[Footnote3:ThefirstepistlesinetituloofPetrarchexposesthedangerofthebark，andtheincapacityofthepilot。Haecinter，vinomadidus，aevegravis，acsoporiferororeperfusus，jamjamnutitat，dormitat，jamsomnopraeceps，atqueutinamsolusruit……Heuquantofeliciuspatrioterramsulcassetaratro，quamscalmumpiscatoriumascendisset!ThissatireengageshisbiographertoweighthevirtuesandvicesofBenedictXII。whichhavebeenexaggeratedbyGuelphsandGhibelines，byPapistsandProtestants，seeMemoiressurlaViedePetrarque，tom。i。p。259，ii。not。xv。p。13—16。Hegaveoccasiontothesaying，Bibamuspapaliter。]
　　AfterthedeceaseofAndronicus，whiletheGreeksweredistractedbyintestinewar，theycouldnotpresumetoagitateageneralunionoftheChristians。ButassoonasCantacuzenehadsubduedandpardonedhisenemies，hewasanxioustojustify，oratleasttoextenuate，theintroductionoftheTurksintoEurope，andthenuptialsofhisdaughterwithaMussulmanprince。Twoofficersofstate，withaLatininterpreter，weresentinhisnametotheRomancourt，whichwastransplantedtoAvignon，onthebanksoftheRhone，duringaperiodofseventyyears:theyrepresentedthehardnecessitywhichhadurgedhimtoembracetheallianceofthemiscreants，andpronouncedbyhiscommandthespeciousandedifyingsoundsofunionandcrusade。PopeClementtheSixth，^4thesuccessorofBenedict，receivedthemwithhospitalityandhonor，acknowledgedtheinnocenceoftheirsovereign，excusedhisdistress，applaudedhismagnanimity，anddisplayedaclearknowledgeofthestateandrevolutionsoftheGreekempire，whichhehadimbibedfromthehonestaccountsofaSavoyardlady，anattendantoftheempressAnne。^5IfClementwasillendowedwiththevirtuesofapriest，hepossessed，however，thespiritandmagnificenceofaprince，whoseliberalhanddistributedbeneficesandkingdomswithequalfacility。
　　UnderhisreignAvignonwastheseatofpompandpleasure:inhisyouthhehadsurpassedthelicentiousnessofabaron；andthepalace，nay，thebed—chamberofthepope，wasadorned，orpolluted，bythevisitsofhisfemalefavorites。ThewarsofFranceandEnglandwereadversetotheholyenterprise；buthisvanitywasamusedbythesplendididea；andtheGreekambassadorsreturnedwithtwoLatinbishops，theministersofthepontiff。
　　OntheirarrivalatConstantinople，theemperorandthenunciosadmiredeachother'spietyandeloquence；andtheirfrequentconferenceswerefilledwithmutualpraisesandpromises，bywhichbothpartieswereamused，andneithercouldbedeceived。
　　"Iamdelighted，"saidthedevoutCantacuzene，"withtheprojectofourholywar，whichmustredoundtomypersonalglory，aswellastothepublicbenefitofChristendom。MydominionswillgiveafreepassagetothearmiesofFrance:mytroops，mygalleys，mytreasures，shallbeconsecratedtothecommoncause；andhappywouldbemyfate，couldIdeserveandobtainthecrownofmartyrdom。WordsareinsufficienttoexpresstheardorwithwhichIsighforthereunionofthescatteredmembersofChrist。
　　Ifmydeathcouldavail，Iwouldgladlypresentmyswordandmyneck:ifthespiritualphoenixcouldarisefrommyashes，Iwoulderectthepile，andkindletheflamewithmyownhands。"YettheGreekemperorpresumedtoobserve，thatthearticlesoffaithwhichdividedthetwochurcheshadbeenintroducedbytheprideandprecipitationoftheLatins:hedisclaimedtheservileandarbitrarystepsofthefirstPalaeologus；andfirmlydeclared，thathewouldneversubmithisconscienceunlesstothedecreesofafreeanduniversalsynod。"Thesituationofthetimes，"
