theincumbenthadnodistinguishingmarkseitherasateacherorasascholar，andneithersciencenorletterswillbefoundinhisdebt。Itisperhapsneedlesstoaddthatforreasonsofinvidiousdistinction，nonamescanbementionedinthisconnection。Itshouldbeaddedinilluminationoftheinstancecited，thatinthesameuniversity，byconsistentselectionanddisciplineofthepersonnel，ithadcomeaboutthat，intheapprehensionofthestaffaswellasoftheexecutive，theacceptedtestofefficiencywastheworkdoneontheadministrativecommittees——ratherthanthatoftheclassroomsorlaboratories。
　　5。Withinthepastfewyearsanacademicexecutiveofgreatnotehasbeenheardrepeatedlytoexpresshimselfinfacetiousdoubtofthispenchantforscholarlyinquiryonthepartofuniversitymen，whetheras"rese醨ch"oras"r閟earch";andthereisdoubtlessgroundforscepticismastoitspermeatingtheacademicbodywiththatstingofubiquitythatisimpliedinmanyexpressionsonthishead。Anditshouldalsobesaid，perhapsinextenuationoftheexpressioncitedabove，thatthepresidentwasaddressingdelegationsofhisownfaculty，andpresumablydirectinghisremarkstotheirspecialbenefit;andthatwhileheprofessed（nodoubtingenuously）aprofoundzealforthecauseofscienceatlarge，ithadcomeabout，selectively，throughalongcourseofsedulousattentiononhisownparttoallotherqualificationsthanthemainfact，thathisfacultyatthetimeofspeakingwasinthemainanaggregationofslack—twistedschoolmastersandmenabouttown。Suchacharacterization，however，doesnotcarryanygravelyinvidiousdiscrimination，norwillitpresumablyserveinanydegreetoidentifytheseatoflearningtowhichitrefers。
　　6。Theshareandvalueofthe"facultywives"inallthisroutineofresoluteconvivialityisalargetopic，anintelligentandveraciousaccountofwhichcouldonlybeaworkofnaivebrutality:
　　"Butthegrim，grimLadies，Oh，mybrothers！
　　Theyareladlingbitterly。
　　Theyareladlinginthework—timeoftheothers，Inthecountryofthefree。"
　　（Mrs。ElizabretHarteBrowning，inTheCryoftheHeathenChinee。）
　　7。Whattakesplacewithoutexecutivesanctionneedtroublenoone。
　　CHAPTERVI
　　ThePortionoftheScientistTheprinciplesofbusinessenterprisetouchthelifeandworkoftheacademicstaffatdiverspointsandwithvariouseffect。
　　Undertheirrule，andinsofarastheyrule，theremunerationshiftsfromthebasisofastipenddesignedtofurtherthepursuitofknowledge，tothatofawagebargain，partakingofthenatureofapiece—workscheme，designedtoprocureclass—roominstructionatthelowestpracticablecost。Abusinesslikesystemofaccountancystandardizesandmeasuresthisinstructionbymechanicallygaugedunitsofdurationandnumber，amplitudeandfrequency，andsodiscountenancesworkthatrisesaboveastaplegradeofmediocrity。Usageandtheurgentneedofareputablenotorietyimposeonuniversitymenanextraneousandexcessivelyhighstandardoflivingexpenses，whichconstrainsthemtotakeonsupernumeraryworkinexcessofwhattheycancarryinanefficientmanner。Theneedofuniversityprestigeenforcesthishighscaleofexpenses，andalsopushesthemembersofthestaffintoaroutineofpolitedissipation，ceremonialdisplay，exhibitionsofquasi—scholarlyproficiencyandpropagandistintrigue。
　　Ifthesebusinessprincipleswerequitefreetoworkouttheirlogicalconsequences，untroubledbyanydisturbingfactorsofanunbusinesslikenature，theoutcomeshouldbetoputthepursuitofknowledgedefinitivelyinabeyancewithintheuniversity，andtosubstituteforthatobjectivesomethingforwhichthelanguagehithertolacksadesignation。
