[Footnote5:ThegenuineandoriginalnarrativeofSyropulusp。
　　312—351openstheschismfromthefirstofficeoftheGreeksatVenicetothegeneraloppositionatConstantinople，oftheclergyandpeople。]
　　[Footnote6:OntheschismofConstantinople，seePhranza，l。
　　ii。c。17，LaonicusChalcondyles，l。vi。p。155，156，andDucas，c。31；thelastofwhomwriteswithtruthandfreedom。
　　AmongthemodernswemaydistinguishthecontinuatorofFleury，tom。xxii。p。338，&c。，401，420，&c。，andSpondanus，A。D。
　　1440—50。Thesenseofthelatterisdrownedinprejudiceandpassion，assoonasRomeandreligionareconcerned。]
　　TheschismwasnotconfinedtothenarrowlimitsoftheByzantineempire。SecureundertheMamalukesceptre，thethreepatriarchsofAlexandria，Antioch，andJerusalem，assembledanumeroussynod；disownedtheirrepresentativesatFerraraandFlorence；condemnedthecreedandcounciloftheLatins；andthreatenedtheemperorofConstantinoplewiththecensuresoftheEasternchurch。OfthesectariesoftheGreekcommunion，theRussianswerethemostpowerful，ignorant，andsuperstitious。
　　Theirprimate，thecardinalIsidore，hastenedfromFlorencetoMoscow，^7toreducetheindependentnationundertheRomanyoke。
　　ButtheRussianbishopshadbeeneducatedatMountAthos；andtheprinceandpeopleembracedthetheologyoftheirpriests。Theywerescandalizedbythetitle，thepomp，theLatincrossofthelegate，thefriendofthoseimpiousmenwhoshavedtheirbeards，andperformedthedivineofficewithglovesontheirhandsandringsontheirfingers:Isidorewascondemnedbyasynod；hispersonwasimprisonedinamonastery；anditwaswithextremedifficultythatthecardinalcouldescapefromthehandsofafierceandfanaticpeople。^8TheRussiansrefusedapassagetothemissionariesofRomewhoaspiredtoconvertthePagansbeyondtheTanais；^9andtheirrefusalwasjustifiedbythemaxim，thattheguiltofidolatryislessdamnablethanthatofschism。TheerrorsoftheBohemianswereexcusedbytheirabhorrenceforthepope；andadeputationoftheGreekclergysolicitedthefriendshipofthosesanguinaryenthusiasts。^10WhileEugeniustriumphedintheunionandorthodoxyoftheGreeks，hispartywascontractedtothewalls，orrathertothepalaceofConstantinople。ThezealofPalaeologushadbeenexcitedbyinterest；itwassooncooledbyopposition:anattempttoviolatethenationalbeliefmightendangerhislifeandcrown；notcouldthepiousrebelsbedestituteofforeignanddomesticaid。TheswordofhisbrotherDemetrius，whoinItalyhadmaintainedaprudentandpopularsilence，washalfunsheathedinthecauseofreligion；andAmurath，theTurkishsultan，wasdispleasedandalarmedbytheseemingfriendshipoftheGreeksandLatins。
　　[Footnote7:IsidorewasmetropolitanofKiow，buttheGreekssubjecttoPolandhaveremovedthatseefromtheruinsofKiowtoLemberg，orLeopold，Herbestein，inRamusio，tom。ii。p。127。
　　Ontheotherhand，theRussianstransferredtheirspiritualobediencetothearchbishop，whobecame，in1588，thepatriarch，ofMoscow，LevesqueHist。deRussie，tom。iii。p。188，190，fromaGreekMs。atTurin，IteretlaboresArchiepiscopiArsenii。]
　　[Footnote8:ThecuriousnarrativeofLevesqueHist。deRussie，tom。ii。p。242—247isextractedfromthepatriarchalarchives。ThescenesofFerraraandFlorencearedescribedbyignoranceandpassion；buttheRussiansarecredibleintheaccountoftheirownprejudices。]
