Thereisnosubjectmoreinterestingtoeverymanthanthesubjectofgovernment。Hissecurity，beherichorpoor，andinagreatmeasurehisprosperity，areconnectedtherewith；itisthereforehisinterestaswellashisdutytomakehimselfacquaintedwithitsprinciples，andwhatthepractiseoughttobe。
　　Everyartandscience，howeverimperfectlyknownatfirst，hasbeenstudied，improvedandbroughttowhatwecallperfectionbytheprogressivelaborsofsucceedinggenerations；butthescienceofgovernmenthasstoodstill。NoimprovementhasbeenmadeintheprincipleandscarcelyanyinthepractisetilltheAmericanRevolutionbegan。InallthecountriesofEurope（exceptinFrance）thesameformsandsystemsthatwereerectedintheremoteagesofignorancestillcontinue，andtheirantiquityisputintheplaceofprinciple；itisforbiddentoinvestigatetheirorgin，orbywhatrighttheyexist。Ifitbeaskedhowhasthishappened，theansweriseasy:theyareestablishedonaprinciplethatisfalse，andtheyemploytheirpowertopreventdetection。
　　Notwithstandingthemysterywithwhichthescienceofgovernmenthasbeenenveloped，forthepurposeofenslaving，plunderingandimposinguponmankind，itisofallthingstheleastmysteriousandthemosteasytobeunderstood。Themeanestcapacitycannotbeataloss，ifitbeginsitsinquiriesattherightpoint。Everyartandsciencehassomepoint，oralphabet，atwhichthestudyofthatartorsciencebegins，andbytheassistanceofwhichtheprogressisfacilitated。Thesamemethodoughttobeobservedwithrespecttothescienceofgovernment。
　　Insteadthenofembarrassingthesubjectintheoutsetwiththenumeroussubdivisionsunderwhichdifferentformsofgovernmenthavebeenclassed，suchasaristocracy，democracy，oligarchy，monarchy，etc。，thebettermethodwillbetobeginwithwhatmaybecalledprimarydivisions，orthoseunderwhichalltheseveralsubdivisionswillbecomprehended。
　　Theprimarydivisionsarebuttwo:
　　First，governmentbyelectionandrepresentation。
　　Secondly，governmentbyhereditarysuccession。
　　Alltheseveralformsandsystemsofgovernment，howevernumerousordiversified，classthemselvesunderoneorotherofthoseprimarydivisions；
　　foreithertheyareonthesystemofrepresentation，oronthatofhereditarysuccession。Astothatequivocalthingcalledmixedgovernment，suchasthelateGovernmentofHolland，andthepresentGovernmentofEngland，itdoesnotmakeanexceptiontothegeneralrule，becausethepartsseparatelyconsideredareeitherrepresentativeorhereditary。
　　Beginningthenourinquiriesatthispoint，wehavefirsttoexamineintothenatureofthosetwoprimarydivisions。Iftheyareequallyrightinprinciple，itismerematterofopinionwhichweprefer。Iftheonebedemonstrativelybetterthantheotherthatdifferencedirectsourchoice；
　　butifoneofthemshouldbesoabsolutelyfalseasnottohavearightofexistencethemattersettlesitselfatonce；becauseanegativeprovedononething，wheretwoonlyareoffered，andonemustbeaccepted，amountstoanaffirmativeontheother。
　　Therevolutionsthatarenowspreadingthemselvesintheworldhavetheirorigininthisstateofthecase，andthepresentwarisaconflictbetweentherepresentativesystemfoundedontherightsofthepeople，andthehereditarysystemfoundedinusurpation。Astowhatarecalledmonarchy，royaltyandaristocracy，theydonot，eitherasthingsorasterms，sufficientlydescribethehereditarysystem；theyarebutsecondarythingsorsignsofthehereditarysystem，andwhichfallofthemselvesifthatsystemhasnotarighttoexist。
　　Weretherenosuchtermsasmonarchy，royaltyandaristocracy，orwereotherstermssubstitutedintheirplace，thehereditarysystem，ifitcontinued，wouldnotbealteredthereby。Itwouldbethesamesystemunderanyothertitularynameasitisnow。