　　Fordiversreasonsofanunbusinesslikekind，suchaconsummate（"sweat—shop"）schemehasneverfullybeenachieved，particularlynotinestablishmentsthatare，properlyspeaking，ofanythinglikeuniversitygrade。Thisperfectschemeoflow—costperfunctoryinstruction，high—coststagepropertiesandpress—agents，publicsonganddance，expensivebanquets，speech—makingandprocessions，isneverfullyroundedout。Thisamountstoadmittingapartialdefeatforthegildofbusinesslike"educators。"While，asamatterofspeculativepredilection，theymaynotaimtoleavethehigherlearningoutoftheuniversity，theruleofcompetitivebusinessprinciplesconsistentlypushestheiradministrationtowardthatend;whichtheyarecontinuallypreventedfromattaining，bythenecessaryconditionsunderwhichtheircompetitiveenterpriseiscarriedon。
　　Forbetterorworse，therearealwaysandnecessarilypresentamongtheacademiccorpsacertainnumberofmenwhosesenseofthegenteelpropertiesistoovagueandmeagre，whosegraspoftheprinciplesofofficialprefermentistooweakandinconsequential，whoseaddictiontothepursuitofknowledgeistooingrained，topermittheirconformingwhollytothecompetitiveexigenciesofthecase。Byforceoftheexigenciesofcompetitiveprestigethereis，ofcourse，alimitoftolerancethatsetsdecentboundsbothtothenumberofsuchsupererogatoryscholarsharbouredbytheuniversity，andthelatitudeallowedthemintheirintemperatepursuitofknowledge;buttheirpresenceintheacademicbodyis，afterall，neitheranirrelevantaccidentnoratransientembarrassment。Itis，inonesenseoftheexpression，fortheuseofsuchmen，andfortheusewhichsuchmenfindforit，thattheuniversityexistsatall;insomesuchsense，indeed，asagovernment，apoliticalmachine，arailwaycorporationoratoll—road，maybesaidtoexistfortheuseofthecommunityfromwhichtheygettheirliving。Itistrueinthesensethatthisostensibleusecannotbeleftoutofaccountinthelongrun。Butevenfromdaytodaythisscholarlypurposeisneverquitelostsightof。Thehabitofcountingitin，asamatterofcourse，affectsallconcerned，insomedegree;
　　andcomplacentprofessionsoffaithtothateffectcrossoneanotherfromallquarters。Itmayfrequentlyhappenthattheenterprisingmeninwhomacademicdiscretioncentreswillhavenoclearconceptionofwhatisimpliedinthisscholarlypurposetowhichtheygiveaperfunctorymatter—of—courseendorsement，andmuchoftheirprofessionsonthatheadmaybeadcaptandum;butthatitneedbeamatterofcoursearguesthatitmustbecountedwith。
　　Still，inthedegreeinwhichbusinessprinciplesrulethecasetheoutcomewillbeofmuchthesamecomplexionasitmightbeintheabsenceofanysuchprepossession，intelligentorotherwise，infavourofthehigherlearningonthepartofthedirectorate;forcompetitionhasthesameeffecthereaselsewhere，inthatitpermitsnoneofthecompetitorstoforegoanyexpedientthathasbeenfoundadvantageousbyanyoneofthem。Sothat，whatevercoursemightbedictatedbythesentimentsofthedirectorate，thecourseenjoinedbytheprinciplesofcompetitivebusinesssetstowardthesuppressionoreliminationofallsuchscholarlyorscientificworkfromtheuniversityasdoesnotcontributeimmediatelytoitsprestige，——
　　exceptsofarastheconditionsalludedtomakesuchacourseimpracticable。
