andFrederictheSecondofferedintheCapitolthegreat
standard，theCaroccioofMilan。^60Aftertheextinctionofthe
houseofSwabia，theywerebanishedbeyondtheAlps:andtheir
lastcoronationsbetrayedtheimpotenceandpovertyofthe
TeutonicCaesars。^61
[Footnote56:Hospeseras，civemfeci。Advenafuistiex
Transalpinispartibusprincipemconstitui。]
[Footnote57:Noncessitnobisnudumimperium，virtutesua
amictumvenit，ornamentasuasecumtraxit。Penesnossunt
consulestui，&c。CiceroorLivywouldnothaverejectedthese
images，theeloquenceofaBarbarianbornandeducatedinthe
Hercynianforest。]
[Footnote58:OthoofFrisingen，whosurelyunderstoodthe
languageofthecourtanddietofGermany，speaksoftheFranks
inthexiithcenturyasthereigningnation，ProceresFranci，
equitesFranci，manusFrancorum:headds，however，theepithet
ofTeutonici。]
[Footnote59:OthoFrising。deGestisFredericiI。，l。ii。c。22，
p。720—733。TheseoriginalandauthenticactsIhave
translatedandabridgedwithfreedom，yetwithfidelity。]
[Footnote60:FromtheChroniclesofRicobaldoandFrancisPipin，
Muratoridissert。xxvi。tom。ii。p。492hastranslatedthis
curiousfactwiththedoggerelversesthataccompaniedthegift:
—
Avedecusorbis，ave!victustibidestinor，ave!
CurrusabAugustoFredericoCaesarejusto。
VaeMediolanum!jamsentisspernerevanum
Imperiivires，propriastibitollerevires。
Ergotriumphorumurbspotesmemoressepriorum
Quostibimittebantregesquibellagerebant。
NesideetacereInowusetheItalianDissertations，tom。
i。p。444chenell'anno1727，unacopiadessoCaroccioinmarmo
dianziignotosiscopri，nelcampidoglio，pressoallecarceredi
quelluogo，doveSistoV。l'aveafaltorinchiudere。Stavaesso
postosopraquatrocolonnedimarmofinocollasequente
inscrizione，&c。；tothesamepurposeastheoldinscription。]
[Footnote61:ThedeclineoftheImperialarmsandauthorityin
ItalyisrelatedwithimpartiallearningintheAnnalsof
Muratori，tom。x。xi。xii。；andthereadermaycomparehis
narrativewiththeHistoiresdesAllemandstom。iii。iv。by
Schmidt，whohasdeservedtheesteemofhiscountrymen。]
UnderthereignofAdrian，whentheempireextendedfromthe
Euphratestotheocean，fromMountAtlastotheGrampianhills，a
fancifulhistorian^62amusedtheRomanswiththepictureof
theirancientwars。"Therewasatime，"saysFlorus，"whenTibur
andPraeneste，oursummerretreats，weretheobjectsofhostile
vowsintheCapitol，whenwedreadedtheshadesoftheArician
groves，whenwecouldtriumphwithoutablushoverthenameless
villagesoftheSabinesandLatins，andevenCoriolicouldafford
atitlenotunworthyofavictoriousgeneral。"Theprideofhis
contemporarieswasgratifiedbythecontrastofthepastandthe
present:theywouldhavebeenhumbledbytheprospectof
futurity；bytheprediction，thatafterathousandyears，Rome，
despoiledofempire，andcontractedtoherprimaevallimits，
wouldrenewthesamehostilities，onthesamegroundwhichwas
thendecoratedwithhervillasandgardens。Theadjacent
territoryoneithersideoftheTyberwasalwaysclaimed，and
sometimespossessed，asthepatrimonyofSt。Peter；butthe
baronsassumedalawlessindependence，andthecitiestoo
faithfullycopiedtherevoltanddiscordofthemetropolis。In
thetwelfthandthirteenthcenturiestheRomansincessantly
laboredtoreduceordestroythecontumaciousvassalsofthe
churchandsenate；andiftheirheadstrongandselfishambition
wasmoderatedbythepope，heoftenencouragedtheirzealbythe
