Duringseveralweeks，thecardinalsattendedtheirnewmasterwiththefairestprofessionsofattachmentandloyalty；tillthesummerheatspermittedadecentescapefromthecity。ButassoonastheywereunitedatAnagniandFundi，inaplaceofsecurity，theycastasidethemask，accusedtheirownfalsehoodandhypocrisy，excommunicatedtheapostateandantichristofRome，andproceededtoanewelectionofRobertofGeneva，ClementtheSeventh，whomtheyannouncedtothenationsasthetrueandrightfulvicarofChrist。Theirfirstchoice，aninvoluntaryandillegalact，wasannulledbyfearofdeathandthemenacesoftheRomans；andtheircomplaintisjustifiedbythestrongevidenceofprobabilityandfact。ThetwelveFrenchcardinals，abovetwothirdsofthevotes，weremastersoftheelection；andwhatevermightbetheirprovincialjealousies，itcannotfairlybepresumedthattheywouldhavesacrificedtheirrightandinteresttoaforeigncandidate，whowouldneverrestorethemtotheirnativecountry。Inthevarious，andofteninconsistent，narratives，^66theshadesofpopularviolencearemoredarklyorfaintlycolored:butthelicentiousnessoftheseditiousRomanswasinflamedbyasenseoftheirprivileges，andthedangerofasecondemigration。Theconclavewasintimidatedbytheshouts，andencompassedbythearms，ofthirtythousandrebels；thebellsoftheCapitolandSt。Peter'sranganalarm:
"Death，oranItalianpope!"wastheuniversalcry；thesamethreatwasrepeatedbythetwelvebanneretsorchiefsofthequarters，intheformofcharitableadvice；somepreparationsweremadeforburningtheobstinatecardinals；andhadtheychosenaTransalpinesubject，itisprobablethattheywouldneverhavedepartedalivefromtheVatican。ThesameconstraintimposedthenecessityofdissemblingintheeyesofRomeandoftheworld；theprideandcrueltyofUrbanpresentedamoreinevitabledanger；andtheysoondiscoveredthefeaturesofthetyrant，whocouldwalkinhisgardenandrecitehisbreviary，whileheheardfromanadjacentchambersixcardinalsgroaningontherack。Hisinflexiblezeal，whichloudlycensuredtheirluxuryandvice，wouldhaveattachedthemtothestationsanddutiesoftheirparishesatRome；andhadhenotfatallydelayedanewpromotion，theFrenchcardinalswouldhavebeenreducedtoahelplessminorityinthesacredcollege。Forthesereasons，andthehopeofrepassingtheAlps，theyrashlyviolatedthepeaceandunityofthechurch；andthemeritsoftheirdoublechoiceareyetagitatedintheCatholicschools。^67Thevanity，ratherthantheinterest，ofthenationdeterminedthecourtandclergyofFrance。^68ThestatesofSavoy，Sicily，Cyprus，Arragon，Castille，Navarre，andScotlandwereinclinedbytheirexampleandauthoritytotheobedienceofClementtheSeventh，andafterhisdecease，ofBenedicttheThirteenth。RomeandtheprincipalstatesofItaly，Germany，Portugal，England，^69theLowCountries，andthekingdomsoftheNorth，adheredtothepriorelectionofUrbantheSixth，whowassucceededbyBonifacetheNinth，InnocenttheSeventh，andGregorytheTwelfth。
[Footnote65:Canthedeathofagoodmanbeesteemedapunishmentbythosewhobelieveintheimmortalityofthesoul?
Theybetraytheinstabilityoftheirfaith。Yetasamerephilosopher，IcannotagreewiththeGreeksBrunck，PoetaeGnomici，p。231。SeeinHerodotusl。i。c。31themoralandpleasingtaleoftheArgiveyouths。]
[Footnote66:InthefirstbookoftheHistoireduConciledePise，M。LenfanthasabridgedandcomparedtheoriginalnarrativesoftheadherentsofUrbanandClement，oftheItaliansandGermans，theFrenchandSpaniards。Thelatterappeartobethemostactiveandloquacious，andeveryfactandwordintheoriginallivesofGregoryXI。andClementVII。aresupportedinthenotesoftheireditorBaluze。]
[Footnote67:TheordinalnumbersofthepopesseemstodecidethequestionagainstClementVII。andBenedictXIII。，whoareboldlystigmatizedasantipopesbytheItalians，whiletheFrencharecontentwithauthoritiesandreasonstopleadthecauseofdoubtandtoleration，Baluz。inPraefat。Itissingular，orratheritisnotsingular，thatsaints，visionsandmiraclesshouldbecommontobothparties。]
[Footnote68:BaluzestrenuouslylaborsNot。p。1271—1280tojustifythepureandpiousmotivesofCharlesV。kingofFrance:
herefusedtoheartheargumentsofUrban；butwerenottheUrbanistsequallydeaftothereasonsofClement，&c。?]
