoedition，thatloverofexoticvirtue。
　　AftertheconquestofRussia，&c。，andthepassageoftheDanube，hisTartarherorelieves，visits，admires，andrefusesthecityofConstantine。Hisflatteringpencildeviatesineverylinefromthetruthofhistory；yethispleasingfictionsaremoreexcusablethanthegrosserrorsofCantemir。]
　　[Footnote80:ForthereignsofManuelandJohn，ofMahometI。
　　andAmurathII。，seetheOthmanhistoryofCantemir，p。70—
　　95，andthethreeGreeks，Chalcondyles，Phranza，andDucas，whoisstillsuperiortohisrivals。]
　　[Footnote81:TheTurkishasperis，orwas，apieceofwhiteorsilvermoney，atpresentmuchdebased，butwhichwasformerlyequivalenttothe54thpart，atleast，ofaVenetianducatorsequin；andthe300，000aspers，aprincelyallowanceorroyaltribute，maybecomputedat2500l。sterling，Leunclav。Pandect。
　　Turc。p。406—408。
　　Note:AccordingtoVonHammer，thiscalculationismuchtoolow。Theasperwasacenturybeforethetimeofwhichwrites，thetenthpartofaducat；forthesametributewhichtheByzantinewritersstateat300，000asperstheOttomansstateat30，000
　　ducats，about15000lNote，vol。p。636。—M]
　　[Footnote82:ForthesiegeofConstantinoplein1422，seetheparticularandcontemporarynarrativeofJohnCananus，publishedbyLeoAllatius，attheendofhiseditionofAcropolita，p。188
　　—199。]
　　ThereligiousmeritofsubduingthecityoftheCaesarsattractedfromAsiaacrowdofvolunteers，whoaspiredtothecrownofmartyrdom:theirmilitaryardorwasinflamedbythepromiseofrichspoilsandbeautifulfemales；andthesultan'sambitionwasconsecratedbythepresenceandpredictionofSeidBechar，adescendantoftheprophet，^83whoarrivedinthecamp，onamule，withavenerabletrainoffivehundreddisciples。Buthemightblush，ifafanaticcouldblush，atthefailureofhisassurances。ThestrengthofthewallsresistedanarmyoftwohundredthousandTurks；theirassaultswererepelledbythesalliesoftheGreeksandtheirforeignmercenaries；theoldresourcesofdefencewereopposedtothenewenginesofattack；
　　andtheenthusiasmofthedervis，whowassnatchedtoheaveninvisionaryconversewithMahomet，wasansweredbythecredulityoftheChristians，whobeheldtheVirginMary，inavioletgarment，walkingontherampartandanimatingtheircourage。^84Afterasiegeoftwomonths，AmurathwasrecalledtoBoursabyadomesticrevolt，whichhadbeenkindledbyGreektreachery，andwassoonextinguishedbythedeathofaguiltlessbrother。WhileheledhisJanizariestonewconquestsinEuropeandAsia，theByzantineempirewasindulgedinaservileandprecariousrespiteofthirtyyears。Manuelsankintothegrave；andJohnPalaeologuswaspermittedtoreign，foranannualtributeofthreehundredthousandaspers，andthederelictionofalmostallthatheheldbeyondthesuburbsofConstantinople。