allianceofhisspiritualarms。Theirwarfarewasthatofthe
firstconsulsanddictators，whoweretakenfromtheplough。The
assembledinarmsatthefootoftheCapitol；salliedfromthe
gates，plunderedorburnttheharvestsoftheirneighbors，
engagedintumultuaryconflict，andreturnedhomeafteran
expeditionoffifteenortwentydays。Theirsiegesweretedious
andunskilful:intheuseofvictory，theyindulgedthemeaner
passionsofjealousyandrevenge；andinsteadofadoptingthe
valor，theytrampledonthemisfortunes，oftheiradversaries。
Thecaptives，intheirshirts，witharoperoundtheirnecks，
solicitedtheirpardon:thefortifications，andeventhe
buildings，oftherivalcities，weredemolished，andthe
inhabitantswerescatteredintheadjacentvillages。Itwasthus
thattheseatsofthecardinalbishops，Porto，Ostia，Albanum，
Tusculum，Praeneste，andTiburorTivoli，weresuccessively
overthrownbytheferocioushostilityoftheRomans。^63Of
these，^64PortoandOstia，thetwokeysoftheTyber，arestill
vacantanddesolate:themarshyandunwholesomebanksarepeopled
withherdsofbuffaloes，andtheriverislosttoeverypurpose
ofnavigationandtrade。Thehills，whichaffordashady
retirementfromtheautumnalheats，haveagainsmiledwiththe
blessingsofpeace；Frescatihasarisenneartheruinsof
Tusculum；TiburorTivolihasresumedthehonorsofacity，^65
andthemeanertownsofAlbanoandPalestrinaaredecoratedwith
thevillasofthecardinalsandprincesofRome。Intheworkof
destruction，theambitionoftheRomanswasoftencheckedand
repulsedbytheneighboringcitiesandtheirallies:inthefirst
siegeofTibur，theyweredrivenfromtheircamp；andthebattles
ofTusculum^66andViterbo^67mightbecomparedintheir
relativestatetothememorablefieldsofThrasymeneandCannae。
Inthefirstofthesepettywars，thirtythousandRomanswere
overthrownbyathousandGermanhorse，whomFredericBarbarossa
haddetachedtothereliefofTusculum:andifwenumberthe
slainatthree，theprisonersattwo，thousand，weshallembrace
themostauthenticandmoderateaccount。Sixty—eightyears
afterwardstheymarchedagainstViterbointheecclesiastical
statewiththewholeforceofthecity；byararecoalitionthe
Teutoniceaglewasblended，intheadversebanners，withthekeys
ofSt。Peter；andthepope'sauxiliarieswerecommandedbya
countofThoulouseandabishopofWinchester。TheRomanswere
discomfitedwithshameandslaughter:buttheEnglishprelate
musthaveindulgedthevanityofapilgrim，ifhemultiplied
theirnumberstoonehundred，andtheirlossinthefieldto
thirty，thousandmen。Hadthepolicyofthesenateandthe
disciplineofthelegionsbeenrestoredwiththeCapitol，the
dividedconditionofItalywouldhaveofferedthefairest
opportunityofasecondconquest。Butinarms，themodernRomans
werenotabove，andinarts，theywerefarbelow，thecommon
leveloftheneighboringrepublics。Norwastheirwarlikespirit
ofanylongcontinuance；aftersomeirregularsallies，they
subsidedinthenationalapathy，intheneglectofmilitary
institutions，andinthedisgracefulanddangeroususeofforeign
mercenaries。
[Footnote62:Tiburnuncsuburbanum，etaestivaePraeneste
deliciae，nuncupatiainCapitoliovotispetebantur。Thewhole
passageofFlorusl。i。c。11maybereadwithpleasure，and
hasdeservedthepraiseofamanofgenius，Oeuvresde
Montesquieu，tom。iii。p。634，635，quartoedition]
[Footnote63:NeaferitateRomanorum，sicutfuerantHostienses，
Portuenses，Tusculanenses，Albanenses，Labicenses，etnuper