　　[Footnote9:TheShamanism，theancientreligionoftheSamanaeansandGymnosophists，hasbeendrivenbythemorepopularBraminsfromIndiaintothenortherndeserts:thenakedphilosopherswerecompelledtowrapthemselvesinfur；buttheyinsensiblysunkintowizardsandphysicians。TheMordvansandTcheremissesintheEuropeanRussiaadheretothisreligion，whichisformedontheearthlymodelofonekingorGod，hisministersorangels，andtherebelliousspiritswhoopposehisgovernment。AsthesetribesoftheVolgahavenoimages，theymightmorejustlyretortontheLatinmissionariesthenameofidolaters，Levesque，Hist。desPeuplessoumisalaDominationdesRusses，tom。i。p。194—237，423—460。]
　　[Footnote10:Spondanus，Annal。Eccles。tomii。A。D。1451，No。
　　13。TheepistleoftheGreekswithaLatinversion，isextantinthecollegelibraryatPrague。]
　　"SultanMurad，orAmurath，livedforty—nine，andreignedthirtyyears，sixmonths，andeightdays。Hewasajustandvaliantprince，ofagreatsoul，patientoflabors，learned，merciful，religious，charitable；aloverandencouragerofthestudious，andofallwhoexcelledinanyartorscience；agoodemperorandagreatgeneral。NomanobtainedmoreorgreatervictoriesthanAmurath；Belgradealonewithstoodhisattacks。
　　Underhisreign，thesoldierwasevervictorious，thecitizenrichandsecure。Ifhesubduedanycountry，hisfirstcarewastobuildmosquesandcaravansaras，hospitals，andcolleges。
　　EveryyearhegaveathousandpiecesofgoldtothesonsoftheProphet；andsenttwothousandfivehundredtothereligiouspersonsofMecca，Medina，andJerusalem。"^11ThisportraitistranscribedfromthehistorianoftheOthmanempire:buttheapplauseofaservileandsuperstitiouspeoplehasbeenlavishedontheworstoftyrants；andthevirtuesofasultanareoftenthevicesmostusefultohimself，ormostagreeabletohissubjects。Anationignorantoftheequalbenefitsoflibertyandlaw，mustbeawedbytheflashesofarbitrarypower:thecrueltyofadespotwillassumethecharacterofjustice；hisprofusion，ofliberality；hisobstinacy，offirmness。Ifthemostreasonableexcuseberejected，fewactsofobediencewillbefoundimpossible；andguiltmusttremble，whereinnocencecannotalwaysbesecure。Thetranquillityofthepeople，andthedisciplineofthetroops，werebestmaintainedbyperpetualactioninthefield；warwasthetradeoftheJanizaries；andthosewhosurvivedtheperil，anddividedthespoil，applaudedthegenerousambitionoftheirsovereign。Topropagatethetruereligion，wasthedutyofafaithfulMussulman:theunbelieverswerehisenemies，andthoseoftheProphet；and，inthehandsoftheTurks，thescimeterwastheonlyinstrumentofconversion。
　　Underthesecircumstances，however，thejusticeandmoderationofAmurathareattestedbyhisconduct，andacknowledgedbytheChristiansthemselves；whoconsideraprosperousreignandapeacefuldeathastherewardofhissingularmerits。Inthevigorofhisageandmilitarypower，heseldomengagedinwartillhewasjustifiedbyapreviousandadequateprovocation:thevictorioussultanwasdisarmedbysubmission；andintheobservanceoftreaties，hiswordwasinviolateandsacred。^12
　　TheHungarianswerecommonlytheaggressors；hewasprovokedbytherevoltofScanderbeg；andtheperfidiousCaramanianwastwicevanquished，andtwicepardoned，bytheOttomanmonarch。BeforeheinvadedtheMorea，Thebeshadbeensurprisedbythedespot:intheconquestofThessalonica，thegrandsonofBajazetmightdisputetherecentpurchaseoftheVenetians；andafterthefirstsiegeofConstantinople，thesultanwasnevertempted，bythedistress，theabsence，ortheinjuriesofPalaeologus，toextinguishthedyinglightoftheByzantineempire。
　　[Footnote*:SeethesiegeandmassacreatThessalonica。VonHammervol。ip。433—M。]
　　[Footnote11:SeeCantemir，HistoryoftheOthmanEmpire，p。94。
　　Muraq，orMorad，maybemorecorrect:butIhavepreferredthepopularnametothatobscurediligencewhichisrarelysuccessfulintranslatinganOriental，intotheRoman，alphabet。]
