10th。Finally,thisgiganticmassofhumanmiserycallsloudlyforrelief,notonlyforthesakeofsufferinghumanity,butalsoonaccountofourownbravesoldiersnowcaptivesinthehandsoftheFederalGovernment。StrictjusticetothegallantmenoftheConfederateArmies,whohavebeenorwhomaybe,sounfortunateastobecompelledtosurrenderinbattle,demandsthattheConfederateGovernmentshouldadoptthatcoursewhichwillbestsecuretheirhealthandcomfortincaptivity;
　　oratleastleavetheirenemieswithoutashadowofanexcuseforanyviolationoftherulesofcivilizedwarfareinthetreatmentofprisoners。
　　[EndoftheWitness'sTestimony。]
　　Thevariation——frommonthtomonth——oftheproportionofdeathstothewholenumberlivingissingularandinteresting。ItsupportsthetheoryIhaveadvancedabove,asthefollowingfacts,takenfromtheofficialreport,willshow:
　　InApriloneineverysixteendied。
　　InMayoneineverytwenty—sixdied。
　　InJuneoneineverytwenty—twodied。
　　InJulyoneineveryeighteendied。
　　InAugustoneineveryelevendied。
　　InSeptemberoneineverythreedied。
　　InOctoberoneineverytwodied。
　　InNovemberoneineverythreedied。
　　DoesthereaderfullyunderstandthatinSeptemberone—thirdofthoseinthependied,thatinOctoberone—halfoftheremainderperished,andinNovemberone—thirdofthosewhostillsurvived,died？Lethimpauseforamomentandreadthisovercarefullyagain;becauseitsstartlingmagnitudewillhardlydawnuponhimatfirstreading。Itistruethatthefearfullydisproportionatemortalityofthosemonthswaslargelyduetothefactthatitwasmostlythesickthatremainedbehind,buteventhisdiminishesbutlittlethefrightfulnessoftheshowing。Didanyoneeverhearofanepidemicsofatalthatone—thirdofthoseattackedbyitinonemonthdied;one—halfoftheremnantthenextmonth,andone—thirdofthefeebleremainderthenextmonth？Ifhedid,hisreadinghasbeenmuchmoreextensivethanmine。
　　Thegreatestnumberofdeathsinonedayisreportedtohaveoccurredonthe23dofAugust,whenonehundredandtwenty—sevendied,oronemaneveryelevenminutes。
　　ThegreatestnumberofprisonersintheStockadeisstatedtohavebeenAugust8,whentherewerethirty—threethousandonehundredandfourteen。
　　Ihavealwaysimaginedboththesestatementstobeshortofthetruth,becausemyremembranceisthatonedayinAugustIcountedovertwohundreddeadlyinginarow。Asforthegreatestnumberofprisoners,Irememberquitedistinctlystandingbytherationwagonduringthewholetimeofthedeliveryofrations,toseehowmanyprisonerstherereallywereinside。ThatdaytheOneHundredandThirty—ThirdDetachmentwascalled,anditsSergeantcameupanddrewrationsforafulldetachment。
　　Alltheotherdetachmentswerehabituallykeptfullbyreplacingthosewhodiedwithnewcomers。Aseachdetachmentconsistedoftwohundredandseventymen,onehundredandthirty—threedetachmentswouldmakethirty—fivethousandninehundredandten,exclusiveofthoseinthehospital,andthosedetailedoutsideascooks,clerks,hospitalattendantsandvariousotheremployments——sayfromonetotwothousandmore。
　　CHAPTERXLIII。
　　DIFFICULTYOFEXERCISING——EMBARRASSMENTSOFAMORNINGWALK——THERIALTO
　　OFTHEPRISON——CURSINGTHESOUTHERNCONFEDERACY——THESTORYOFTHEBATTLE
　　OFSPOTTSYLVANIACOURTHOUSE。
　　Certainly,innoothergreatcommunity,thateverexisteduponthefaceoftheglobewastheresolittledailyebbandflowasinthis。DullasanordinaryTownorCitymaybe;howevermonotonous,eventless,evenstupidthelivesofitscitizens,thereisyet,nevertheless,afloweverydayofitslife—blood——itspopulationtowardsitsheart,andanebbofthesame,everyeveningtowardsitsextremities。Theserecurringtidesmingleallclassestogetherandpromotethegeneralhealthfulness,astheconstantmotionhitherandyonoftheocean'swaterspurifyandsweetenthem。