Tiburtinidestruerentur，MatthewParis，p。757。Theseevents
aremarkedintheAnnalsandIndexthexviiithvolumeof
Muratori。]
[Footnote64:Forthestateorruinofthesesuburbancities，the
banksoftheTyber，&c。，seethelivelypictureoftheP。Labat，
VoyageenEspagneetenItaliae，whohadlongresidedinthe
neighborhoodofRome，andthemoreaccuratedescriptionofwhich
P。EschinardRoma，1750，inoctavohasaddedtothe
topographicalmapofCingolani。]
[Footnote65:Labattom。iii。p。233mentionsarecentdecree
oftheRomangovernment，whichhasseverelymortifiedthepride
andpovertyofTivoli:incivitateTiburtinanonvivitur
civiliter。]
[Footnote66:Idepartfrommyusualmethod，ofquotingonlyby
thedatetheAnnalsofMuratori，inconsiderationofthecritical
balanceinwhichhehasweighedninecontemporarywriterswho
mentionthebattleofTusculum，tom。x。p。42—44。]
[Footnote67:MatthewParis，p。345。ThisbishopofWinchester
wasPeterdeRupibus，whooccupiedtheseethirty—twoyears，
A。D。1206—1238。andisdescribed，bytheEnglishhistorian，
asasoldierandastatesman。p。178，399。]
Ambitionisaweedofquickandearlyvegetationinthe
vineyardofChrist。UnderthefirstChristianprinces，thechair
ofSt。Peterwasdisputedbythevotes，thevenality，the
violence，ofapopularelection:thesanctuariesofRomewere
pollutedwithblood；and，fromthethirdtothetwelfthcentury，
thechurchwasdistractedbythemischiefoffrequentschisms。
Aslongasthefinalappealwasdeterminedbythecivil
magistrate，thesemischiefsweretransientandlocal:themerits
weretriedbyequityorfavor；norcouldtheunsuccessful
competitorlongdisturbthetriumphofhisrival。Butafterthe
emperorshadbeendivestedoftheirprerogatives，afteramaxim
hadbeenestablishedthatthevicarofChristisamenabletono
earthlytribunal，eachvacancyoftheholyseemightinvolve
Christendomincontroversyandwar。Theclaimsofthecardinals
andinferiorclergy，ofthenoblesandpeople，werevagueand
litigious:thefreedomofchoicewasoverruledbythetumultsof
acitythatnolongerownedorobeyedasuperior。Onthedecease
ofapope，twofactionsproceededindifferentchurchestoa
doubleelection:thenumberandweightofvotes，thepriorityof
time，themeritofthecandidates，mightbalanceeachother:the
mostrespectableoftheclergyweredivided；andthedistant
princes，whobowedbeforethespiritualthrone，couldnot
distinguishthespurious，fromthelegitimate，idol。The
emperorswereoftentheauthorsoftheschism，fromthepolitical
motiveofopposingafriendlytoahostilepontiff；andeachof
thecompetitorswasreducedtosuffertheinsultsofhisenemies，
whowerenotawedbyconscience，andtopurchasethesupportof
hisadherents，whowereinstigatedbyavariceorambitiona
peacefulandperpetualsuccessionwasascertainedbyAlexander
theThird，^68whofinallyabolishedthetumultuaryvotesofthe
clergyandpeople，anddefinedtherightofelectioninthesole
collegeofcardinals。^69Thethreeordersofbishops，priests，
anddeacons，wereassimilatedtoeachotherbythisimportant
privilege；theparochialclergyofRomeobtainedthefirstrank
inthehierarchy:theywereindifferentlychosenamongthe
nationsofChristendom；andthepossessionoftherichest
benefices，ofthemostimportantbishoprics，wasnotincompatible
withtheirtitleandoffice。ThesenatorsoftheCatholicchurch，
thecoadjutorsandlegatesofthesupremepontiff，wererobedin
purple，thesymbolofmartyrdomorroyalty；theyclaimedaproud