　　Thecharacterthereforeoftherevolutionsofthepresentdaydistinguishesitselfmostdefinitivelybygroundingitselfonthesystemofrepresentativegovernment，inoppositiontothehereditary。Nootherdistinctionreachesthewholeoftheprinciple。
　　Havingthusopenedthecasegenerally，Iproceed，inthefirstplace，toexaminethehereditarysystembecauseithasthepriorityinpointoftime。Therepresentativesystemistheinventionofthemodernworld；and，thatnodoubtmayariseastomyownopinion，Ideclareitbeforehand，whichis，thatthereisnotaprobleminEuclidmoremathematicallytruethanthathereditarygovernmenthasnotarighttoexist。Whenthereforewetakefromanymantheexerciseofhereditarypowerwetakeawaythatwhichheneverhadtherighttopossess，andwhichnolaworcustomcould，orevercan，givehimatitleto。
　　Theargumentsthathavehithertobeenemployedagainstthehereditarysystemhavebeenchieflyfoundedupontheabsurdityofit，anditsincompetencytothepurposeofgoodgovernment。Nothingcanpresenttoourjudgment，ortoourimagination，afigureofgreaterabsurdity，thanthatofseeingthegovernmentofanationfall，asitfrequentlydoes，intothehandsofaladnecessarilydestituteofexperience，andoftenlittlebetterthanafool。Itisaninsulttoeverymanofyears，ofcharacter，andoftalents，inacountry。
　　Themomentwebegintoreasonuponthehereditarysystem，itfallsintoderision；letbutasingleideabeginandathousandwillsoonfollow。
　　Insignificance，imbecility，childhood，dotage，wantofmoralcharacter；
　　infine，everydefect，seriousorlaughable，unitetoholdupthehereditarysystemasafigureofridicule。Leaving，however，theridiculousnessofthethingtothereflectionsofthereader，Iproceedtothemoreimportantpartofthequestion，namely，whethersuchasystemhasarighttoexist。
　　Tobesatisfiedoftherightofathingtoexist，wemustbesatisfiedthatithadarighttobegin。Ifithadnotarighttobegin，ithasnottherighttocontinue。Bywhatrightthendidthehereditarysystembegin？
　　Letamanbutaskhimselfthisquestion，andhewillfindthathecannotsatisfyhimselfwithananswer。
　　Therightwhichanymanoranyfamilyhadtosetitselfupatfirsttogovernanation，andtoestablishitselfhereditarily，wasnootherthantherightwhichRobespierrehadtodothesamethinginFrance。Ifhehadnone，theyhadnone。Iftheyhadany，hehasasmuch；foritisimpossibletodiscoversuperiorityofrightinanyfamily，byvirtueofwhichhereditarygovernmentcouldbegin。TheCapets，theGuelphs，theRobespierres，theMarats，areallonthesamestandingastothequestionofright。Itbelongsexclusivelytonone。
　　Itisonesteptowardlibertytoperceivethathereditarygovernmentcouldnotbeginasanexclusiverightinanyfamily。Thenextpointwillbewhether，havingoncebegun，itcouldgrowintoarightbytheinfluenceoftime。
　　Thiswouldbesupposinganabsurdity；foreitheritisputtingtimeintheplaceofprinciple，ormakingitsuperiortoprinciple；whereastimehasnomoreconnectionwith，orinfluenceuponprinciple，thanprinciplehasupontime。Thewrongwhichbeganathousandyearsagoisasmuchawrongasifitbeganto-day；andtherightwhichoriginatesto-dayisasmucharightasifithadthesanctionofathousandyears。
　　TimewithrespecttoprinciplesisaneternalNOW:ithasnooperationuponthem:itchangesnothingoftheirnatureandqualities。Butwhathavewetodowithathousandyears？Ourlifetimeisbutashortportionofthatperiod，andifwefindthewronginexistenceassoonaswebegintolive，thatisthepointoftimeatwhichitbeginstous；andourrighttoresistitisthesameasifitneverexistedbefore。