　　ThelackofthesehelpedvastlytomakethelivingmassinsidetheStockadeahumanDeadSea——orratheraDyingSea——aputrefying,stinkinglake,resolvingitselfintophosphorescentcorruption,likethoserottingsouthernseas,whoseseethingfilthburnsinhideousreds,andghastlygreensandyellows。
　　Beinglittlecallformotionofanykind,andnoroomtoexercisewhateverwishtheremightbeinthatdirection,verymanysuccumbedunresistinglytotheapathywhichwassostronglyfavoredbydespondencyandtheweaknessinducedbycontinualhunger,andlyingsupinelyonthehotsand,dayinanddayout,speedilybroughtthemselvesintosuchaconditionasinvitedtheattacksofdisease。
　　Itrequiredbothdeterminationandefforttotakealittlewalkingexercise。ThegroundwassodenselycrowdedwithholesandotherdevicesforshelterthatittookoneatleasttenminutestopickhiswaythroughthenarrowandtortuouslabyrinthwhichservedaspathsforcommunicationbetweendifferentpartsoftheCamp。Stillfurther,therewasnothingtoseeanywhereortoformsufficientinducementforanyonetomakesolaboriousajourney。Onesimplyencounteredateverynewstepthesameunwelcomesightsthathehadjustleft;therewasamonotonyinthemiseryasineverythingelse,andconsequentlythetemptationtositorliestillinone'sownquartersbecameverygreat。
　　IusedtomakeitapointtogotosomeoftheremoterpartsoftheStockadeonceeveryday,simplyforexercise。Onecangainsomeideaofthecrowd,andthedifficultyofmakingone'swaythroughit,whenIsaythatnopointintheprisoncouldbemorethanfifteenhundredfeetfromwhereIstaid,and,hadthewaybeenclear,Icouldhavewalkedthitherandbackinatmostahalfanhour,yetitusuallytookmefromtwotothreehourstomakeoneofthesejourneys。
　　Thisdailytrip,afewvisitstotheCreektowashallover,afewgamesofchess,attendanceuponrollcall,drawingrations,cookingandeatingthesame,"lousing"myfragmentsofclothes,anddoingsomelittledutiesformysickandhelplesscomrades,constitutedthedailyroutineformyself,asformostoftheactiveyouthsintheprison。
　　TheCreekwasthegreatmeetingpointforallinsidetheStockade。
　　Allabletowalkwerecertaintobethereatleastonceduringtheday,andwemadeitarendezvous,aplacetoexchangegossip,discussthelatestnews,canvasstheprospectsofexchange,and,mostofall,tocursetheRebels。IndeednoconversationeverprogressedveryfarwithoutbothspeakerandlistenertakingfrequentreststosaybitterthingsastotheRebelsgenerally,andWirz,WinderandDavisinparticular。
　　Aconversationbetweentwoboys——strangerstoeachotherwhocametotheCreektowashthemselvesortheirclothes,orforsomeotherpurpose,wouldprogressthus:
　　FirstBoy——"IbelongtotheSecondCorps,——Hancock's,[theArmyofthePotomacboysalwaysmentionedwhatCorpstheybelongedto,wheretheWesternboysstatedtheirRegiment。]TheygotmeatSpottsylvania,whentheywerebuttingtheirheadsagainstourbreast—works,tryingtogetevenwithusforgobblingupJohnsoninthemorning,"——Hestopssuddenlyandchangestonetosay:"IhopetoGod,thatwhenourfolksgetRichmond,theywillputoldBenButlerincommandofit,withorderstolimb,skinandjayhawkitworsethanhedidNewOrleans。"
　　SecondBoy,（fervently:）"IwishtoGodhewould,andthathe'dcatcholdJeff。,andthatgrayheadeddevil,Winder,andtheoldDutchCaptain,strip'emjustaswewere,put'eminthispen,withjusttherationstheyaregivin'us,andsetaguardofplantationniggersover'em,withorderstoblowtheirwholeinfernalheadsoff,iftheydaredsomuchastolookatthedeadline。"