　　Itisnotaneasyoragracefulmatterforabusinesslikeexecutivetogetridofanyundecorativeorindecorousscientist，whoseonlyfaultisanundulypertinaciouspursuitoftheworkforwhichalonetheuniversityclaimstoexist，whosefailureconsistsinlivinguptotheprofessionsoftheexecutiveinsteadofprofessingtoliveuptothem。Academictraditiongivesabroad，thoughperhapsuncertain，sanctiontothescientificspiritthatmovesthisobscureelementintheacademicbody。Andthen，theirmorehappilygifted，moreworldly—wisecolleagueshavealsoadegreeofrespectforsuchasingle—mindedpursuitofknowledge，evenwhiletheymayviewthesenaivechildrenofimpulsewithsomethingofanamusedcompassion;forthegeneralbodyoftheacademicstaffisstillmadeuplargelyofmenwhohavestartedoutwithscholarlyideals，eventhoughtheseidealsmayhavesomewhatfallenawayfromthemundertherubofexpediency。Atleastinagenial，speculativesenseofthephrase，scholarshipstilloutranksofficialprefermentintheesteemofthegeneralityofacademicmen，particularlysolongasthequestiondoesnotbecomepersonalandtouchtheirownpreferment。Ingreatparttheacademiccorpsstillunderstandsandappreciatesthescholarlyanimus，andlooks，onthewhole，kindlyandsympathetically——indeed，withatouchofenvy——onthoseamongthemwhoaresodriventofollowtheirownscientificbent，totheneglectofexpedientgentilityandpublicity。
　　Thelikecan，ofcourse，notbesofreelysaidofthatbodyofbusinessmeninwhomisvestedthefinalcontrol;yetthissentimentofgenialapprovalthatpervadestheacademicbodyfindssomevagueresponseevenamongthese;andinanyeventitisalwaystobereckonedwithandisnottobeoutraged，unlessforagoodandvaluableconsideration。Itcannotaltogetherbesetaside，although，itistrue，theconductofcertainexecutiveheads，grownoldinautocraticruleandself—complacency，mayattimesappeartoarguethecontrary。Sothat，byandlarge，thereresultsanunstablecompromisebetweentherequirementsofscholarlyfitnessandthoseofcompetitiveenterprise，withadoubtfulandshiftingissue。Justatpresent，underthefirmhandofanenterprisingandautocraticexecutive，theprinciplesofcompetitivebusinessareapparentlygaininggroundinthegreateruniversities，wherethevolumeoftraffichelpstocloudthedetailsofsuppression，andthecultoflearningisgraduallyfallingintoamoreprecariousposition。
　　Inacuriousway，too，thefullswingofbusinessprinciplesinacademiclifeishinderedbythenecessarywaysandmeansthroughwhichtheseprinciplesareworkedout;somuchso，indeed，astothrowaseriousdoubtontheirultimatelyachievinganundivideddominion。Takenasabusinessconcern，theuniversityisinaverysingularposition。Thereasonforitsbeing，atall，istheeducationalaspirationthatbesetsmodernmankind。Itsonlyostensiblereasonforbeing，andsoforitsbeinggovernedandmanaged，competitivelyorotherwise，istheadvancementoflearning。Andthisadvancementoflearningisinnodegreeabusinessproposition;andyetitmust，forthepresentatleast，remainthesoleostensiblepurposeofthebusinesslikeuniversity。Inthemain，therefore，allthecompetitiveendeavoursandmanoeuvresofthecaptainsoferuditioninchargemustbemadeundercoverofanostensibleendeavourtofurtherthisnon—competitiveadvancementoflearning，atallcosts。Sincelearningisnotacompetitivematter;since，indeed，competitioninanyguiseorbearinginthisfieldisdetrimentaltolearning;thecompetitivemanoeuvresoftheacademicexecutivemustbecarriedonsurreptitiously，inasense，cloakedasanon—competitivecampaignfortheincreaseofknowledgewithoutfearorfavour。