equalitywithkings；andtheirdignitywasenhancedbythe
smallnessoftheirnumber，which，tillthereignofLeothe
Tenth，seldomexceededtwentyortwenty—fivepersons。Bythis
wiseregulation，alldoubtandscandalwereremoved，andtheroot
ofschismwassoeffectuallydestroyed，thatinaperiodofsix
hundredyearsadoublechoicehasonlyoncedividedtheunityof
thesacredcollege。Butastheconcurrenceoftwothirdsofthe
voteshadbeenmadenecessary，theelectionwasoftendelayedby
theprivateinterestandpassionsofthecardinals；andwhile
theyprolongedtheirindependentreign，theChristianworldwas
leftdestituteofahead。Avacancyofalmostthreeyearshad
precededtheelevationofGeorgetheTenth，whoresolvedto
preventthefutureabuse；andhisbull，aftersomeopposition，
hasbeenconsecratedinthecodeofthecanonlaw。^70Ninedays
areallowedfortheobsequiesofthedeceasedpope，andthe
arrivaloftheabsentcardinals；onthetenth，theyare
imprisoned，eachwithonedomestic，inacommonapartmentor
conclave，withoutanyseparationofwallsorcurtains:asmall
windowisreservedfortheintroductionofnecessaries；butthe
doorislockedonbothsidesandguardedbythemagistratesof
thecity，tosecludethemfromallcorrespondencewiththeworld。
Iftheelectionbenotconsummatedinthreedays，theluxuryof
theirtableiscontractedtoasingledishatdinnerandsupper；
andaftertheeighthday，theyarereducedtoascantyallowance
ofbread，water，andwine。Duringthevacancyoftheholysee，
thecardinalsareprohibitedfromtouchingtherevenues，or
assuming，unlessinsomerareemergency，thegovernmentofthe
church:allagreementsandpromisesamongtheelectorsare
formallyannulled；andtheirintegrityisfortifiedbytheir
solemnoathandtheprayersoftheCatholics。Somearticlesof
inconvenientorsuperfluousrigorhavebeengraduallyrelaxed，
buttheprincipleofconfinementisvigorousandentire:theyare
stillurged，bythepersonalmotivesofhealthandfreedom，to
acceleratethemomentoftheirdeliverance；andtheimprovement
ofballotorsecretvoteshaswrappedthestrugglesofthe
conclave^71inthesilkyveilofcharityandpoliteness。^72By
theseinstitutionstheRomanswereexcludedfromtheelectionof
theirprinceandbishop；andinthefeverofwildandprecarious
liberty，theyseemedinsensibleofthelossofthisinestimable
privilege。TheemperorLewisofBavariarevivedtheexampleof
thegreatOtho。Aftersomenegotiationwiththemagistrates，the
Romanpeoplewereassembled^73inthesquarebeforeSt。Peter's:
thepopeofAvignon，JohntheTwenty—second，wasdeposed:the
choiceofhissuccessorwasratifiedbytheirconsentand
applause。Theyfreelyvotedforanewlaw，thattheirbishop
shouldneverbeabsentmorethanthreemonthsintheyear，and
twodays'journeyfromthecity；andthatifheneglectedto
returnonthethirdsummons，thepublicservantshouldbe
degradedanddismissed。^74ButLewisforgothisowndebilityand
theprejudicesofthetimes:beyondtheprecinctsofaGerman
camp，hisuselessphantomwasrejected；theRomansdespisedtheir
ownworkmanship；theantipopeimploredthemercyofhislawful
sovereign；^75andtheexclusiverightofthecardinalswasmore
firmlyestablishedbythisunseasonableattack。
[Footnote68:SeeMosheim，Institut。Histor。Ecclesiast。p。401，
403。Alexanderhimselfhadnearlybeenthevictimofacontested
election；andthedoubtfulmeritsofInnocenthadonly
preponderatedbytheweightofgeniusandlearningwhichSt。
Bernardcastintothescale，seehislifeandwritings。]