　　FirstBoy——（returningtothestoryofhiscapture。）"OldHancockcaughttheJohnniesthatmorningtheneatestyoueversawanythinginyourlife。
　　AfterthetwoarmieshadmurderedeachotherforfourorfivedaysintheWilderness,byfightingsoclosetogetherthatmuchofthetimeyoucouldalmostshakehandswiththeGraybacks,bothhauledoffalittle,andlayandgloweredateachother。Eachsidehadlostabouttwentythousandmeninlearningthatifitattackedtheotheritwouldgetmashedfine。
　　Soeachbuiltalineofworksandlaybehindthem,andtriedtonagtheotherintocomingoutandattacking。AtSpottsylvaniaourlinesandthoseoftheJohnniesweren'ttwelvehundredyardsapart。Thegroundwasclearandcleanbetweenthem,andanyforcethatattemptedtocrossittoattackwouldbecuttopieces,assureasanything。Welaidtherethreeorfourdayswatchingeachother——justlikeboysatschool,whoshakefistsanddareeachother。AtoneplacetheRebellineranouttowardsuslikethetopofagreatletter'A。'Thenightofthe11thofMayitrainedveryhard,andthencameafogsothickthatyoucouldn'tseethelengthofacompany。Hancockthoughthe'dtakeadvantageofthis。
　　Wewereallturnedoutveryquietlyaboutfouro'clockinthemorning。
　　Notabitofnoisewasallowed。Weevenhadtotakeoffourcanteensandtincups,thattheymightnotrattleagainstourbayonets。Thegroundwassowetthatourfootstepscouldn'tbeheard。Itwasoneofthosedeathly,stillmovements,whenyouthinkyourheartismakingasmuchnoiseasabassdrum。
　　"TheJohnniesdidn'tseemtohavethefaintestsuspicionofwhatwascoming,thoughtheyought,becausewewouldhaveexpectedsuchanattackfromthemifwehadn'tmadeitourselves。Theirpicketswereoutjustalittlewaysfromtheirworks,andwewerealmostontothembeforetheydiscoveredus。Theyfiredandranback。Atthisweraisedayellanddashedforwardatacharge。Aswepouredovertheworks,theRebelscamedouble—quickinguptodefendthem。WeflankedJohnson'sDivisionquicker'nyoucouldsay'JackRobinson,'andhadfourthousandof'eminourgripjustasniceasyouplease。Wesentthemtotherearunderguard,andstartedforthenextlineofRebelworksaboutahalfamileaway。ButwehadnowwakedupthewholeofLee'sarmy,andtheyallcamestraightforus,likepacksofmadwolves。Ewellstruckusinthecenter;Longstreetletdriveatourleftflank,andHilltackledourright。Wefellbacktotheworkswehadtaken,WarrenandWrightcameuptohelpus,andwehadithotandheavyfortherestofthedayandpartofthenight。TheJohnniesseemedsomadoverwhatwe'ddonethattheywerehalfcrazy。Theychargedusfivetimes,comingupeverytimejustasiftheyweregoingtoliftusrightoutoftheworkswiththebayonet。
　　Aboutmidnight,afterthey'dlostovertenthousandmen,theyseemedtounderstandthatwehadpre—emptedthatpieceofrealestate,anddidn'tproposetoallowanybodytojumpourclaim,sotheyfellbacksullenliketotheirmainworks。Whentheycameonthelastcharge,ourBrigadierwalkedbehindeachofourregimentsandsaid:
　　"Boys,we'llsend'embackthistimeforkeeps。Giveitto'embytheacre,andwhentheybegintowaver,we'llalljumpovertheworksandgoforthemwiththebayonet。'
　　"Wediditjustthatway。WepouredsuchafireonthemthatthebulletsknockedupthegroundinfrontjustlikeyouhaveseenthedeepdustinaroadinthemiddleofSummerflyupwhenthefirstgreatbigdropsofarainstormstrikeit。Buttheycameon,yellingandswearing,officersinfrontwavingswords,andshouting——allthatbusiness,youknow。Whentheygottoaboutonehundredyardsfromus,theydidnotseemtobecomingsofast,andtherewasagooddealofconfusionamongthem。Thebrigadebuglesounded"Stopfiring。"