　　continuedhe，"willnotallowthepopeandmyselftomeeteitheratRomeorConstantinople；butsomemaritimecitymaybechosenonthevergeofthetwoempires，tounitethebishops，andtoinstructthefaithful，oftheEastandWest。"Thenunciosseemedcontentwiththeproposition；andCantacuzeneaffectstodeplorethefailureofhishopes，whichweresoonoverthrownbythedeathofClement，andthedifferenttemperofhissuccessor。Hisownlifewasprolonged，butitwasprolongedinacloister；and，exceptbyhisprayers，thehumblemonkwasincapableofdirectingthecounselsofhispupilorthestate。^6
　　[Footnote4:SeetheoriginalLivesofClementVI。inMuratori，Script。RerumItalicarum，tom。iii。P。ii。p。550—589；MatteoVillani，Chron。l。iii。c。43，inMuratori，tom。xiv。p。186，
　　whostyleshim，moltocavallaresco，pocoreligioso；Fleury，Hist。Eccles。tom。xx。p。126；andtheViedePetrarque，tom。
　　ii。p。42—45。TheabbedeSadetreatshimwiththemostindulgence；butheisagentlemanaswellasapriest。]
　　[Footnote5:HernamemostprobablycorruptedwasZampea。Shehadaccompanied，andaloneremainedwithhermistressatConstantinople，whereherprudence，erudition，andpolitenessdeservedthepraisesoftheGreeksthemselves，Cantacuzen。l。i。
　　c。42。]
　　[Footnote6:SeethiswholenegotiationinCantacuzene，l。iv。
　　c。9，who，amidstthepraisesandvirtueswhichhebestowsonhimself，revealstheuneasinessofaguiltyconscience。]
　　YetofalltheByzantineprinces，thatpupil，JohnPalaeologus，wasthebestdisposedtoembrace，tobelieve，andtoobey，theshepherdoftheWest。Hismother，AnneofSavoy，wasbaptizedinthebosomoftheLatinchurch:hermarriagewithAndronicusimposedachangeofname，ofapparel，andofworship，butherheartwasstillfaithfultohercountryandreligion:shehadformedtheinfancyofherson，andshegovernedtheemperor，afterhismind，oratleasthisstature，wasenlargedtothesizeofman。Inthefirstyearofhisdeliveranceandrestoration，theTurkswerestillmastersoftheHellespont；thesonofCantacuzenewasinarmsatAdrianople；andPalaeologuscoulddependneitheronhimselfnoronhispeople。Byhismother'sadvice，andinthehopeofforeignaid，heabjuredtherightsbothofthechurchandstate；andtheactofslavery，^7
　　subscribedinpurpleink，andsealedwiththegoldenbull，wasprivatelyintrustedtoanItalianagent。ThefirstarticleofthetreatyisanoathoffidelityandobediencetoInnocenttheSixthandhissuccessors，thesupremepontiffsoftheRomanandCatholicchurch。Theemperorpromisestoentertainwithduereverencetheirlegatesandnuncios；toassignapalacefortheirresidence，andatemplefortheirworship；andtodeliverhissecondsonManuelasthehostageofhisfaith。Forthesecondescensionsherequiresapromptsuccoroffifteengalleys，withfivehundredmenatarms，andathousandarchers，toserveagainsthisChristianandMussulmanenemies。Palaeologusengagestoimposeonhisclergyandpeoplethesamespiritualyoke；butastheresistanceoftheGreeksmightbejustlyforeseen，headoptsthetwoeffectualmethodsofcorruptionandeducation。
　　ThelegatewasempoweredtodistributethevacantbeneficesamongtheecclesiasticswhoshouldsubscribethecreedoftheVatican:
　　threeschoolswereinstitutedtoinstructtheyouthofConstantinopleinthelanguageanddoctrineoftheLatins；andthenameofAndronicus，theheiroftheempire，wasenrolledasthefirststudent。Shouldhefailinthemeasuresofpersuasionorforce，Palaeologusdeclareshimselfunworthytoreign；
　　transferredtothepopeallregalandpaternalauthority；andinvestsInnocentwithfullpowertoregulatethefamily，thegovernment，andthemarriage，ofhissonandsuccessor。Butthistreatywasneitherexecutednorpublished:theRomangalleyswereasvainandimaginaryasthesubmissionoftheGreeks；anditwasonlybythesecrecythattheirsovereignescapedthedishonorofthisfruitlesshumiliation。
　　[Footnote7:SeethisignominioustreatyinFleury，Hist。
　　Eccles。p。151—154，fromRaynaldus，whodrewitfromtheVaticanarchives。Itwasnotworththetroubleofapiousforgery。]
