[Footnote58:Sozomen，l。ii。c。3。Philostorg。l。ii。c。9。
Codin。Antiquitat。Const。p。8。ItappearsbySocrates，l。ii。
c。13，thatthedailyallowanceofthecityconsistedofeightmyriadsofwhichwemayeithertranslate，withValesius，bythewordsmodiiofcorn，orconsiderusexpressiveofthenumberofloavesofbread。
Note:AtRomethepoorercitizenswhoreceivedthesegratuitieswereinscribedinaregister；theyhadonlyapersonalright。Constantineattachedtherighttothehousesinhisnewcapital，toengagethelowerclassesofthepeopletobuildtheirhouseswithexpedition。CodexTherodos。l。xiv。—G。]
[Footnote59:SeeCod。Theodos。l。xiii。andxiv。，andCod。
Justinian。Edict。xii。tom。ii。p。648，edit。Genev。SeethebeautifulcomplaintofRomeinthepoemofClaudiandeBell。
Gildonico，ver。46—64。
CumsubiitparRomamihi，divisaquesumsitAequalesauroratogas；AegyptiaruraInpartemcesserenovam。]
[Footnote*:ThiswasalsoattheexpenseofRome。TheemperororderedthatthefleetofAlexandriashouldtransporttoConstantinoplethegrainofEgyptwhichitcarriedbeforetoRome:thisgrainsuppliedRomeduringfourmonthsoftheyear。
Claudianhasdescribedwithforcethefamineoccasionedbythismeasure:—
Haecnobis，haecantedabas；nuncpabulatantumRomaprecor:misereretuae；pateroptime，gentis:
Extremamdefendefamem。
Claud。deBell。Gildon。v。34。
—G。
Itwasscarcelythismeasure。GildohadcutofftheAfricanaswellastheEgyptiansupplies。—M。]
[Footnote60:TheregionsofConstantinoplearementionedinthecodeofJustinian，andparticularlydescribedintheNotitiaoftheyoungerTheodosius；butasthefourlastofthemarenotincludedwithinthewallofConstantine，itmaybedoubtedwhetherthisdivisionofthecityshouldbereferredtothefounder。]
[Footnote61:Senatumconstituitsecundiordinis；Clarosvocavit。
AnonymValesian。p。715。ThesenatorsofoldRomewerestyledClarissimi。SeeacuriousnoteofValesiusadAmmian。
Marcellin。xxii。9。FromtheeleventhepistleofJulian，itshouldseemthattheplaceofsenatorwasconsideredasaburden，ratherthanasanhonor；buttheAbbedelaBleterieViedeJovien，tom。ii。p。371hasshownthatthisepistlecouldnotrelatetoConstantinople。Mightwenotread，insteadofthecelebratednameoftheobscurebutmoreprobablewordBisantheorRhoedestus，nowRhodosto，wasasmallmaritimecityofThrace。
SeeStephan。Byz。deUrbibus，p。225，andCellar。Geograph。tom。
i。p。849。]
[Footnote62:Cod。Theodos。l。xiv。13。ThecommentaryofGodefroytom。v。p。220islong，butperplexed；norindeedisiteasytoascertaininwhattheJusItalicumcouldconsist，afterthefreedomofthecityhadbeencommunicatedtothewholeempire。
Note:"Thisright，theJusItalicum，whichbymostwritersisreferredwithoutfoundationtothepersonalconditionofthecitizens，properlyrelatedtothecityasawhole，andcontainedtwoparts。First，theRomanorquiritarianpropertyinthesoil，commercium，anditscapabilityofmancipation，usucaption，andvindication；moreover，asaninseparableconsequenceofthis，exemptionfromland—tax。Then，secondly，afreeconstitutionintheItalianform，withDuumvirs，Quinquennales。andAediles，andespeciallywithJurisdiction。"Savigny，GeschichtedesRom。
Rechtsi。p。51—M。]
[Footnote63:JulianOrat。i。p。8celebratesConstantinopleasnotlesssuperiortoallothercitiesthanshewasinferiortoRomeitself。HislearnedcommentatorSpanheim，p。75，76
justifiesthislanguagebyseveralparallelandcontemporaryinstances。Zosimus，aswellasSocratesandSozomen，flourishedafterthedivisionoftheempirebetweenthetwosonsofTheodosius，whichestablishedaperfectequalitybetweentheoldandthenewcapital。]