　　"Weallceasedinstantly。Therebelslookedupinastonishment。OurGeneralsangout:
　　"Fixbayonets！'butweknewwhatwascoming,andwerealreadyexecutingtheorder。Youcanimaginethecrashthatrandowntheline,aseveryfellowsnatchedhisbayonetoutandslappeditonthemuzzleofhisgun。
　　ThentheGeneral'svoicerangoutlikeabugle:
　　"Ready！——FORWARD！CHARGE！'
　　"Wecheeredtilleverythingseemedtosplit,andjumpedovertheworks,almosteverymanatthesameminute。TheJohnniesseemedtohavebeenpuzzledatthestoppageofourfire。Whenweallcamesailingovertheworks,withgunsbroughtright,downwheretheymeantbusiness,theyweresoastonishedforaminutethattheystoodstockstill,notknowingwhethertocomeforus,orrun。Wedidnotallowthemlongtodebate,butwentrighttowardsthemonthedoublequick,withthebayonetslookingawfulsavageandhungry。ItwastoomuchforMr。JohnnyReb'snerves。Theyallseemedtoaboutface'atonce,andtheylitoutofthereasiftheyhadbeensentforinahurry。Wechasedafter'emasfastaswecould,andpickedupjustlotsof'em。Finallyitbegantoberealfunny。AJohnny'swindwouldbegintogiveouthe'dfallbehindhiscomrades;he'dhearusyellandthinkthatwewererightbehindhim,readytosinkabayonetthroughhim';he'dturnaround,throwuphishands,andsingout:
　　"Isurrender,mister！Isurrender！'andfindthatwewereahundredfeetoff,andwouldhavetohaveabayonetaslongasoneofMcClellan'sgeneralorderstotouchhim。
　　"Well,mycompanywastheleftofourregiment,andourregimentwastheleftofthebrigade,andweswungoutaheadofalltherestoftheboys。
　　InourexcitementofchasingtheJohnnies,wedidn'tseethatwehadpassedanangleoftheirworks。Aboutthirtyofushadbecomeseparatedfromthecompanyandwerechasingasquadofaboutseventy—fiveoronehundred。Wehadgotupsoclosetothemthatwehollered:
　　"Haltthere,now,orwe'llblowyourheadsoff。"
　　"TheyturnedroundwithIhaltyourselves;you————Yankee————————
　　"Welookedaroundatthis,andsawthatwewerenotonehundredfeetawayfromtheangleoftheworks,whichwerefilledwithRebelswaitingforourfellowstogettowheretheycouldhaveagoodflankfireuponthem。
　　Therewasnothingtodobuttothrowdownourgunsandsurrender,andwehadhardlygoneinsideoftheworks,untiltheJohnniesopenedonourbrigadeanddroveitback。ThisendedthebattleatSpottsylvaniaCourtHouse。"
　　SecondBoy（irrelevantly。）"SomedaytheunderpinningwillflyoutfromundertheSouth,andletitsinkrightintothemiddlekittleo'hell。"
　　FirstBoy（savagely。）"IonlywishthewholeSouthernConfederacywashangingoverhellbyasinglestring,andIhadaknife。"
　　CHAPTERXLIV。
　　REBELMUSIC——SINGULARLACKOFTHECREATIVEPOWERAMONGTHESOUTHERNERS——
　　CONTRASTWITHSIMILARPEOPLEELSEWHERE——THEIRFAVORITEMUSIC,ANDWHERE
　　ITWASBORROWEDFROM——AFIFERWITHONETUNE。
　　IhavebeforementionedasamongthethingsthatgrewupononewithincreasingacquaintancewiththeRebelsontheirnativeheath,wasastonishmentattheirlackofmechanicalski1landattheirinabilitytograpplewithnumbersandthesimplerprocessesofarithmetic。Anothercharacteristicofthesamenaturewastheirwonderfullackofmusicalability,orofanykindoftunefulcreativeness。
　　Elsewhere,allovertheworld,peoplelivingundersimilarconditionstotheSouthernersareexceedinglymusical,andweowethegreatmajorityofthesweetestcompositionswhichdelighttheearandsubduethesensestounletteredsong—makersoftheSwissmountains,theTyrolesevalleys,theBavarianHighlands,andtheminstrelsofScotland,IrelandandWales。