　　ThetempestoftheTurkisharmssoonburstonhishead；andafterthelossofAdrianopleandRomania，hewasenclosedinhiscapital，thevassalofthehaughtyAmurath，withthemiserablehopeofbeingthelastdevouredbythesavage。Inthisabjectstate，PalaeologusembracedtheresolutionofembarkingforVenice，andcastinghimselfatthefeetofthepope:hewasthefirstoftheByzantineprinceswhohadevervisitedtheunknownregionsoftheWest，yetinthemalonehecouldseekconsolationorrelief；andwithlessviolationofhisdignityhemightappearinthesacredcollegethanattheOttomanPorte。Afteralongabsence，theRomanpontiffswerereturningfromAvignontothebanksoftheTyber:UrbantheFifth，^8ofamildandvirtuouscharacter，encouragedorallowedthepilgrimageoftheGreekprince；and，withinthesameyear，enjoyedthegloryofreceivingintheVaticanthetwoImperialshadowswhorepresentedthemajestyofConstantineandCharlemagne。Inthissuppliantvisit，theemperorofConstantinople，whosevanitywaslostinhisdistress，gavemorethancouldbeexpectedofemptysoundsandformalsubmissions。Aprevioustrialwasimposed；and，inthepresenceoffourcardinals，heacknowledged，asatrueCatholic，thesupremacyofthepope，andthedoubleprocessionoftheHolyGhost。Afterthispurification，hewasintroducedtoapublicaudienceinthechurchofSt。Peter:Urban，inthemidstofthecardinals，wasseatedonhisthrone；theGreekmonarch，afterthreegenuflections，devoutlykissedthefeet，thehands，andatlengththemouth，oftheholyfather，whocelebratedhighmassinhispresence，allowedhimtoleadthebridleofhismule，andtreatedhimwithasumptuousbanquetintheVatican。TheentertainmentofPalaeologuswasfriendlyandhonorable；yetsomedifferencewasobservedbetweentheemperorsoftheEastandWest；^9norcouldtheformerbeentitledtotherareprivilegeofchantingthegospelintherankofadeacon。^10Infavorofhisproselyte，UrbanstrovetorekindlethezealoftheFrenchkingandtheotherpowersoftheWest；buthefoundthemcoldinthegeneralcause，andactiveonlyintheirdomesticquarrels。
　　ThelasthopeoftheemperorwasinanEnglishmercenary，JohnHawkwood，^11orAcuto，who，withabandofadventurers，thewhitebrotherhood，hadravagedItalyfromtheAlpstoCalabria；
　　soldhisservicestothehostilestates；andincurredajustexcommunicationbyshootinghisarrowsagainstthepapalresidence。Aspeciallicensewasgrantedtonegotiatewiththeoutlaw，buttheforces，orthespirit，ofHawkwood，wereunequaltotheenterprise:anditwasfortheadvantage，perhaps，ofPalaeologustobedisappointedofsuccor，thatmusthavebeencostly，thatcouldnotbeeffectual，andwhichmighthavebeendangerous。^12ThedisconsolateGreek^13preparedforhisreturn，butevenhisreturnwasimpededbyamostignominiousobstacle。OnhisarrivalatVenice，hehadborrowedlargesumsatexorbitantusury；buthiscofferswereempty，hiscreditorswereimpatient，andhispersonwasdetainedasthebestsecurityforthepayment。Hiseldestson，Andronicus，theregentofConstantinople，wasrepeatedlyurgedtoexhausteveryresource；
　　andevenbystrippingthechurches，toextricatehisfatherfromcaptivityanddisgrace。Buttheunnaturalyouthwasinsensibleofthedisgrace，andsecretlypleasedwiththecaptivityoftheemperor:thestatewaspoor，theclergywereobstinate；norcouldsomereligiousscruplebewantingtoexcusetheguiltofhisindifferenceanddelay。SuchundutifulneglectwasseverelyreprovedbythepietyofhisbrotherManuel，whoinstantlysoldormortgagedallthathepossessed，embarkedforVenice，relievedhisfather，andpledgedhisownfreedomtoberesponsibleforthedebt。OnhisreturntoConstantinople，theparentandkingdistinguishedhistwosonswithsuitablerewards；butthefaithandmannersoftheslothfulPalaeologushadnotbeenimprovedbyhisRomanpilgrimage；andhisapostasyorconversion，devoidofanyspiritualortemporaleffects，wasspeedilyforgottenbytheGreeksandLatins。^14