　　[Footnote12:SeeChalcondyles，l。vii。p。186，198，Ducas，c。
　　33，andMarinusBarletius，inVit。Scanderbeg，p。145，146。InhisgoodfaithtowardsthegarrisonofSfetigrade，hewasalessonandexampletohissonMahomet。]
　　ButthemoststrikingfeatureinthelifeandcharacterofAmurathisthedoubleabdicationoftheTurkishthrone；and，werenothismotivesdebasedbyanalloyofsuperstition，wemustpraisetheroyalphilosopher，^13whoattheageoffortycoulddiscernthevanityofhumangreatness。Resigningthesceptretohisson，heretiredtothepleasantresidenceofMagnesia；butheretiredtothesocietyofsaintsandhermits。ItwasnottillthefourthcenturyoftheHegira，thatthereligionofMahomethadbeencorruptedbyaninstitutionsoadversetohisgenius；
　　butintheageofthecrusades，thevariousordersofDervisesweremultipliedbytheexampleoftheChristian，andeventheLatin，monks。^14Thelordofnationssubmittedtofast，andpray，andturnroundinendlessrotationwiththefanatics，whomistookthegiddinessoftheheadfortheilluminationofthespirit。^15ButhewassoonawakenedfromhisdreamsofenthusiasmbytheHungarianinvasion；andhisobedientsonwastheforemosttourgethepublicdangerandthewishesofthepeople。Underthebanneroftheirveteranleader，theJanizariesfoughtandconqueredbuthewithdrewfromthefieldofVarna，againtopray，tofast，andtoturnroundwithhisMagnesianbrethren。Thesepiousoccupationswereagaininterruptedbythedangerofthestate。Avictoriousarmydisdainedtheinexperienceoftheiryouthfulruler:thecityofAdrianoplewasabandonedtorapineandslaughter；andtheunanimousdivanimploredhispresencetoappeasethetumult，andpreventtherebellion，oftheJanizaries。Atthewell—knownvoiceoftheirmaster，theytrembledandobeyed；andthereluctantsultanwascompelledtosupporthissplendidservitude，tillattheendoffouryears，hewasrelievedbytheangelofdeath。Ageordisease，misfortuneorcaprice，havetemptedseveralprincestodescendfromthethrone；andtheyhavehadleisuretorepentoftheirirretrievablestep。ButAmurathalone，inthefulllibertyofchoice，afterthetrialofempireandsolitude，hasrepeatedhispreferenceofaprivatelife。
　　[Footnote13:VoltaireEssaisurl'HistoireGenerale，c。89，p。
　　283，284admireslePhilosopheTurc:wouldhehavebestowedthesamepraiseonaChristianprinceforretiringtoamonastery?
　　Inhisway，Voltairewasabigot，anintolerantbigot。]
　　[Footnote14:SeethearticlesDervische，Fakir，Nasser，Rohbaniat，inD'Herbelot'sBibliothequeOrientale。YetthesubjectissuperficiallytreatedfromthePersianandArabianwriters。ItisamongtheTurksthattheseordershaveprincipallyflourished。]
　　[Footnote*:Gibbonhasfallenintoaremarkableerror。TheunmonasticretreatofAmurathwasthatofanepicureanratherthanofadervis；morelikethatofSardanapalusthanofCharlestheFifth。Profane，notdivine，lovewasitschiefoccupation:
　　theonlydance，thatdescribedbyHoraceasbelongingtothecountry，motusdocerigaudetIonicos。SeeVonHammernote，p。
　　652。—M]
　　[Footnote15:RicautinthePresentStateoftheOttomanEmpire，p。242—268affordsmuchinformation，whichhedrewfromhispersonalconversationwiththeheadsofthedervises，mostofwhomascribedtheirorigintothetimeofOrchan。HedoesnotmentiontheZichidaeofChalcondyles，l。vii。p。286，amongwhomAmurathretired:theSeidsofthatauthorarethedescendantsofMahomet。]