　　ThemusicofEnglish—speakingpeopleisverylargelymadeupofthesecontributionsfromthefolk—songsofdwellersinthewilderandmoremountainouspartsoftheBritishIsles。Onerarelygoesfaroutofthewayinattributingtothissourceanyairthathemayhearthatcaptivateshimwithitsseductiveopulenceofharmony。Exquisitemelodies,limpidandunstrainedasthecarolofabirdinSpring—time,andasplaintiveasthecooingofaturtle—doveseemsasnaturalproductsoftheScottishHighlandsasthegorsewhichblazonsontheirhillsidesinAugust。Debarredfromexpressingtheiraspirationsaspeopleofbroaderculturedo——inpainting,insculpture,inpoetryandprose,thesemountaineersmakesongtheflexibleandreadyinstrumentforthecommunicationofeveryemotionthatsweepsacrosstheirsouls。
　　Love,hatred,grief,revenge,anger,andespeciallywarseemstotunetheirmindstoharmony,andawakethevoiceofsonginthemhearts。ThebattleswhichtheScotchandIrishfoughttoreplacethelucklessStuartsupontheBritishthrone——thebloodyrebellionsof1715and1745,leftarichlegacyofsweetsong,theoutpouringofloving,passionateloyaltytoawretchedcause;songswhicharetodayesteemedandsungwherevertheEnglishlanguageisspoken,bypeoplewhohavelongsinceforgottenwhatburningfeelingsgavebirthtotheirfavoritemelodies。
　　ForacenturythebonesofboththePretendershavemolderedinaliensoil;thenamesofJamesEdward,andCharlesEdward,whichwereoncetrumpetblaststorousearmedmen,meanaslittletothemultitudeoftodayasthoseoftheSaxonEthelbert,andDanishHardicanute,yettheworldgoesonsinging——andwillprobablyaslongastheEnglishlanguageisspoken——"Wha'llbeKingbutCharlie？""WhenJamieComeHame,""OvertheWatertoCharlie,""CharlieismyDarling,""TheBonnyBlueBonnetsareOvertheBorder,""SaddleYourSteedsandAwa,"andamyriadotherswhoseinfinitetendernessandmelodynomoderncomposercanequal。
　　YetthesesameScotchandIrish,thesameJacobiteEnglish,transplantedonaccountoftheirchronicrebelliousnesstothemountainsofVirginia,theCarolinas,andGeorgia,seemtohavelosttheirtunefulness,assomefinesingingbirdsdowhencarriedfromtheirnativeshores。
　　ThedescendantsofthosewhodrewswordsforJamesandCharlesatPrestonPansandCullodendwellto—dayinthedalesandvalleysoftheAlleganies,astheirfathersdidinthedalesandvalleysoftheGrampians,buttheirvoicesaremute。
　　AsaruletheSouthernersarefondofmusic。Theyarefondofsingingandlisteningtoold—fashionedballads,mostofwhichhaveneverbeenprinted,buthandeddownfromonegenerationtotheother,likethe'Volklieder'ofGermany。Theysingthesewiththewild,fervidimpressivenesscharacteristicoftheballadsingingofunletteredpeople。
　　Verymanyplaytolerablyontheviolinandbanjo,andoccasionallyoneisfoundwhoseinstrumentationmaybecalledgood。Butabovethishighttheyneversoar。TheonlymusicianproducedbytheSouthofwhomtherestofthecountryhaseverheard,isBlindTom,thenegroidiot。Nocomposer,nosongwriterofanykindhasappearedwithinthebordersofDixie。
　　Itwasadisappointmenttomethateventhestressofthewar,thepassionandfiercenesswithwhichtheRebelsfeltandfought,couldnotstimulateanyadherentoftheStarsandBarsintotheproductionofasinglelyricworthyintheremotestdegreeofthemagnitudeofthestruggle,andthedepthofthepopularfeeling。WheretwomillionScotch,fightingtorestorethefallenfortunesoftheworsethanworthlessStuarts,filledtheworldwithimmortalmusic,elevenmillionofSoutherners,fightingforwhattheyclaimedtobeindividualfreedomandnationallife,didnotproduceanyoriginalverse,orabarofmusicthattheworldcouldrecognizeassuch。Thisisthefact;andanundeniableone。ItsexplanationImustleavetoableranalyststhanIam。