[Footnote69:Anepistle，ordeclamation，inthenameofEdwardIII。，Baluz。Vit。Pap。Avenion。tom。i。p。553，displaysthezealoftheEnglishnationagainsttheClementines。Norwastheirzealconfinedtowords:thebishopofNorwichledacrusadeof60，000bigotsbeyondsea，Hume'sHistory，vol。iii。p。57，58。]
FromthebanksoftheTyberandtheRhone，thehostilepontiffsencounteredeachotherwiththepenandthesword:thecivilandecclesiasticalorderofsocietywasdisturbed；andtheRomanshadtheirfullshareofthemischiefsofwhichtheymaybearraignedastheprimaryauthors。^70Theyhadvainlyflatteredthemselveswiththehopeofrestoringtheseatoftheecclesiasticalmonarchy，andofrelievingtheirpovertywiththetributesandofferingsofthenations；buttheseparationofFranceandSpaindivertedthestreamoflucrativedevotion；norcouldthelossbecompensatedbythetwojubileeswhichwerecrowdedintothespaceoftenyears。Bytheavocationsoftheschism，byforeignarms，andpopulartumults，UrbantheSixthandhisthreesuccessorswereoftencompelledtointerrupttheirresidenceintheVatican。TheColonnaandUrsinistillexercisedtheirdeadlyfeuds:thebanneretsofRomeassertedandabusedtheprivilegesofarepublic:thevicarsofChrist，whohadleviedamilitaryforce，chastisedtheirrebellionwiththegibbet，thesword，andthedagger；and，inafriendlyconference，elevendeputiesofthepeoplewereperfidiouslymurderedandcastintothestreet。SincetheinvasionofRoberttheNorman，theRomanshadpursuedtheirdomesticquarrelswithoutthedangerousinterpositionofastranger。Butinthedisordersoftheschism，anaspiringneighbor，LadislauskingofNaples，alternatelysupportedandbetrayedthepopeandthepeople；bytheformerhewasdeclaredgonfalonier，orgeneral，ofthechurch，whilethelattersubmittedtohischoicethenominationoftheirmagistrates。BesiegingRomebylandandwater，hethriceenteredthegatesasaBarbarianconqueror；profanedthealtars，violatedthevirgins，pillagedthemerchants，performedhisdevotionsatSt。Peter's，andleftagarrisoninthecastleofSt。Angelo。Hisarmsweresometimesunfortunate，andtoadelayofthreedayshewasindebtedforhislifeandcrown:butLadislaustriumphedinhisturn；anditwasonlyhisprematuredeaththatcouldsavethemetropolisandtheecclesiasticalstatefromtheambitiousconqueror，whohadassumedthetitle，oratleastthepowers，ofkingofRome。^71
[Footnote70:Besidesthegeneralhistorians，theDiariesofDelphinusGentiliaPeterAntonius，andStephenInfessura，inthegreatcollectionofMuratori，representedthestateandmisfortunesofRome。]
[Footnote71:ItissupposedbyGiannonetom。iii。p。292thathestyledhimselfRexRomae，atitleunknowntotheworldsincetheexpulsionofTarquin。ButanearerinspectionhasjustifiedthereadingofRexRamae，ofRama，anobscurekingdomannexedtothecrownofHungary。]
Ihavenotundertakentheecclesiasticalhistoryoftheschism；butRome，theobjectoftheselastchapters，isdeeplyinterestedinthedisputedsuccessionofhersovereigns。ThefirstcounselsforthepeaceandunionofChristendomarosefromtheuniversityofParis，fromthefacultyoftheSorbonne，whosedoctorswereesteemed，atleastintheGallicanchurch，asthemostconsummatemastersoftheologicalscience。^72Prudentlywaivingallinvidiousinquiryintotheoriginandmeritsofthedispute，theyproposed，asahealingmeasure，thatthetwopretendersofRomeandAvignonshouldabdicateatthesametime，afterqualifyingthecardinalsoftheadversefactionstojoininalegitimateelection；andthatthenationsshouldsubtract^73