AsConstantineurgedtheprogressoftheworkwiththeimpatienceofalover，thewalls，theporticos，andtheprincipaledificeswerecompletedinafewyears，or，accordingtoanotheraccount，inafewmonths；^64butthisextraordinarydiligenceshouldexcitethelessadmiration，sincemanyofthebuildingswerefinishedinsohastyandimperfectamanner，thatunderthesucceedingreign，theywerepreservedwithdifficultyfromimpendingruin。^65Butwhiletheydisplayedthevigorandfreshnessofyouth，thefounderpreparedtocelebratethededicationofhiscity。^66Thegamesandlargesseswhichcrownedthepompofthismemorablefestivalmayeasilybesupposed；butthereisonecircumstanceofamoresingularandpermanentnature，whichoughtnotentirelytobeoverlooked。Asoftenasthebirthdayofthecityreturned，thestatuteofConstantine，framedbyhisorder，ofgiltwood，andbearinginhisrighthandasmallimageofthegeniusoftheplace，waserectedonatriumphalcar。Theguards，carryingwhitetapers，andclothedintheirrichestapparel，accompaniedthesolemnprocessionasitmovedthroughtheHippodrome。Whenitwasoppositetothethroneofthereigningemperor，herosefromhisseat，andwithgratefulreverenceadoredthememoryofhispredecessor。^67Atthefestivalofthededication，anedict，engravedonacolumnofmarble，bestowedthetitleofSecondorNewRomeonthecityofConstantine。^68ButthenameofConstantinople^69hasprevailedoverthathonorableepithet；andaftertherevolutionoffourteencenturies，stillperpetuatesthefameofitsauthor。^70
[Footnote64:CodinusAntiquitat。p。8affirms，thatthefoundationsofConstantinoplewerelaidintheyearoftheworld5837，A。D。329，onthe26thofSeptember，andthatthecitywasdedicatedthe11thofMay，5838，A。D。330。Heconnectsthosedateswithseveralcharacteristicepochs，buttheycontradicteachother；theauthorityofCodinusisoflittleweight，andthespacewhichheassignsmustappearinsufficient。
ThetermoftenyearsisgivenusbyJulian，Orat。i。p。8；andSpanheimlaborstoestablishthetruthofit，p。69—75，bythehelpoftwopassagesfromThemistius，Orat。iv。p。58，andofPhilostorgius，l。ii。c。9，whichformaperiodfromtheyear324totheyear334。ModerncriticsaredividedconcerningthispointofchronologyandtheirdifferentsentimentsareveryaccuratelydescribedbyTillemont，Hist。desEmpereurs，tom。iv。
p。619—625。]
[Footnote65:Themistius。Orat。iii。p。47。Zosim。l。ii。p。
108。Constantinehimself，inoneofhislaws，Cod。Theod。l。xv。
tit。i。，betrayshisimpatience。]
[Footnote66:CedrenusandZonaras，faithfultothemodeofsuperstitionwhichprevailedintheirowntimes，assureusthatConstantinoplewasconsecratedtothevirginMotherofGod。]
[Footnote67:TheearliestandmostcompleteaccountofthisextraordinaryceremonymaybefoundintheAlexandrianChronicle，p。285。Tillemont，andtheotherfriendsofConstantine，whoareoffendedwiththeairofPaganismwhichseemsunworthyofaChristianprince，hadarighttoconsideritasdoubtful，buttheywerenotauthorizedtoomitthementionofit。]
[Footnote68:Sozomen，l。ii。c。2。DucangeC。P。l。i。c。6。
VelutipsiusRomaefiliam，istheexpressionofAugustin。deCivitat。Dei，l。v。c。25。]
[Footnote69:Eutropius，l。x。c。8。Julian。Orat。i。p。8。
DucangeC。P。l。i。c。5。ThenameofConstantinopleisextantonthemedalsofConstantine。]
[Footnote70:ThelivelyFontenelleDialoguesdesMorts，xii。