　　AfterthedepartureofhisGreekbrethren，Eugeniushadnotbeenunmindfuloftheirtemporalinterest；andhistenderregardfortheByzantineempirewasanimatedbyajustapprehensionoftheTurks，whoapproached，andmightsooninvade，thebordersofItaly。Butthespiritofthecrusadeshadexpired；andthecoldnessoftheFrankswasnotlessunreasonablethantheirheadlongpassion。Intheeleventhcentury，afanaticmonkcouldprecipitateEuropeonAsiafortherecoveryoftheholysepulchre；butinthefifteenth，themostpressingmotivesofreligionandpolicywereinsufficienttounitetheLatinsinthedefenceofChristendom。Germanywasaninexhaustiblestorehouseofmenandarms:^16butthatcomplexandlanguidbodyrequiredtheimpulseofavigoroushand；andFrederictheThirdwasalikeimpotentinhispersonalcharacterandhisImperialdignity。A
　　longwarhadimpairedthestrength，withoutsatiatingtheanimosity，ofFranceandEngland:^17butPhilipdukeofBurgundywasavainandmagnificentprince；andheenjoyed，withoutdangerorexpense，theadventurouspietyofhissubjects，whosailed，inagallantfleet，fromthecoastofFlanderstotheHellespont。
　　ThemaritimerepublicsofVeniceandGenoawerelessremotefromthesceneofaction；andtheirhostilefleetswereassociatedunderthestandardofSt。Peter。ThekingdomsofHungaryandPoland，whichcoveredasitweretheinteriorpaleoftheLatinchurch，werethemostnearlyconcernedtoopposetheprogressoftheTurks。ArmswerethepatrimonyoftheScythiansandSarmatians；andthesenationsmightappearequaltothecontest，couldtheypoint，againstthecommonfoe，thoseswordsthatweresowantonlydrawninbloodyanddomesticquarrels。Butthesamespiritwasadversetoconcordandobedience:apoorcountryandalimitedmonarchareincapableofmaintainingastandingforce；
　　andtheloosebodiesofPolishandHungarianhorsewerenotarmedwiththesentimentsandweaponswhich，onsomeoccasions，havegivenirresistibleweighttotheFrenchchivalry。Yet，onthisside，thedesignsoftheRomanpontiff，andtheeloquenceofCardinalJulian，hislegate，werepromotedbythecircumstancesofthetimes:^18bytheunionofthetwocrownsontheheadofLadislaus，^19ayoungandambitioussoldier；bythevalorofahero，whosename，thenameofJohnHuniades，wasalreadypopularamongtheChristians，andformidabletotheTurks。Anendlesstreasureofpardonsandindulgenceswasscatteredbythelegate；
　　manyprivatewarriorsofFranceandGermanyenlistedundertheholybanner；andthecrusadederivedsomestrength，oratleastsomereputation，fromthenewalliesbothofEuropeandAsia。A
　　fugitivedespotofServiaexaggeratedthedistressandardoroftheChristiansbeyondtheDanube，whowouldunanimouslyrisetovindicatetheirreligionandliberty。TheGreekemperor，^20
　　withaspiritunknowntohisfathers，engagedtoguardtheBosphorus，andtosallyfromConstantinopleattheheadofhisnationalandmercenarytroops。ThesultanofCaramania^21
　　announcedtheretreatofAmurath，andapowerfuldiversionintheheartofAnatolia；andifthefleetsoftheWestcouldoccupyatthesamemomenttheStraitsoftheHellespont，theOttomanmonarchywouldbedisseveredanddestroyed。Heavenandearthmustrejoiceintheperditionofthemiscreants；andthelegate，withprudentambiguity，instilledtheopinionoftheinvisible，perhapsthevisible，aidoftheSonofGod，andhisdivinemother。
　　[Footnote16:Intheyear1431，Germanyraised40，000horse，men—at—arms，againsttheHussitesofBohemia，Lenfant，Hist。duConciledeBasle，tom。i。p。318。AtthesiegeofNuys，ontheRhine，in1474，theprinces，prelates，andcities，senttheirrespectivequotas；andthebishopofMunsterquin'estpasdesplusgrandsfurnished1400horse，6000foot，allingreen，with1200wagons。TheunitedarmiesofthekingofEnglandandthedukeofBurgundyscarcelyequalledonethirdofthisGermanhost，MemoiresdePhilippedeComines，l。iv。c。2。Atpresent，sixorsevenhundredthousandmenaremaintainedinconstantpayandadmirabledisciplinebythepowersofGermany。]