　　Allthisplacestheexecutiveinaverydelicateposition。Ontheonehandtheprinciplesofcompetitivebusiness，embodiedinaplenaryboardofcontrolandinacriticalscrutinyfromthesideofthebusinesscommunityatlarge，demandthatallappointments，promotions，dismissals，ceremonials，pronouncementsandexpenditures，mustbemadewithaconstantviewtotheirhighestadvertisingeffect;whereasthenotionscurrentastowhatisfittinginaseminaryofthehigherlearning，ontheotherhand，somewhatincongruouslydemandthatallthesedeedsofcommissionandomissionbedonewithaneyesingletotheincreaseofknowledge，regardlessofappearances。Andthisdoubleresponsibilityfalls，ofnecessity，ontheexecutiveheadoftheuniversity，underthepresentr間imeofcentralizedautocraticrule。Anyethicalcodethatshallpermittheexecutiveheadtoaccomplishwhatisexpectedofhiminthewayofacompetitiveenterpriseunderthesecircumstances，willnecessarilybevagueandshifty，nottoandmenwhohavetriedtodosaytenuousandshadowy;theirwholedutyinthesepremisesarereadytoadmitthattheyhavebeencalledontofacemanydistastefulsituations，wherehonestywouldnotapproveitselfasthebestpolicy。（1*）
　　Whateverexpedientsofdecorativereal—estate，spectacularpageantry，bureaucraticmagnificence，elusivestatistics，vocationaltraining，genteelsolemnitiesandsweat—shopinstruction，maybeimposedbytheexigenciesofacompetitivebusinesspolicy，theuniversityisafterallaseatoflearning，devotedtothecultoftheidlecuriosity，——otherwisecalledthescientificspirit。Andstultification，broadandfinal，waitsonanyuniversitydirectoratethatshalldaretoavowanyotherendasitsobjective。Sotheappearanceofanunwaveringdevotiontothepursuitofknowledgemustbekeptup。Hencethepresenceofscholarsandscientistsofacceptedstandingisindispensabletotheuniversity，asameansofkeepingupitsprestige。Theneedofthemmaybeaneedoftheircountenanceratherthanoftheirwork，buttheyareindispensable，andtheybringwiththemthedefectsoftheirqualities。Whenamanachievessuchnotorietyforscientificattainmentsastogivehimahighvalueasanarticleofparade，thechancesarethatheisendowedwithsomeshareofthescientificanimus，andheislikelytohavefallenintothehabitofratingthetriumphsofscienceabovethoseofthemarketplace。Suchapersonwillalmostunavoidablyaffectthespiritofanyacademiccorpsintowhichheisintruded。Hewillalso，inameasure，bendtheforcesoftheestablishmenttoalong—termefficiencyinthepursuitofknowledge，ratherthantothepursuitofareputablenotorietyfromdaytoday。Totheenterprisingcaptainoferuditionheislikelytoprovecostlyandinconvenient，butheisunavoidable。
　　Thiswillholdtrueinageneralway，andwithdueexceptions，formenprominentinthosematerialsciencesthathavetodowithdataofsuchatangiblecharacter，andgivetheirresultsinsuchtermsofmechanicalfact，astopermitapassablycloseappreciationoftheirworthbythelaity。Itappliesonlymoreloosely，withlargerexceptionsandawidermarginoferror，inthehumanitiesandtheso—calledmoralandsocialsciences。Inthislatterfieldaclamorousconformitytocurrentprepossessions，particularlytheconventionalprepossessionsofrespectability，oranedifyingandincisiverehearsalofcommonplaces，willcommonlypassinpopularesteemforscholarlyandscientificmerit。Atruculentquietismisoftenacceptedasamarkofscientificmaturity。Thereasonforthiswillappearpresently。Butsofaraspopularesteemisatruthfulindexofscientificachievement。thepropositionholds，thatscientistswhohavedonegreatthingshaveabusinessvaluetothecaptainoferuditionasameansofadvancingtheuniversity’sprestige;