theirobedience，ifeitherofthecompetitorpreferredhisowninteresttothatofthepublic。Ateachvacancy，thesephysiciansofthechurchdeprecatedthemischiefsofahastychoice；butthepolicyoftheconclaveandtheambitionofitsmembersweredeaftoreasonandentreaties；andwhatsoeverpromisesweremade，thepopecouldneverbeboundbytheoathsofthecardinal。Duringfifteenyears，thepacificdesignsoftheuniversitywereeludedbytheartsoftherivalpontiffs，thescruplesorpassionsoftheiradherents，andthevicissitudesofFrenchfactions，thatruledtheinsanityofCharlestheSixth。Atlengthavigorousresolutionwasembraced；andasolemnembassy，ofthetitularpatriarchofAlexandria，twoarchbishops，fivebishops，fiveabbots，threeknights，andtwentydoctors，wassenttothecourtsofAvignonandRome，torequire，inthenameofthechurchandking，theabdicationofthetwopretenders，ofPeterdeLuna，whostyledhimselfBenedicttheThirteenth，andofAngeloCorrario，whoassumedthenameofGregorytheTwelfth。
FortheancienthonorofRome，andthesuccessoftheircommission，theambassadorssolicitedaconferencewiththemagistratesofthecity，whomtheygratifiedbyapositivedeclaration，thatthemostChristiankingdidnotentertainawishoftransportingtheholyseefromtheVatican，whichheconsideredasthegenuineandproperseatofthesuccessorofSt。
Peter。Inthenameofthesenateandpeople，aneloquentRomanassertedtheirdesiretocooperateintheunionofthechurch，deploredthetemporalandspiritualcalamitiesofthelongschism，andrequestedtheprotectionofFranceagainstthearmsofthekingofNaples。TheanswersofBenedictandGregorywerealikeedifyingandalikedeceitful；and，inevadingthedemandoftheirabdication，thetworivalswereanimatedbyacommonspirit。Theyagreedonthenecessityofapreviousinterview；
butthetime，theplace，andthemanner，couldneverbeascertainedbymutualconsent。"Iftheoneadvances，"saysaservantofGregory，"theotherretreats；theoneappearsananimalfearfuloftheland，theotheracreatureapprehensiveofthewater。Andthus，forashortremnantoflifeandpower，willtheseagedpriestsendangerthepeaceandsalvationoftheChristianworld。"^74
[Footnote72:TheleadinganddecisivepartwhichFranceassumedintheschismisstatedbyPeterduPuisinaseparatehistory，extractedfromauthenticrecords，andinsertedintheseventhvolumeofthelastandbesteditionofhisfriendThuanus，P。
xi。p。110—184。]
[Footnote73:Ofthismeasure，JohnGerson，astoutdoctor，wastheauthorofthechampion。TheproceedingsoftheuniversityofParisandtheGallicanchurchwereoftenpromptedbyhisadvice，andarecopiouslydisplayedinhistheologicalwritings，ofwhichLeClercBibliothequeChoisie，tom。x。p。1—78hasgivenavaluableextract。JohnGersonactedanimportantpartinthecouncilsofPisaandConstance。]
[Footnote74:LeonardusBrunusAretinus，oneofthereviversofclassiclearninginItaly，who，afterservingmanyyearsassecretaryintheRomancourt，retiredtothehonorableofficeofchancelloroftherepublicofFlorence，Fabric。Bibliot。MediiAevi，tom。i。p。290。Lenfanthasgiventheversionofthiscuriousepistle，ConciledePise，tom。i。p。192—195。]
TheChristianworldwasatlengthprovokedbytheirobstinacyandfraud:theyweredesertedbytheircardinals，whoembracedeachotherasfriendsandcolleagues；andtheirrevoltwassupportedbyanumerousassemblyofprelatesandambassadors。