　　SearchingforpeculiarcauseswefindbuttwothatmaketheSouthdifferfromtheancestralhomeofthesepeople。ThesetwowereClimateandSlavery。Climaticeffectswillnotaccountforthephenomenon,becauseweseethatthepeasantryofthemountainsofSpainandtheSouthofFranceasignorantasthesepeople,anddwellersinastillmoreenervatingatmosphere—areveryfertileinmusicalcomposition,andtheirsongsaretotheRomaniclanguageswhattheScotchandIrishballadsaretotheEnglish。
　　ThenitmustbeascribedtotheincubusofSlaveryupontheintellect,whichhasrepressedthisasithasallotherhealthygrowthsintheSouth。Slaveryseemstobenumballthefacultiesexceptthepassions。
　　Thefactthatthemountaineershadbutfewornoslaves,doesnotseemtobeofimportanceinthecase。Theylivedunderthedeadlyshadowoftheupastree,andsufferedtheconsequencesofitsstuntingtheirdevelopmentinalldirections,astheague—smitteninhabitantoftheRomanCampanafindseverysenseandeverymusclecloggedbythefilteringinoftheinsidiousmiasma。Theydidnotcomposesongsandmusic,becausetheydidnothavetheintellectualenergyforthatwork。
　　Thenegrosdisplayedallthemusicalcreativenessofthatsection。
　　Theirwonderfulprolificnessinwild,rudesongs,withstrangelymelodiousairsthatburnedthemselvesintothememory,wasoneofthesalientcharacteristicsofthatdown—troddenrace。LiketheRussianserfs,andthebondmenofallagesandlands,thesongstheymadeandsangallhadanundertoneoftouchingplaintiveness,bornofagesofdumbsuffering。Thethemeswereexceedinglysimple,andtherangeofsubjectslimited。Thejoys,andsorrows,hopesanddespairsoflove'sgratificationordisappointment,ofstrugglesforfreedom,contestswithmalignpersonsandinfluences,ofrage,hatred,jealousy,revenge,suchasformthemotifsforthemajorityofthepoetryoffreeandstrongraces,werewhollyabsentfromtheirlyrics。Religion,hungerandtoilweretheirmaininspiration。Theysangofthepleasuresofidlinginthegenialsunshine;thedelightsofabundanceoffood;theeternalhappinessthatawaitedthemintheheavenlyfuture,wheretheslave—driverceasedfromtroublingandthewearywereatrest;whereTimerolledaroundinendlesscyclesofdaysspentinbasking,harpinhand,andsilkenclad,ingoldenstreets,underthesofteffulgenceofcloudlessskies,glowingwithwarmthandkindnessemanatingfromtheCreatorhimself。Hadtheirmasterscondescendedtoborrowthemusicoftheslaves,theywouldhavefoundnonewhosesentimentsweresuitablefortheodeofapeopleundergoingthepangsofwhatwashopedtobethebirthofanewnation。
　　ThethreesongsmostpopularattheSouth,andgenerallyregardedasdistinctivelySouthern,were"TheBonnieBlueFlag,""Maryland,MyMaryland,"and"StonewallJacksonCrossingintoMaryland。"Thefirstofthesewasthegreatestfavoritebylongodds。Womensang,menwhistled,andtheso—calledmusiciansplayeditwhereverwewent。Whileinthefieldbeforecapture,itwasthecommonestofexperiencestohaveRebelwomensingitatustauntinglyfromthehousethatwepassedornearwhichwestopped。IfevernearenoughaRebelcamp,weweresuretohearitswailingcrescendorisingupontheairfromthelipsorinstrumentsofsomeonemorequarteredthere。AtRichmonditranguponusconstantlyfromsomesourceoranother,andthesamewastruewhereverelsewewentintheso—calledConfederacy。