　　andsofartheindicatedconsequencesfollow。Insomemeasurethescientificmensointrudedintotheacademicbodyareinapositiontogiveadirectiontoaffairswithintheirfieldandwithintheframeworkofthegeneralpolicy。Theyareabletoclaimrankanddiscretion，andtheirchoice，oratleasttheirassent，mustbeconsultedintheselectionoftheirsubalterns，andinadegreealsointheorganizationofthedepartment’swork。Itistrue，menwhosetalent，interestandexperiencerunchieflywithinthelinesofscientificinquiry，arecommonlyneitherskillednorshrewdmanagersinthatgiveandtakeofsubtletiesandambiguitiesbywhichtheinternalmachineryoftheuniversityiskeptinlineandrunningunderabusinesslikeadministration;butevenso，theiraimsandprepossessionswillinameasureaffecttheanimusandshapetheworkoftheacademicbody。Allthisappliesparticularlyonthehigherlevelsofresearch，ascontrastedwiththecommonplace（undergraduate）workofinstruction。Butatthispoint，therefore，theprinciplesofcompetitivepublicitycarrywiththemapartialneutralizationoftheirowntendency。
　　Thisnecessityofemployingscientistsofacommandingforceandrankraisesapointofsomedelicacyintheadministrationofthecompetitiveuniversity。Itisnecessarytoassignthesemenarelativelyhighrankintheacademichierarchy;bothbecausetheywillacceptnosubordinateplaceandbecausetheadvertisingvalueoftheirprestigewillbecurtailedbyreducingthemtoaninconspicuousposition。Andwithhighrankisnecessarilyassociatedarelativelylargediscretionandawideinfluenceinacademicaffairs，atleastonthefaceofthings。Suchmen，soplaced，areapttobeexactinginmatterswhichtheyconceivetobearontheworkintheirownsciences，andtheirexactionsmaynotbeguidedchieflybytheconspicuousnessoftheequipmentwhichtheyrequireoroftheresultsatwhichtheyaim。Theyarealsonotcommonlyadroitmenofaffairs，inthebusinesssenseoftheterm;notgiventoconciliatorycompromisesandanexhibitionofcomplaisantstatistics。Theframingofshrewdlinesofcompetitivestrategy，andthebureaucraticpunctiliosofuniversityadministration，donotcommonlyengagetheirbestinterest，evenifitdoesnotstirthemtoanindecorousimpatience。（2*）
　　Shouldsuchamanbecomeundulyinsistentinhisadvocacyofscholarship，soasseriouslytotraversethestatisticalaspirationsoftheexecutive，orinanywaytoendangertheimmediatepopularprestigeoftheuniversity，thenitmaybecomeanopenquestionwhetherhispersonalprestigehasnotbeenboughtattoohighacost。Asabusinessproposition，itmayevenbecomeexpedienttoretirehim。Buthisretirementmaynotbeaneasymattertoarrange。Thebusinesslikegroundsofitcannotwellbeavowed，sinceitisinvolvedintheschemeofacademicdecorum，aswellasintheschemeofpublicity，thatmotivesofnotorietymustnotbeavowed。Colourablegroundsofanotherkindmustbefound，suchaswilldivertthepopularimaginationfromthepointatissue。Byajudiciouscourseofvexationandequivocations，anobnoxiousscientistmaybemanoeuvredintosuchapositionthathispridewillforcea"voluntary"resignation。
　　Failingthis，itmaybecomenecessary，howeverdistasteful，delicatelytodefamehisdomesticlife，orhisracial，religiousorpoliticalstatus。InAmericasuchanappealtothebasersentimentswillcommonlycloudtheissuesufficientlyforthepurposeinhand，eventhoughitallhasnothingtodowiththeman’sfitnessforuniversitywork。Suchastep，however，isnottobetakenunlessthecaseisurgent;ifthereisdangerofestrangingtheaffectionsofpotentialdonors，orifitinvolvesanythinglikeovertdisloyaltytotheexecutivehead。
　　Thisisoneofthepointsatwhichitisnecessarytorecallthefactthatnosettledcodeofbusinessethicshasyetbeenworkedoutfortheguidanceofcompetitiveuniversitymanagement;