Withequaljustice，thecouncilofPisadeposedthepopesofRomeandAvignon；theconclavewasunanimousinthechoiceofAlexandertheFifth，andhisvacantseatwassoonfilledbyasimilarelectionofJohntheTwenty—third，themostprofligateofmankind。Butinsteadofextinguishingtheschism，therashnessoftheFrenchandItalianshadgivenathirdpretendertothechairofSt。Peter。Suchnewclaimsofthesynodandconclaveweredisputed；threekings，ofGermany，Hungary，andNaples，adheredtothecauseofGregorytheTwelfth；andBenedicttheThirteenth，himselfaSpaniard，wasacknowledgedbythedevotionandpatriotismofthatpowerfulnation。TherashproceedingsofPisawerecorrectedbythecouncilofConstance；theemperorSigismondactedaconspicuouspartastheadvocateorprotectoroftheCatholicchurch；andthenumberandweightofcivilandecclesiasticalmembersmightseemtoconstitutethestates—generalofEurope。Ofthethreepopes，JohntheTwenty—thirdwasthefirstvictim:hefledandwasbroughtbackaprisoner:themostscandalouschargesweresuppressed；thevicarofChristwasonlyaccusedofpiracy，murder，rape，sodomy，andincest；andaftersubscribinghisowncondemnation，heexpiatedinprisontheimprudenceoftrustinghispersontoafreecitybeyondtheAlps。GregorytheTwelfth，whoseobediencewasreducedtothenarrowprecinctsofRimini，descendedwithmorehonorfromthethrone；andhisambassadorconvenedthesession，inwhichherenouncedthetitleandauthorityoflawfulpope。TovanquishtheobstinacyofBenedicttheThirteenthorhisadherents，theemperorinpersonundertookajourneyfromConstancetoPerpignan。ThekingsofCastile，Arragon，Navarre，andScotland，obtainedanequalandhonorabletreaty；withtheconcurrenceoftheSpaniards，Benedictwasdeposedbythecouncil；buttheharmlessoldmanwasleftinasolitarycastletoexcommunicatetwiceeachdaytherebelkingdomswhichhaddesertedhiscause。Afterthuseradicatingtheremainsoftheschism，thesynodofConstanceproceededwithslowandcautiousstepstoelectthesovereignofRomeandtheheadofthechurch。
Onthismomentousoccasion，thecollegeoftwenty—threecardinalswasfortifiedwiththirtydeputies；sixofwhomwerechosenineachofthefivegreatnationsofChristendom，—theItalian，theGerman，theFrench，theSpanish，andtheEnglish:^75theinterferenceofstrangerswassoftenedbytheirgenerouspreferenceofanItalianandaRoman；andthehereditary，aswellaspersonal，meritofOthoColonnarecommendedhimtotheconclave。Romeacceptedwithjoyandobediencethenoblestofhersons；theecclesiasticalstatewasdefendedbyhispowerfulfamily；andtheelevationofMartintheFifthistheaeraoftherestorationandestablishmentofthepopesintheVatican。^76
[Footnote75:Icannotoverlookthisgreatnationalcause，whichwasvigorouslymaintainedbytheEnglishambassadorsagainstthoseofFrance。Thelattercontended，thatChristendomwasessentiallydistributedintothefourgreatnationsandvotes，ofItaly，Germany，France，andSpain，andthatthelesserkingdomssuchasEngland，Denmark，Portugal，&c。werecomprehendedunderoneorotherofthesegreatdivisions。TheEnglishasserted，thattheBritishislands，ofwhichtheywerethehead，shouldbeconsideredasafifthandcoordinatenation，withanequalvote；
andeveryargumentoftruthorfablewasintroducedtoexaltthedignityoftheircountry。IncludingEngland，Scotland，Wales，thefourkingdomsofIreland，andtheOrkneys，theBritishIslandsaredecoratedwitheightroyalcrowns，anddiscriminatedbyfourorfivelanguages，English，Welsh，Cornish，Scotch，Irish，&c。Thegreaterislandfromnorthtosouthmeasures800
miles，or40days'journey；andEnglandalonecontains32
countiesand52，000parishchurches，aboldaccount!besidescathedrals，colleges，priories，andhospitals。TheycelebratethemissionofSt。JosephofArimathea，thebirthofConstantine，andthelegatinepowersofthetwoprimates，withoutforgettingthetestimonyofBartholomeydeGlanville，A。D。1360，whoreckonsonlyfourChristiankingdoms，1。ofRome，2。ofConstantinople，3。ofIreland，whichhadbeentransferredtotheEnglishmonarchs，and4，ofSpain。Ourcountrymenprevailedinthecouncil，butthevictoriesofHenryV。addedmuchweighttotheirarguments。TheadversepleadingswerefoundatConstancebySirRobertWingfield，ambassadorofHenryVIII。totheemperorMaximilianI。，andbyhimprintedin1517atLouvain。FromaLeipsicMs。theyaremorecorrectlypublishedinthecollectionofVonderHardt，tom。v。；butIhaveonlyseenLenfant'sabstractoftheseacts，ConciledeConstance，tom。ii。p。447，453，&c。]