affectstoderidethevanityofhumanambition，andseemstotriumphinthedisappointmentofConstantine，whoseimmortalnameisnowlostinthevulgarappellationofIstambol，aTurkishcorruptionof。Yettheoriginalnameisstillpreserved，1。BythenationsofEurope。2。BythemodernGreeks。3。BytheArabs，whosewritingsarediffusedoverthewideextentoftheirconquestsinAsiaandAfrica。SeeD'Herbelot，BibliothequeOrientale，p。275。4。BythemorelearnedTurks，andbytheemperorhimselfinhispublicmandatesCantemir'sHistoryoftheOthmanEmpire，p。51。]
Thefoundationofanewcapitalisnaturallyconnectedwiththeestablishmentofanewformofcivilandmilitaryadministration。Thedistinctviewofthecomplicatedsystemofpolicy，introducedbyDiocletian，improvedbyConstantine，andcompletedbyhisimmediatesuccessors，maynotonlyamusethefancybythesingularpictureofagreatempire，butwilltendtoillustratethesecretandinternalcausesofitsrapiddecay。Inthepursuitofanyremarkableinstitution，wemaybefrequentlyledintothemoreearlyorthemorerecenttimesoftheRomanhistory；buttheproperlimitsofthisinquirywillbeincludedwithinaperiodofaboutonehundredandthirtyyears，fromtheaccessionofConstantinetothepublicationoftheTheodosiancode；^71fromwhich，aswellasfromtheNotitiaoftheEastandWest，^72wederivethemostcopiousandauthenticinformationofthestateoftheempire。Thisvarietyofobjectswillsuspend，forsometime，thecourseofthenarrative；buttheinterruptionwillbecensuredonlybythosereaderswhoareinsensibletotheimportanceoflawsandmanners，whiletheyperuse，witheagercuriosity，thetransientintriguesofacourt，ortheaccidentaleventofabattle。
[Footnote71:TheTheodosiancodewaspromulgatedA。D。438。SeetheProlegomenaofGodefroy，c。i。p。185。]
[Footnote*:TheNotitiaDignitatumImperiiisadescriptionofalltheofficesinthecourtandthestate，ofthelegions，&c。
Itresemblesourcourtalmanacs，RedBooks，withthissingledifference，thatouralmanacsnamethepersonsinoffice，theNotitiaonlytheoffices。ItisofthetimeoftheemperorTheodosiusII。，thatistosay，ofthefifthcentury，whentheempirewasdividedintotheEasternandWestern。Itisprobablethatitwasnotmadeforthefirsttime，andthatdescriptionsofthesamekindexistedbefore。—G。]
[Footnote72:Pancirolus，inhiselaborateCommentary，assignstotheNotitiaadatealmostsimilartothatoftheTheodosianCode；
buthisproofs，orratherconjectures，areextremelyfeeble。I
shouldberatherinclinedtoplacethisusefulworkbetweenthefinaldivisionoftheempireA。D。395andthesuccessfulinvasionofGaulbythebarbarians，A。D。407。SeeHistoiredesAnciensPeuplesdel'Europe，tom。vii。p。40。]
ChapterXVII:FoundationOfConstantinople。
PartIII。
ThemanlyprideoftheRomans，contentwithsubstantialpower，hadlefttothevanityoftheEasttheformsandceremoniesofostentatiousgreatness。^73Butwhentheylosteventhesemblanceofthosevirtueswhichwerederivedfromtheirancientfreedom，thesimplicityofRomanmannerswasinsensiblycorruptedbythestatelyaffectationofthecourtsofAsia。Thedistinctionsofpersonalmeritandinfluence，soconspicuousinarepublic，sofeebleandobscureunderamonarchy，wereabolishedbythedespotismoftheemperors；whosubstitutedintheirroomaseveresubordinationofrankandofficefromthetitledslaveswhowereseatedonthestepsofthethrone，tothemeanestinstrumentsofarbitrarypower。Thismultitudeofabjectdependantswasinterestedinthesupportoftheactualgovernmentfromthedreadofarevolution，whichmightatonceconfoundtheirhopesandintercepttherewardoftheirservices。Inthisdivinehierarchyforsuchitisfrequentlystyledeveryrankwasmarkedwiththemostscrupulousexactness，anditsdignitywasdisplayedinavarietyoftriflingandsolemnceremonies，whichitwasastudytolearn，andasacrilegetoneglect。^74