[Footnote69:Theorigin，titles，importance，dress，precedency，
&c。，oftheRomancardinals，areveryablydiscussedby
Thomassin，Disciplinedel'Eglise，tom。i。p。1262—1287；but
theirpurpleisnowmuchfaded。Thesacredcollegewasraisedto
thedefinitenumberofseventy—two，torepresent，underhis
vicar，thedisciplesofChrist。]
[Footnote70:SeethebullofGregoryX。approbantesacro
concilio，intheSextsoftheCanonLaw，l。i。tit。6，c。3，a
supplementtotheDecretals，whichBonifaceVIII。promulgatedat
Romein1298，andaddressedinalltheuniversitiesofEurope。]
[Footnote71:ThegeniusofCardinaldeRetzhadarighttopaint
aconclave，of1665，inwhichhewasaspectatorandanactor，
Memoires，tom。iv。p。15—57；butIamatalosstoappreciate
theknowledgeorauthorityofananonymousItalian，whosehistory
Conclavide'PontificiRomani，in4to。1667hasbeencontinued
sincethereignofAlexanderVII。Theaccidentalformofthe
workfurnishesalesson，thoughnotanantidote，toambition。
Fromalabyrinthofintrigues，weemergetotheadorationofthe
successfulcandidate；butthenextpageopenswithhisfuneral。]
[Footnote72:TheexpressionsofCardinaldeRetzarepositive
andpicturesque:Onyvecuttoujoursensembleaveclememe
respect，etlamemecivilitequel'onobservedanslecabinetdes
rois，aveclamemepolitessequ'onavoitdanslacourdeHenri
III。，aveclamemefamiliaritequel'onvoitdanslescolleges；
aveclamememodestie，quiseremarquedanslesnoviciats；et
aveclamemecharite，dumoinsenapparence，quipourroitotre
entredesfreresparfaitementunis。]
[Footnote73:RichiestiperbandosaysJohnVillanisanatoridi
Roma，e52delpopolo，etcapitanide'25，econsoli，consoli?
et13buonehuomini，unoperrione。Ourknowledgeistoo
imperfecttopronouncehowmuchofthisconstitutionwas
temporary，andhowmuchordinaryandpermanent。Yetitisfaintly
illustratedbytheancientstatutesofRome。]
[Footnote74:Villanil。x。c。68—71，inMuratori，Script。
tom。xiii。p。641—645relatesthislaw，andthewhole
transaction，withmuchlessabhorrencethantheprudentMuratori。
Anyoneconversantwiththedarkeragesmusthaveobservedhow
muchthesenseImeanthenonsenseofsuperstitionis
fluctuatingandinconsistent。]
[Footnote75:InthefirstvolumeofthePopesofAvignon，see
thesecondoriginalLifeofJohnXXII。p。142—145，the
confessionoftheantipopep。145—152，andthelaboriousnotes
ofBaluze，p。714，715。]
HadtheelectionbeenalwaysheldintheVatican，therights
ofthesenateandpeoplewouldnothavebeenviolatedwith
impunity。ButtheRomansforgot，andwereforgotten。inthe
absenceofthesuccessorsofGregorytheSeventh，whodidnot
keepasadivineprecepttheirordinaryresidenceinthecityand
diocese。Thecareofthatdiocesewaslessimportantthanthe
governmentoftheuniversalchurch；norcouldthepopesdelight
inacityinwhichtheirauthoritywasalwaysopposed，andtheir
personwasoftenendangered。Fromthepersecutionofthe
emperors，andthewarsofItaly，theyescapedbeyondtheAlps
intothehospitablebosomofFrance；fromthetumultsofRome
theyprudentlywithdrewtoliveanddieinthemoretranquil
stationsofAnagni，Perugia，Viterbo，andtheadjacentcities。
Whentheflockwasoffendedorimpoverishedbytheabsenceofthe
shepherd，theywererecalledbyasternadmonition，thatSt。
Peterhadfixedhischair，notinanobscurevillage，butinthe
capitaloftheworld；byaferociousmenace，thattheRomans
wouldmarchinarmstodestroytheplaceandpeoplethatshould
daretoaffordthemaretreat。