[Footnote76:Thehistoriesofthethreesuccessivecouncils，Pisa，Constance，andBasil，havebeenwrittenwithatolerabledegreeofcandor，industry，andelegance，byaProtestantminister，M。Lenfant，whoretiredfromFrancetoBerlin。Theyformsixvolumesinquarto；andasBasilistheworst，soConstanceisthebest，partoftheCollection。]
ChapterLXX:FinalSettlementOfTheEcclesiasticalState。
PartIV。
Theroyalprerogativeofcoiningmoney，whichhadbeenexercisednearthreehundredyearsbythesenate，wasfirstresumedbyMartintheFifth，^77andhisimageandsuperscriptionintroducetheseriesofthepapalmedals。Ofhistwoimmediatesuccessors，EugeniustheFourthwasthelastpopeexpelledbythetumultsoftheRomanpeople，^78andNicholastheFifth，thelastwhowasimportunedbythepresenceofaRomanemperor。^79I。TheconflictofEugeniuswiththefathersofBasil，andtheweightorapprehensionofanewexcise，emboldenedandprovokedtheRomanstousurpthetemporalgovernmentofthecity。Theyroseinarms，electedsevengovernorsoftherepublic，andaconstableoftheCapitol；imprisonedthepope'snephew；besiegedhispersoninthepalace；andshotvolleysofarrowsintohisbarkasheescapeddowntheTyberinthehabitofamonk。ButhestillpossessedinthecastleofSt。Angeloafaithfulgarrisonandatrainofartillery:theirbatteriesincessantlythunderedonthecity，andabulletmoredexterouslypointedbrokedownthebarricadeofthebridge，andscatteredwithasingleshottheheroesoftherepublic。Theirconstancywasexhaustedbyarebellionoffivemonths。UnderthetyrannyoftheGhibelinenobles，thewisestpatriotsregrettedthedominionofthechurch；andtheirrepentancewasunanimousandeffectual。ThetroopsofSt。PeteragainoccupiedtheCapitol；themagistratesdepartedtotheirhomes；themostguiltywereexecutedorexiled；andthelegate，attheheadoftwothousandfootandfourthousandhorse，wassalutedasthefatherofthecity。ThesynodsofFerraraandFlorence，thefearorresentmentofEugenius，prolongedhisabsence:hewasreceivedbyasubmissivepeople；butthepontiffunderstoodfromtheacclamationsofhistriumphalentry，thattosecuretheirloyaltyandhisownrepose，hemustgrantwithoutdelaytheabolitionoftheodiousexcise。II。Romewasrestored，adorned，andenlightened，bythepeacefulreignofNicholastheFifth。Inthemidstoftheselaudableoccupations，thepopewasalarmedbytheapproachofFrederictheThirdofAustria；thoughhisfearscouldnotbejustifiedbythecharacterorthepoweroftheImperialcandidate。Afterdrawinghismilitaryforcetothemetropolis，andimposingthebestsecurityofoaths^80andtreaties，Nicholasreceivedwithasmilingcountenancethefaithfuladvocateandvassalofthechurch。Sotamewerethetimes，sofeeblewastheAustrian，thatthepompofhiscoronationwasaccomplishedwithorderandharmony:butthesuperfluoushonorwassodisgracefultoanindependentnation，thathissuccessorshaveexcusedthemselvesfromthetoilsomepilgrimagetotheVatican；andresttheirImperialtitleonthechoiceoftheelectorsofGermany。
[Footnote77:SeethexxviithDissertationoftheAntiquitiesofMuratori，andthe1stInstructionoftheSciencedesMedaillesofthePereJoubertandtheBarondelaBastie。TheMetallicHistoryofMartinV。andhissuccessorshasbeencomposedbytwomonks，Moulinet，aFrenchman，andBonanni，anItalian:butI
understand，thatthefirstpartoftheseriesisrestoredfrommorerecentcoins。]