DIVISIONS
　　GENERALDIVISIONSOFTHEMETAPHYSICOFMORALS
　　I。DIVISIONOFTHEMETAPHYSICOFMORALSASASYSTEMOF
　　DUTIESGENERALLY。
　　1。Alldutiesareeitherdutiesofright，thatis，juridicalduties（officiajuris），ordutiesofvirtue，thatis，ethicalduties（officiavirtutiss。ethica）。Juridicaldutiesaresuchasmaybepromulgatedbyexternallegislation;ethicaldutiesarethoseforwhichsuchlegislationisnotpossible。Thereasonwhythelattercannotbeproperlymadethesubjectofexternallegislationisbecausetheyrelatetoanendorfinalpurpose，whichisitself，atthesametime，embracedintheseduties，andwhichitisadutyfortheindividualtohaveassuch。Butnoexternallegislationcancauseanyonetoadoptaparticularintention，ortoproposetohimselfacertainpurpose;forthisdependsuponaninternalconditionoractoftheminditself。However，externalactionsconducivetosuchamentalconditionmaybecommanded，withoutitsbeingimpliedthattheindividualwillofnecessitymakethemanendtohimself。
　　Butwhy，then，itmaybeasked，isthescienceofmorals，ormoralphilosophy，commonlyentitled—especiallybyCicero—thescienceofdutyandnotalsothescienceofright，sincedutiesandrightsrefertoeachother？Thereasonisthis。Weknowourownfreedom—fromwhichallmorallawsandconsequentlyallrightsaswellasalldutiesarise—onlythroughthemoralimperative，whichisanimmediateinjunctionofduty;whereastheconceptionofrightasagroundofputtingothersunderobligationhasafterwardstobedevelopedoutofit。
　　2。Inthedoctrineofduty，manmayandoughttoberepresentedinaccordancewiththenatureofhisfacultyoffreedom，whichisentirelysupra—sensible。Heis，therefore，toberepresentedpurelyaccordingtohishumanityasapersonalityindependentofphysicaldeterminations（homonoumenon），indistinctionfromthesamepersonasamanmodifiedwiththesedeterminations（homophenomenon）。Hencetheconceptionsofrightandendwhenreferredtoduty，inviewofthistwofoldquality，givethefollowingdivision:
　　DIVISIONOFTHEMETAPHYSICOFMORALSACCORDINGTOTHEOBJECTIVE
　　RELATIONOFTHELAWOFDUTY。
　　I。TheRightofHumanity。
　　I。JuridicalOneselfinourownperson（juridicialDutiestoordutiestowardsoneself）PerfectOthersDutyII。TheRightofMankind。
　　inothers（juridicaldutiestowardsothers。）
　　III。TheEndofHumanity。
　　II。EthicalOneselfinourperson（eithicaldutiesDutiestoortowardsoneself）ImperfectOthersDutyIV。TheEndofMankind。
　　inothers（ethicaldutiestowardsothers。）
　　II。DIVISIONOFTHEMETAPHYSICOFMORALSACCORDINGTORELATIONS
　　OFOBLIGATION。
　　Asthesubjectsbetweenwhomarelationofrightanddutyisapprehended—whetheritactuallyexistsornot—admitofbeingconceivedinvariousjuridicalrelationstoeachother，anotherdivisionmaybeproposedfromthispointofview，asfollows:
　　DIVISIONPOSSIBLEACCORDINGTOTHESUBJECTIVERELATIONOF
　　THOSEWHOBINDUNDEROBLIGATIONS，ANDTHOSEWHOARE
　　BOUNDUNDEROBLIGATIONS。
　　1。Thejuridicalrelationofmantobeingswhohaveneitherrightnorduty:
　　Vacat。Thereisnosuchrelation，forsuchbeingsareirrational，andtheyneitherputusunderobligation，norcanwebeputunderobligationbythem。
　　2。Thejuridicalrelationofmantobeingswhohavebothrightsandduties:
　　Adest。Thereissucharelation，foritistherelationofmentomen。
　　3。Thejuridicalrelationofmantobeingswhohaveonlydutiesandnorights:
　　Vacat。Thereisnosuchrelation，forsuchbeingswouldbemenwithoutjuridicalpersonality，asslavesofbondsmen。
　　4Thejuridicalrelationofmantoabeingwhohasonlyrightsandnoduties（God）:
　　Vacat。Thereisnosuchrelationinmerephilosophy，becausesuchabeingisnotanobjectofpossibleexperience。
　　Arealrelationbetweenrightanddutyisthereforefound，inthisscheme，onlyinNo。2。ThereasonwhysuchisnotlikewisefoundinNo。4isbecauseitwouldconstituteatranscendentduty，thatis，onetowhichnocorrespondingsubjectcanbegiventhatisexternalandcapableofimposingobligation。Consequentlytherelationfromthetheoreticalpointofviewisheremerelyideal;thatis，itisarelationtoanobjectofthoughtwhichweformforourselves。Buttheconceptionofthisobjectisnotentirelyempty。Onthecontrary，itisafruitfulconceptioninrelationtoourselvesandthemaximsofourinnermorality，andthereforeinrelationtopracticegenerally。Anditisinthisbearingthatallthedutyinvolvedandpracticableforusinsuchamerelyidealrelationlies。
　　III。DIVISIONOFTHEMETAPHYSICOFMORALSASASYSTEMOF
　　DUTIESGENERALLY。
　　Accordingtotheconstituentprinciplesandthemethodofthesystem。
　　I。PrinciplesI。DutiesofRightI。PrivateRight。
　　II。PublicRightII。DutiesofVirtue，etc。
　　Andsoon，includingallthatrefersnotonlytothematerials，butalsotothearchitectonicformofascientificsystemofmorals，whenthemetaphysicalinvestigationoftheelementshascompletelytracedouttheuniversalprinciplesconstitutingthewhole。
　　II。MethodI。DidacticsII。AsceticsGENERALINTRODUCTIONTOTHEMETAPHYSICOFMORALS
　　I。THERELATIONOFTHEFACULTIESOFTHEHUMANMINDTOTHE