　　[Footnote17:Itwasnottilltheyear1444，thatFranceandEnglandcouldagreeonatruceofsomemonths。SeeRymer'sFoedera，andthechroniclesofbothnations。]
　　[Footnote18:IntheHungariancrusade，SpondanusAnnal。Eccles。
　　A。D。1443，1444hasbeenmyleadingguide。Hehasdiligentlyread，andcriticallycompared，theGreekandTurkishmaterials，thehistoriansofHungary，Poland，andtheWest。Hisnarrativeisperspicuousandwherehecanbefreefromareligiousbias，thejudgmentofSpondanusisnotcontemptible。]
　　[Footnote19:IhavecurtailedtheharshletterWladislaus
　　whichmostwritersaffixtohisname，eitherincompliancewiththePolishpronunciation，ortodistinguishhimfromhisrivaltheinfantLadislausofAustria。TheircompetitionforthecrownofHungaryisdescribedbyCallimachus，l。i。ii。p。447—486，
　　Bonfinius，Decad。iii。l。iv。，Spondanus，andLenfant。]
　　[Footnote20:TheGreekhistorians，Phranza，Chalcondyles，andDucas，donotascribetotheirprinceaveryactivepartinthiscrusade，whichheseemstohavepromotedbyhiswishes，andinjuredbyhisfears。]
　　[Footnote21:Cantemirp。88ascribestohispolicytheoriginalplan，andtranscribeshisanimatingepistletothekingofHungary。ButtheMahometanpowersareseldomitformedofthestateofChristendomandthesituationandcorrespondenceoftheknightsofRhodesmustconnectthemwiththesultanofCaramania。]
　　OfthePolishandHungariandiets，areligiouswarwastheunanimouscry；andLadislaus，afterpassingtheDanube，ledanarmyofhisconfederatesubjectsasfarasSophia，thecapitaloftheBulgariankingdom。Inthisexpeditiontheyobtainedtwosignalvictories，whichwerejustlyascribedtothevalorandconductofHuniades。Inthefirst，withavanguardoftenthousandmen，hesurprisedtheTurkishcamp；inthesecond，hevanquishedandmadeprisonerthemostrenownedoftheirgenerals，whopossessedthedoubleadvantageofgroundandnumbers。Theapproachofwinter，andthenaturalandartificialobstaclesofMountHaemus，arrestedtheprogressofthehero，whomeasuredanarrowintervalofsixdays'marchfromthefootofthemountainstothehostiletowersofAdrianople，andthefriendlycapitaloftheGreekempire。Theretreatwasundisturbed；andtheentranceintoBudawasatonceamilitaryandreligioustriumph。Anecclesiasticalprocessionwasfollowedbythekingandhiswarriorsonfoot:henicelybalancedthemeritsandrewardsofthetwonations；andtheprideofconquestwasblendedwiththehumbletemperofChristianity。Thirteenbashaws，ninestandards，andfourthousandcaptives，wereunquestionabletrophies；andasallwerewillingtobelieve，andnonewerepresenttocontradict，thecrusadersmultiplied，withunblushingconfidence，themyriadsofTurkswhomtheyhadleftonthefieldofbattle。^22Themostsolidproof，andthemostsalutaryconsequence，ofvictory，wasadeputationfromthedivantosolicitpeace，torestoreServia，toransomtheprisoners，andtoevacuatetheHungarianfrontier。Bythistreaty，therationalobjectsofthewarwereobtained:theking，thedespot，andHuniadeshimself，inthedietofSegedin，weresatisfiedwithpublicandprivateemolument；atruceoftenyearswasconcluded；andthefollowersofJesusandMahomet，whosworeontheGospelandtheKoran，attestedthewordofGodastheguardianoftruthandtheavengerofperfidy。IntheplaceoftheGospel，theTurkishministershadproposedtosubstitutetheEucharist，therealpresenceoftheCatholicdeity；buttheChristiansrefusedtoprofanetheirholymysteries；andasuperstitiousconscienceislessforciblyboundbythespiritualenergy，thanbytheoutwardandvisiblesymbolsofanoath。^23