　　norisiteasytoseehowsuchacodecanbeworkedout，solongastheuniversityremainsostensiblyaseatoflearning，unabletoavowanyothergroundofactionthanasingle—mindedpursuitofknowledge。Ithasbeenalleged——indeeditisfastbecomingatradition——thattheexecutivesofthegreatcompetitiveuniversitieshabituallyallowsomepeculiarlatitudeastouchesthecanonsoftruthandfairdealing。Ifthisdescribesthefacts，itshouldnotbecountedagainstthesediscreetmenwhosohavetotaxtheiringenuity，butagainstthesituationinwhichtheyareplaced，whichmakesitimpracticabletoobserveanicediscriminationinmattersofveracity。Statementsoffact，undersuchconditions，willingreatpartbecontrolledbytheendtobeaccomplished，ratherthanbyantecedentcircumstances;suchstatementsarenecessarilyofateleologicalorder。Asinothercompetitivebusiness，factshaveinthisconnectiononlyastrategicvalue;buttheexigenciesofstrategyherearepeculiarlyexacting，andoftenrigorous。
　　Academictraditionandcurrentcommonsenseuniteinimposingontheuniversitiestheemploymentofprominentscholarsandscientists，inthatmenofnoteinthisclasshaveahighprestigevalueforpurposesofpublicity;anditwassuggestedabovethatareservationofsomebreadthmustbemadeonthishead。Commonnotorietyistheduetestofeminencewhichthecompetitiveuniversitymustapplyintheselectionofitsnotables。Butinthesciencesthatdealwiththelesstangibleandmeasureabledata，theso—calledmoralorsocialsciences，commonnotorietyisnotevenanapproximatelyaccurateindexofscientificcapacityorattainments;andstillitis，ofcourse，thestandingoftheincumbentsinpointofcommonnotorietythatmustchieflybehadinviewinanystrictvaluationofthemforpurposesofacademicprestige。Theyareneededfortheadvertisingvaluewhichtheybring，andforthispurposetheyarevaluablesomewhatinproportiontotherankawardedthembycommonreportamongthatunlearnedelement，whosegoodopinionthecompetitiveuniversitymustconciliate。Butinthenatureofthecase，withintherangeofsciencesnamed，theestimateoftheunlearnedisnecessarilyinthewrong。
　　Withtheexceptionofarchaeologicalinquiriesandthestudyoflaw，ascommonlypursued，thesemoralorsocialsciencesareoccupiedwithinquiryintothenatureoftheconventionsunderwhichmenlive，theinstitutionsofsociety——customs，usages，traditions，conventions，canonsofconduct，standardsoflife，oftaste，ofmoralityandreligion，lawandorder。Nofaithfulinquiryintothesematterscanavoidanairofscepticismastothestabilityorfinalityofsomeoneorotheramongthereceivedarticlesofinstitutionalfurniture。Aninquiryintothenatureandcauses，theworkingandtheoutcome，ofthisinstitutionalapparatus，willdisturbthehabitualconvictionsandpreconceptionsonwhichtheyrest，eveniftheoutcomeoftheinquiryshouldbearnocolouroficonoclasm;unless，indeed，theinquirerweresofortunateastostartwithaninalienablepresumptionthatthereceivedconvictionsonthesemattersneednoinquiryandareeternallyrightandgood;inwhichcasehedoesbesttorestcontentathispointofdeparture。Scepticismisthebeginningofscience。Hereinliesthedifferencebetweenhomileticalexpositionandscientificinquiry。
　　Now，onthesemattersofhabitandconvention，moralityandreligion，lawandorder——matterswhichintimatelytouchthecommunity’sacceptedschemeoflife——allmenhaveconvictions;