　　[Footnote8:SeethetwofirstoriginalLivesofUrbanV。，inMuratori，Script。RerumItalicarum，tom。iii。P。ii。p。623，635，andtheEcclesiasticalAnnalsofSpondanus，tom。i。p。
　　573，A。D。1369，No。7，andRaynaldus，Fleury，Hist。Eccles。
　　tom。xx。p。223，224。Yet，fromsomevariations，IsuspectthepapalwritersofslightlymagnifyingthegenuflectionsofPalaeologus。]
　　[Footnote9:PaullominusquamsifuissetImperatorRomanorum。
　　YethistitleofImperatorGraecorumwasnolongerdisputed，Vit。UrbanV。p。623。]
　　[Footnote10:ItwasconfinedtothesuccessorsofCharlemagne，andtothemonlyonChristmas—day。OnallotherfestivalstheseImperialdeaconswerecontenttoservethepope，ashesaidmass，withthebookandthecorporale。YettheabbedeSadegenerouslythinksthatthemeritsofCharlesIV。mighthaveentitledhim，thoughnotontheproperday，A。D。1368，November1，tothewholeprivilege。Heseemstoaffixajustvalueontheprivilegeandtheman，ViedePetrarque，tom。iii。p。735。]
　　[Footnote11:ThroughsomeItaliancorruptions，theetymologyofFalconeinbosco，MatteoVillani，l。xi。c。79，inMuratori，tom。xv。p。746，suggeststheEnglishwordHawkwood，thetruenameofouradventurouscountryman，ThomasWalsingham，Hist。
　　Anglican。interScriptoresCambdeni，p。184。Aftertwo—and—twentyvictories，andonedefeat，hedied，in1394，generaloftheFlorentines，andwasburiedwithsuchhonorsastherepublichasnotpaidtoDanteorPetrarch，Muratori，Annalid'Italia，tom。xii。p。212—371。]
　　[Footnote12:ThistorrentofEnglishbybirthorservice
　　overflowedfromFranceintoItalyafterthepeaceofBretignyin1630。YettheexclamationofMuratoriAnnali，tom。xii。p。197
　　israthertruethancivil。"Cimancavaancorquesto，chedopoesserecalpestratal'ItaliadatantimasnadieriTedeschiedUngheri，venisserofindall'Inghliterranuovicaniafiniredidivorarla。"]
　　[Footnote13:Chalcondyles，l。i。p。25，26。TheGreeksupposeshisjourneytothekingofFrance，whichissufficientlyrefutedbythesilenceofthenationalhistorians。NoramImuchmoreinclinedtobelieve，thatPalaeologusdepartedfromItaly，valdebeneconsolatusetcontentus，Vit。UrbanV。p。623。]
　　[Footnote14:Hisreturnin1370，andthecoronationofManuel，Sept。25，1373，Ducange，Fam。Byzant。p。241，leavessomeintermediateaerafortheconspiracyandpunishmentofAndronicus。]
　　ThirtyyearsafterthereturnofPalaeologus，hissonandsuccessor，Manuel，fromasimilarmotive，butonalargerscale，againvisitedthecountriesoftheWest。InaprecedingchapterIhaverelatedhistreatywithBajazet，theviolationofthattreaty，thesiegeorblockadeofConstantinople，andtheFrenchsuccorunderthecommandofthegallantBoucicault。^15Byhisambassadors，ManuelhadsolicitedtheLatinpowers；butitwasthoughtthatthepresenceofadistressedmonarchwoulddrawtearsandsuppliesfromthehardestBarbarians；^16andthemarshalwhoadvisedthejourneypreparedthereceptionoftheByzantineprince。ThelandwasoccupiedbytheTurks；butthenavigationofVenicewassafeandopen:Italyreceivedhimasthefirst，or，atleast，asthesecond，oftheChristianprinces；