　　AllfamiliarwithScotchsongswillreadilyrecognizethenameandairasanoldfriend,andoneofthefierceJacobitemelodiesthatforalongtimedisturbedthetranquilityoftheBrunswickfamilyontheEnglishthrone。ThenewwordssuppliedbytheRebelsarethemerestdoggerel,andfitthemusicaspoorlyastheunchangednameofthesongfittedtoitsnewuse。TheflagoftheRebellionwasnotabonnieblueone;buthadquiteasmuchredandwhiteasazure。Itdidnothaveasinglestar,butthirteen。
　　Nearinpopularitywas"Maryland,MyMaryland。"TheversificationofthiswasofamuchhigherOrder,beingfairlyrespectable。Theairisold,andafamiliaronetoallcollegestudents,andbelongstooneofthemostcommonofGermanhouseholdsongs:
　　O,Tannenbaum！O,Tannenbaum,wietrusinddeineBlatter！
　　DagruenstnichtnurzurSommerseit,Nein,auchinWinter,whenesSchneit,etc。
　　whichLongfellowhasfinelytranslated,O,hemlocktree！O,hemlocktree！howfaithfularethybranches！
　　GreennotaloneinSummertime,ButintheWinter'sfloatandrime。
　　O,hemlocktreeO,hemlocktree！howfaithfularethybranches。etc。
　　TheRebelversionran:
　　MARYLAND。
　　Thedespot'sheelisonthyshore,Maryland！
　　Histouchisatthytempledoor,Maryland！
　　AvengethepatrioticgoreThatfleckedthestreetsofBaltimore,Andbethebattlequeenofyore,Maryland！MyMaryland！
　　Harktothewand'ringson'sappeal,Maryland！
　　MymotherState,totheeIkneel,Maryland！
　　Forlifeanddeath,forwoeandweal,Thypeerlesschivalryreveal,Andgirdthybeauteouslimbswithsteel,Maryland！MyMaryland！
　　Thouwiltnotcowerintheduet,Maryland！
　　ThybeamingswordshallneverrustMaryland！
　　RememberCarroll'ssacredtrust,RememberHoward'swarlikethrust——
　　Andallthyslumbererswiththejust,Maryland！MyMaryland！
　　Come！'tisthereddawnoftheday,Maryland！
　　Come！withthypanopliedarray,Maryland！
　　WithRinggold'sspiritforthefray,WithWatson'sbloodatMonterey,WithfearlessLoweanddashingMay,Maryland！MyMaryland！
　　Cometforthyshieldisbrightandstrong,Maryland！
　　Come！forthydalliancedoestheewrong,Maryland！
　　Come！tothinsownheroicthrong,ThatstalkswithLibertyalong,AndgiveanewKeytothysong,Maryland！MyMaryland！
　　DearMother！burstthetyrant'schain,Maryland！
　　Virginiashouldnotcallinvain,Maryland！
　　Shemeetshersistersontheplain——
　　'Sicsemper"'tistheproudrefrain,Thatbafflesmillionsbackamain,Maryland！
　　Arise,inmajestyagain,Maryland！MyMaryland！
　　Iseetheblushuponthycheek,Maryland！
　　Butthouwasteverbravelymeek,Maryland！
　　Butlo！theresurgesforthashriekFromhilltohill,fromcreektocreek——
　　PotomaccallstoChesapeake,Maryland！MyMaryland！
　　Thouwiltnotyieldthevandaltoll。
　　Maryland！
　　Thouwiltnotcrooktohiscontrol,Maryland！
　　Betterthefireupontheeroll,Bettertheblade,theshot,thebowl,Thancrucifixionofthesoul,Maryland！MyMaryland！
　　IhearthedistantThunderhem,Maryland！
　　TheOldLine'sbugle,fife,anddrum。
　　Maryland！
　　Sheisnotdead,nordeaf,nordumb——
　　Hnzza！shespurnstheNorthernscum！
　　Shebreathes——sheburns！she'llcome！she'llcome！
　　Maryland！MyMaryland！
　　"StonewallJacksonCrossingintoMaryland,"wasanothertravesty,ofaboutthesameliterarymerit,orratherdemerit,as"TheBonnieBlueFlag。"Itsairwasthatofthewell—knownandpopularnegrominstrelsong,"BillyPatterson。"Forallthat,itsoundedverymartialandstirringwhenplayedbyabrassband。
　　Weheardthesesongswithtiresomeiteration,dailyandnightly,duringourstayintheSouthernConfederacy。Someoneoftheguardsseemedtobeperpetuallybeguilingthewearinessofhiswatchbysinginginallkeys,ineverysortofavoice,andwiththewildestlatitudeastoairandtime。Theybecamesoterriblyirritatingtous,thattothisdaytheremembranceofthosesoul—laceratinglyricsabideswithmeasoneofthechiefoftheminortormentsofoursituation。Theywere,infact,nearlyasbadasthelice。