　　sentimentalconvictionstowhichtheyadherewithaninstinctivetenacity，andanydisturbanceofwhichtheyresentasaviolationoffundamentaltruth。Theseinstitutionsofsocietyaremadeupofthehabitsofthoughtofthepeoplewholiveunderthem。Theconsensusoftheunlearned，orunscientific，asregardsthescientificvalidityofinquirieswhichtouchthesemattersmeanslittleelsethanthecollectiveexpressionsofajealousorthodoxywithrespecttothearticlesofthecurrentsocialcreed。Onewhopurportstobeascientistinthisfieldcangainpopularapprovalofhisscientificcapacity，particularlythebusinessmen’sapproval，onlybyacceptingandconfirmingcurrentconvictionsregardingthoseelementsoftheacceptedschemeoflifewithwhichhisscienceisoccupied。Anyinquirywhichdoesnotleadtocorroborationoftheopinionsinvogueamongtheunlearnediscondemnedasbeingspuriousanddangerouslywrong—headed;whereasanunbiassedinquiryintothesethings，ofcourse，neitherconfirmsnordisputestheschemeofthingsintowhichitinquires。Andso，atthebest，itfallsintothesameclasswiththefabledAlexandrinebooksthateitheragreedwiththeKoranordisagreedwithit，andwerethereforeeitheridleorsacrilegious。
　　Withinthisfield，vulgarsentimentwilltolerateascepticalornon—committalattitudetowardvulgarconvictionsonlyasregardsthedecorativefurnishings，notasregardsthesubstanceoftheviewsarrivedat。Someslightplayofhazardousphrasesaboutthefringeoftheinstitutionalfabricmaybetoleratedbythepopulartaste，asanelementofspice，andasindicatingagenerousandunbiassedmind;butinsuchcasestheconclusivetestofscientificcompetencyandleadership，inthepopularapprehension，isasereneandmagniloquentreturntotheorthodoxcommonplaces，afterallsuchplayfulexcursions。Infact，substantiallynothingbuthomileticsandwoolgatheringwillpasspopularmusterasscienceinthisconnection。
　　Soitcomesaboutthatthemenwhoarebycommonnotorietyheldtobetheleadersinthisfieldoflearning，andwhothereforearelikelytobethrownupbyofficialpreferment，aresuchasenlargeonthecommonplaceandaphoristicwisdomofthelaity。Notthattheofficialsanctionfallsunfailinglyontheparagonsofmediocrity;therearemanyandillustriousexceptions，afairproportionofwhomwouldbeillustriousevenwithouttheofficialsanction;andinthisconnectionitisinplacetorecallthatbusinessprincipleshavenothithertoheldundividedandsovereigndominioninthisprovince，andthatthereisevenreasontobelievethattheyarenotyetcomingfullyintotheirown。
　　Theseputativeleadersofsciencereferredtoare，inthecommonrunofcases，notmenwithwhomthesciencewillhavetocount;butbyvirtueoftheireligibilityasacademicspokesmenofthescience，theyaremenwithwhomtheircontemporariesinthesciencewillhavetocount。Asisshownbytheexperienceofthepast，theyarelikelytobewellforgottenbythegenerationthatfollowsthem，buttheyare，perforce，equallywellrememberedbytheircontemporaries。Itisnotthelong—termserviceabilityoftheseofficialscientiststhatcountstowardtheiravailabilityforacademicleadership，buttheirpopularprestige。Theymaynotbesuchleadersasthescienceneeds，buttheyaresuchexponentsofopinionasarebelievedtocommendthemselvestothetastesofthewell—to—dolaity。Acitationofinstanceswouldseeminvidious，nor，presumably，isitcalledfor。Theanecdotalhistoryofcontemporaryeventsisparticularlyfullatthisjuncture;whiletooutsiderswhoarenotinapositiontoappreciateeithertheurgencyorthesubtletyofthemotivesofacademicexpediencyinthisbearing，arecitalofillustrativeinstancesmightseemeitherlibellousorfarcical。
　　Theexigenciesofcompetitiveacademicenterprise，especiallyinitsrelationtothemaintenanceandincreaseofendowment，placetheexecutiveinaverydelicatepositioninthismatterandleavelittleroomforsqueamishdeliberation。