　　Manuelwaspitiedasthechampionandconfessorofthefaith；andthedignityofhisbehaviorpreventedthatpityfromsinkingintocontempt。FromVeniceheproceededtoPaduaandPavia；andeventhedukeofMilan，asecretallyofBajazet，gavehimsafeandhonorableconducttothevergeofhisdominions。^17OntheconfinesofFrance^18theroyalofficersundertookthecareofhisperson，journey，andexpenses；andtwothousandoftherichestcitizens，inarmsandonhorseback，cameforthtomeethimasfarasCharenton，intheneighborhoodofthecapital。AtthegatesofParis，hewassalutedbythechancellorandtheparliament；andCharlestheSixth，attendedbyhisprincesandnobles，welcomedhisbrotherwithacordialembrace。ThesuccessorofConstantinewasclothedinarobeofwhitesilk，andmountedonamilk—whitesteed，acircumstance，intheFrenchceremonial，ofsingularimportance:thewhitecolorisconsideredasthesymbolofsovereignty；and，inalatevisit，theGermanemperor，afterahaughtydemandandapeevishrefusal，hadbeenreducedtocontenthimselfwithablackcourser。ManuelwaslodgedintheLouvre；asuccessionoffeastsandballs，thepleasuresofthebanquetandthechase，wereingeniouslyvariedbythepolitenessoftheFrench，todisplaytheirmagnificence，andamusehisgrief:hewasindulgedinthelibertyofhischapel；andthedoctorsoftheSorbonnewereastonished，andpossiblyscandalized，bythelanguage，therites，andthevestments，ofhisGreekclergy。Buttheslightestglanceonthestateofthekingdommustteachhimtodespairofanyeffectualassistance。TheunfortunateCharles，thoughheenjoyedsomelucidintervals，continuallyrelapsedintofuriousorstupidinsanity:thereinsofgovernmentwerealternatelyseizedbyhisbrotheranduncle，thedukesofOrleansandBurgundy，whosefactiouscompetitionpreparedthemiseriesofcivilwar。Theformerwasagayyouth，dissolvedinluxuryandlove:thelatterwasthefatherofJohncountofNevers，whohadsolatelybeenransomedfromTurkishcaptivity；and，ifthefearlesssonwasardenttorevengehisdefeat，themoreprudentBurgundywascontentwiththecostandperilofthefirstexperiment。WhenManuelhadsatiatedthecuriosity，andperhapsfatiguedthepatience，oftheFrench，heresolvedonavisittotheadjacentisland。InhisprogressfromDover，hewasentertainedatCanterburywithduereverencebythepriorandmonksofSt。
　　Austin；and，onBlackheath，KingHenrytheFourth，withtheEnglishcourt，salutedtheGreekhero，Icopyouroldhistorian，who，duringmanydays，waslodgedandtreatedinLondonasemperoroftheEast。^19ButthestateofEnglandwasstillmoreadversetothedesignoftheholywar。Inthesameyear，thehereditarysovereignhadbeendeposedandmurdered:thereigningprincewasasuccessfulusurper，whoseambitionwaspunishedbyjealousyandremorse:norcouldHenryofLancasterwithdrawhispersonorforcesfromthedefenceofathroneincessantlyshakenbyconspiracyandrebellion。Hepitied，hepraised，hefeasted，theemperorofConstantinople；butiftheEnglishmonarchassumedthecross，itwasonlytoappeasehispeople，andperhapshisconscience，bythemeritorsemblanceofhispiousintention。^20Satisfied，however，withgiftsandhonors，ManuelreturnedtoParis；and，afteraresidenceoftwoyearsintheWest，shapedhiscoursethroughGermanyandItaly，embarkedatVenice，andpatientlyexpected，intheMorea，themomentofhisruinordeliverance。Yethehadescapedtheignominiousnecessityofofferinghisreligiontopublicorprivatesale。TheLatinchurchwasdistractedbythegreatschism；thekings，thenations，theuniversities，ofEuropeweredividedintheirobediencebetweenthepopesofRomeandAvignon；
　　andtheemperor，anxioustoconciliatethefriendshipofbothparties，abstainedfromanycorrespondencewiththeindigentandunpopularrivals。Hisjourneycoincidedwiththeyearofthejubilee；buthepassedthroughItalywithoutdesiring，ordeserving，theplenaryindulgencewhichabolishedtheguiltorpenanceofthesinsofthefaithful。TheRomanpopewasoffendedbythisneglect；accusedhimofirreverencetoanimageofChrist；andexhortedtheprincesofItalytorejectandabandontheobstinateschismatic。^21
　　[Footnote15:MemoiresdeBoucicault，P。i。c。35，36。]