　　Werevengedourselvesasbestwecouldbyconstructingfearfullywicked,obsceneandinsultingparodiesonthese,andbysingingthemwithirritatingeffusivenessinthehearingoftheguardswhowereinflictingthesenuisancesuponus。
　　Ofthesamenaturewasthegarrisonmusic。Onefife,playedbyanasthmaticoldfellowwhosebreathingswerenearlyasaudibleashisnotes,andonerheumaticdrummer,constitutedtheentirebandforthepost。Thefiferactuallyknewbutonetune"TheBonnieBlueFlag"——
　　anddidnotknowthatwell。Butitwasallthathehad,andheplayeditwithwearisomemonotonyforeverycampcall——fiveorsixtimesaday,andsevendaysintheweek。Hecalledusupinthemorningwithitforareveille;hesoundedthe"rollcall"and"drillcall,"breakfast,dinnerandsupperwithit,andfinallysentustobed,withthesamedrearywailthathadrunginourearsallday。IneverhatedanypieceofmusicasI
　　cametohatethatthrenodyoftreason。Itwouldhavebeensuchareliefifthe,oldasthmaticwhoplayeditcouldhavebeeninducedtolearnanothertunetoplayonSundays,andgiveusonedayofrest。Hedidnot,butdesecratedtheLord'sDaybyplayingasvilelyasontherestoftheweek。TheRebelswerefullyconsciousoftheirmusicaldeficiencies,andmaderepeatedbutunsuccessfulattemptstoinducethemusiciansamongtheprisonerstocomeoutsideandformaband。
　　CHAPTERXLV
　　AUGUST——NEEDLESSTUCKINPUMPKINSEEDS——SOMEPHENOMENAOFSTARVATION——
　　RIOTINGINREMEMBEREDLUXURIES。
　　"Illinoy,"saidtall,gauntJackNorth,oftheOneHundredandFourteenthIllinois,tome,oneday,aswesatcontemplatingournaked,andsadlyattenuatedunderpinning;"whatdoourlegsandfeetmostlookmostlike？"
　　"Giveitup,Jack,"saidI。
　　"Why——darningneedlesstuckinpumpkinseeds,ofcourse。"Ineverheardabettercomparisonforourwastedlimbs。
　　Theeffectsofthegreatbodilyemaciationweresometimesverystartling。
　　Boysofafleshyhabitwouldchangesoinafewweeksastoloseallresemblancetotheirformerselves,andcomradeswhocameintoprisonlaterwouldutterlyfailtorecognizethem。Mostfatmen,asmostlargemen,diedinalittlewhileafterentering,thoughtherewereexceptions。
　　Oneofthesewasaboyofmyowncompany,namedGeorgeHillicks。Georgehadshotupwithinafewyearstooversixfeetinhight,andthen,assuchboysoccasionallydo,had,afterenlistingwithus,takenonsuchadevelopmentoffleshthatwenicknamedhimthe"Giant,"andhebecameaprettygoodloadforeventhestrongesthorse。GeorgeheldhisfleshthroughBelleIsle,andtheearlierweeksinAndersonville,butJune,July,andAugust"fetchedhim,"astheboyssaid。HeseemedtomeltawaylikeanicicleonaSpringday,andhegrewsothinthathishightseemedpreternatural。Wecalledhim"Flagstaff,"andcrackedallsortsofjokesaboutputtinganinsulatoronhishead,andsettinghimupforatelegraphpole,braidinghislegsandusinghimforawhiplash,lettinghishairgrowalittlelonger,andtradinghimofftotheRebelsforaspongeandstafffortheartillery,etc。Weallexpectedhimtodie,andlookedcontinuallyforthedevelopmentofthefatalscurvysymptoms,whichweretosealhisdoom。Butheworriedthrough,andcameoutatlastingoodshape,ahappyresultdueasmuchastoanythingelsetohishavinginChesterHayward,ofPrairieCity,Ill。,——oneofthemostdevotedchumsIeverknew。ChesternursedandlookedoutforGeorgewithwife—likefidelity,andhadhisrewardinbringinghimsafethroughourlines。TherewerethousandsofinstancesofthisgenerousdevotiontoeachotherbychumsinAndersonville,andIknowofnothingthatreflectsanymorecredituponourboysoldiers。