　　Attheriskoftedium，itisnecessarytopushtheanalysisofbusinesslikemotivesandtheirbearingastepfartheratthispoint。Itisnotsimplythevulgar，commonplaceconvictionsofthepopulacethatmustreceiveconsiderationinthisfieldofthemoralandsocialsciences，——includingsuchmattersasreligion，sociology，economics，andpoliticalscience，so—called。Whatisespeciallytobeconciliatedbytheofficialscientistsisthecurrentrangeofconvictionsonalltheseheadsamongthosewell—to—doclassesfromwhomtheinstitutionhopestodrawcontributionstoitsendowment，ontheonehand，andthemorereputablepartofitsundergraduateclient鑜e，ontheotherhand。
　　Whichcomes，broadly，tosayingthatajealouseyemustbehadtotheviewsandprepossessionsprevalentamongtherespectable，conservativemiddleclass;withaparticularregardtothatmoreselectbodyofsubstantialcitizenswhohavethedisposalofaccumulatedwealth。Thisselectandsubstantialelementareonthewholemoreconservative，moreold—fashionedintheirviewsofwhatisright，goodandtrue，andholdtheirviewsonmorearchaicgroundsofconviction，thanthegeneralityofthevulgar。
　　Andwithinthisconservativebody，again，itistheelderlyrepresentativesoftheoldorderthatarechieflytobeconsidered，——sinceitisthehonourablecustomamongmenoflargemeansnottogivelargelytoinstitutionsoflearninguntillateinlife。
　　Itistobeaccountedoneofthemeritoriouscustomsofthegreaterbusinessmenthat，onewithanother，theyeventuallyconvertashareoftheirtakingstotheinstallationofschoolsandsimilarestablishmentsdesignedtoserveandtoconservetheamenitiesofcivilizedlife。Usuallyitisinlaterlife，orasanactofleave—taking，thatthismunificenceisexercised。
　　Usually，too，thegreatmenwhoputforththislargemunificencedonothampertheirbountywithmanyrestrictionsonthecharacteroftheenlightenmentwhichitistoserve。Indeed，thereisinthisrespectacertainlargemodestyandcontinencecustomarilyassociatedwiththelargedonations。Butlikeothermenofforceandthoughtfulness，thelargeandelderlybusinessmenhavewell—assuredconvictionsandpreferences;andasisthecasewithothermenofthepassinggeneration，sowiththesuperannuatedbusinessmen，theirconvictionsandpreferencesfalloutonthesideoftheoldorderratherthancontrariwise。Awiseacademicpolicy，conductedbyanexecutivelookingtothefiscalinterestsoftheuniversity，willaimnottoalienatetheaffectionsofthelargebusinessmenofaripeage，byharbouringspecialistswhoseinquiresarelikelytotraversetheseold—settledconvictionsinthesocial，economic，political，orreligiousdomain。Itisbadbusinesspolicytocreateunnecessaryannoyance。Soitcomesaboutthatthehabitualmunificenceofthecaptainsofindustrywhohavereachedtheirtermwillhavegraveconsequencesforthatrangeofacademicsciencethatisoccupiedwithmattersonwhichtheyholdconvictions。（3*）
　　Thereresultsagenialendeavourtokeepstepwiththemoribundcaptainsofindustryandtherelicsofthewealthydead。
　　Remotelybyforceofaworldly—wiseappointingpower，proximatelybyforceofthegoodtasteandsobersenseofwell—chosenincumbents，somethingoffilialpietycomestopervadetheacademichandlingofthoseinstitutionalphenomenathattouchthesentimentsofthepassinggeneration。Henceitcomesthatcurrentacademicworkintheprovinceofthesocial，political，andeconomicsciences，aswellasinthesciencesthattouchthereligiousinterest，hasalargerreputationforassuranceanddignitythanforanincisivecanvassingoftheavailablematerial。