ThepurityoftheLatinlanguagewasdebased，byadopting，intheintercourseofprideandflattery，aprofusionofepithets，whichTullywouldscarcelyhaveunderstood，andwhichAugustuswouldhaverejectedwithindignation。Theprincipalofficersoftheempireweresaluted，evenbythesovereignhimself，withthedeceitfultitlesofyourSincerity，yourGravity，yourExcellency，yourEminence，yoursublimeandwonderfulMagnitude，yourillustriousandmagnificentHighness。^75Thecodicilsorpatentsoftheirofficewerecuriouslyemblazonedwithsuchemblemsaswerebestadaptedtoexplainitsnatureandhighdignity；theimageorportraitofthereigningemperors；atriumphalcar；thebookofmandatesplacedonatable，coveredwitharichcarpet，andilluminatedbyfourtapers；theallegoricalfiguresoftheprovinceswhichtheygoverned；ortheappellationsandstandardsofthetroopswhomtheycommandedSomeoftheseofficialensignswerereallyexhibitedintheirhallofaudience；othersprecededtheirpompousmarchwhenevertheyappearedinpublic；andeverycircumstanceoftheirdemeanor，theirdress，theirornaments，andtheirtrain，wascalculatedtoinspireadeepreverencefortherepresentativesofsuprememajesty。Byaphilosophicobserver，thesystemoftheRomangovernmentmighthavebeenmistakenforasplendidtheatre，filledwithplayersofeverycharacteranddegree，whorepeatedthelanguage，andimitatedthepassions，oftheiroriginalmodel。
^76
[Footnote73:Scilicetexternaesuperbiaesueto，nonineratnotitianostri，perhapsnostroe；apudquosvisImperiivalet，inaniatransmittuntur。Tacit。Annal。xv。31。Thegradationfromthestyleoffreedomandsimplicity，tothatofformandservitude，maybetracedintheEpistlesofCicero，ofPliny，andofSymmachus。]
[Footnote74:TheemperorGratian，afterconfirmingalawofprecedencypublishedbyValentinian，thefatherofhisDivinity，thuscontinues:Siquisigiturindebitumsibilocumusurpaverit，nullaseignorationedefendat；sitqueplanesacrilegiireus，quidivinapraeceptaneglexerit。Cod。Theod。l。vi。tit。v。leg。2。]
[Footnote75:ConsulttheNotitiaDignitatumattheendoftheTheodosiancode，tom。vi。p。316。
Note:Constantin，quiremplacalegrandPatriciatparunenoblessetitreeetquichangeaavecd'autresinstitutionslanaturedelasocieteLatine，estleveritablefondateurdelaroyautemoderne，danscequelleconservadeRomain。
Chateaubriand，Etud。Histor。Preface，i。151。Manso，LebenConstantinsdesGrossen，p。153，&c。，hasgivenalucidviewofthedignitiesanddutiesoftheofficersintheImperialcourt。—
M。]
[Footnote76:PancirolusadNotitiamutriusqueImperii，p。39。
Buthisexplanationsareobscure，andhedoesnotsufficientlydistinguishthepaintedemblemsfromtheeffectiveensignsofoffice。]
Allthemagistratesofsufficientimportancetofindaplaceinthegeneralstateoftheempire，wereaccuratelydividedintothreeclasses。1。TheIllustrious。2。TheSpectabiles，orRespectable。And，3。theClarissimi；whomwemaytranslatebythewordHonorable。InthetimesofRomansimplicity，thelast—mentionedepithetwasusedonlyasavagueexpressionofdeference，tillitbecameatlengththepeculiarandappropriatedtitleofallwhoweremembersofthesenate，^77andconsequentlyofallwho，fromthatvenerablebody，wereselectedtogoverntheprovinces。Thevanityofthosewho，fromtheirrankandoffice，mightclaimasuperiordistinctionabovetherestofthesenatorialorder，waslongafterwardsindulgedwiththenewappellationofRespectable；butthetitleofIllustriouswasalwaysreservedtosomeeminentpersonageswhowereobeyedorreverencedbythetwosubordinateclasses。Itwascommunicatedonly，I。Totheconsulsandpatricians；II。TothePraetorianpraefects，withthepraefectsofRomeandConstantinople；III。Tothemasters—generalofthecavalryandtheinfantry；andIV。Tothesevenministersofthepalace，whoexercisedtheirsacredfunctionsaboutthepersonoftheemperor。^78Amongthoseillustriousmagistrateswhowereesteemedcoordinatewitheachother，theseniorityofappointmentgaveplacetotheunionofdignities。^79Bytheexpedientofhonorarycodicils，theemperors，whowerefondofmultiplyingtheirfavors，mightsometimesgratifythevanity，thoughnottheambition，ofimpatientcourtiers。^80
[Footnote77:InthePandects，whichmaybereferredtothereignsoftheAntonines，Clarissimusistheordinaryandlegaltitleofasenator。]
[Footnote78:Pancirol。p。12—17。Ihavenottakenanynoticeofthetwoinferiorranks，PrefectissimusandEgregius，whichweregiventomanypersonswhowerenotraisedtothesenatorialdignity。]
[Footnote79:Cod。Theodos。l。vi。tit。vi。Therulesofprecedencyareascertainedwiththemostminuteaccuracybytheemperors，andillustratedwithequalprolixitybytheirlearnedinterpreter。]
[Footnote80:Cod。Theodos。l。vi。tit。xxii。]
I。AslongastheRomanconsulswerethefirstmagistratesofafreestate，theyderivedtheirrighttopowerfromthechoiceofthepeople。Aslongastheemperorscondescendedtodisguisetheservitudewhichtheyimposed，theconsulswerestillelectedbytherealorapparentsuffrageofthesenate。FromthereignofDiocletian，eventhesevestigesoflibertywereabolished，andthesuccessfulcandidateswhowereinvestedwiththeannualhonorsoftheconsulship，affectedtodeplorethehumiliatingconditionoftheirpredecessors。TheScipiosandtheCatoshadbeenreducedtosolicitthevotesofplebeians，topassthroughthetediousandexpensiveformsofapopularelection，andtoexposetheirdignitytotheshameofapublicrefusal；
whiletheirownhappierfatehadreservedthemforanageandgovernmentinwhichtherewardsofvirtuewereassignedbytheunerringwisdomofagracioussovereign。^81Intheepistleswhichtheemperoraddressedtothetwoconsulselect，itwasdeclared，thattheywerecreatedbyhissoleauthority。^82Theirnamesandportraits，engravedongilttablesofivory，weredispersedovertheempireaspresentstotheprovinces，thecities，themagistrates，thesenate，andthepeople。^83TheirsolemninaugurationwasperformedattheplaceoftheImperialresidence；andduringaperiodofonehundredandtwentyyears，Romewasconstantlydeprivedofthepresenceofherancientmagistrates。^84
[Footnote81:AusoniusinGratiarumActionebaselyexpatiatesonthisunworthytopic，whichismanagedbyMamertinusPanegyr。
Vet。xi。[x。]16，19withsomewhatmorefreedomandingenuity。]
[Footnote82:CumdeConsulibusinannumcreandis，solusmecumvolutarem……teConsulemetdesignavi，etdeclaravi，etprioremnuncupavi；aresomeoftheexpressionsemployedbytheemperorGratiantohispreceptor，thepoetAusonius。]
[Footnote83:Immanesque……dentesQuisectiferrointabulasauroquemicantes，InscriptirutilumcoelatoConsulenomenPerproceresetvulguseant。