IwasfiredwithalongingtoascendtheAmazon。Alsowithalongingtoopenupatradeincocawithalltheworld。DuringmonthsIdreamedthatdream，andtriedtocontrivewaystogettoParaandspringthatsplendidenterpriseuponanunsuspectingplanet。Butallinvain。ApersonmayPLANasmuchashewantsto，butnothingofconsequenceislikelytocomeofituntilthemagicianCIRCUMSTANCEstepsinandtakesthematteroffhishands。AtlastCircumstancecametomyhelp。Itwasinthisway。Circumstance，tohelporhurtanotherman，madehimloseafiftydollarbillinthestreet;andtohelporhurtme，mademefindit。Iadvertisedthefind，andleftfortheAmazonthesameday。Thiswasanotherturningpoint，anotherlink。
CouldCircumstancehaveorderedanotherdwellerinthattowntogototheAmazonandopenupaworldtradeincocaonafifty
dollarbasisandbeenobeyed？No，Iwastheonlyone。Therewereotherfoolsthereshoalsandshoalsofthembuttheywerenotofmykind。Iwastheonlyoneofmykind。
Circumstanceispowerful，butitcannotworkalone;ithastohaveapartner。Itspartnerisman’sTEMPERAMENThisnaturaldisposition。Histemperamentisnothisinvention，itisBORNinhim，andhehasnoauthorityoverit，neitherisheresponsibleforitsacts。Hecannotchangeit，nothingcanchangeit，nothingcanmodifyitexcepttemporarily。Butitwon’tstaymodified。Itispermanent，likethecoloroftheman’seyesandtheshapeofhisears。Blueeyesaregrayincertainunusuallights;
buttheyresumetheirnaturalcolorwhenthatstressisremoved。
ACircumstancethatwillcoerceonemanwillhavenoeffectuponamanofadifferenttemperament。IfCircumstancehadthrownthebanknoteinCaesar’sway，histemperamentwouldnothavemadehimstartfortheAmazon。Histemperamentwouldhavecompelledhimtodosomethingwiththemoney，butnotthat。ItmighthavemadehimadvertisethenoteandWAIT。Wecan’ttell。
Also，itmighthavemadehimgotoNewYorkandbuyintotheGovernment，withresultsthatwouldleaveTweednothingtolearnwhenitcamehisturn。
Verywell，Circumstancefurnishedthecapital，andmytemperamenttoldmewhattodowithit。Sometimesatemperamentisanass。Whenthatisthecaseoftheownerofitisanass，too，andisgoingtoremainone。Training，experience，association，cantemporarilysopolishhim，improvehim，exalthimthatpeoplewillthinkheisamule，buttheywillbemistaken。ArtificiallyheISamule，forthetimebeing，butatbottomheisanassyet，andwillremainone。
BytemperamentIwasthekindofpersonthatDOESthings。
Doesthem，andreflectsafterward。SoIstartedfortheAmazonwithoutreflectingandwithoutaskinganyquestions。Thatwasmorethanfiftyyearsago。Inallthattimemytemperamenthasnotchanged，byevenashade。Ihavebeenpunishedmanyandmanyatime，andbitterly，fordoingthingsandreflectingafterward，butthesetortureshavebeenofnovaluetome;IstilldothethingcommandedbyCircumstanceandTemperament，andreflectafterward。Alwaysviolently。WhenIamreflecting，ontheseoccasions，evendeafpersonscanhearmethink。
IwentbythewayofCincinnati，anddowntheOhioandMississippi。Myideawastotakeship，atNewOrleans，forPara。
InNewOrleansIinquired，andfoundtherewasnoshipleavingforPara。Also，thatthereneverhadBEENoneleavingforPara。
Ireflected。ApolicemancameandaskedmewhatIwasdoing，andItoldhim。Hemadememoveon，andsaidifhecaughtmereflectinginthepublicstreetagainhewouldrunmein。
AfterafewdaysIwasoutofmoney。ThenCircumstancearrived，withanotherturningpointofmylifeanewlink。Onmywaydown，Ihadmadetheacquaintanceofapilot。Ibeggedhimtoteachmetheriver，andheconsented。Ibecameapilot。
ByandbyCircumstancecameagainintroducingtheCivilWar，thistime，inordertopushmeaheadanotherstageortwotowardtheliteraryprofession。Theboatsstoppedrunning，mylivelihoodwasgone。
Circumstancecametotherescuewithanewturningpointandafreshlink。MybrotherwasappointedsecretarytothenewTerritoryofNevada，andheinvitedmetogowithhimandhelphiminhisoffice。Iaccepted。
InNevada，CircumstancefurnishedmethesilverfeverandI
wentintotheminestomakeafortune，asIsupposed;butthatwasnottheidea。Theideawastoadvancemeanothersteptowardliterature。ForamusementIscribbledthingsfortheVirginiaCityENTERPRISE。Oneisn’taprintertenyearswithoutsettingupacresofgoodandbadliterature，andlearningunconsciouslyatfirst，consciouslylatertodiscriminatebetweenthetwo，withinhismentallimitations;andmeantimeheisunconsciouslyacquiringwhatiscalleda"style。"Oneofmyeffortsattractedattention，andtheENTERPRISEsentformeandputmeonitsstaff。
AndsoIbecameajournalistanotherlink。ByandbyCircumstanceandtheSacramentoUNIONsentmetotheSandwichIslandsforfiveorsixmonths，towriteupsugar。Ididit;andthrewinagooddealofextraneousmatterthathadn’tanythingtodowithsugar。
Butitwasthisextraneousmatterthathelpedmetoanotherlink。
Itmademenotorious，andSanFranciscoinvitedmetolecture。
WhichIdid。Andprofitably。Ihadlonghadadesiretotravelandseetheworld，andnowCircumstancehadmostkindlyandunexpectedlyhurledmeupontheplatformandfurnishedmethemeans。
SoIjoinedthe"QuakerCityExcursion。"
WhenIreturnedtoAmerica，Circumstancewaswaitingonthepier
withtheLASTlinktheconspicuous，theconsummating，thevictoriouslink:IwasaskedtoWRITEABOOK，andIdidit，andcalleditTHEINNOCENTSABROAD。ThusIbecameatlastamemberoftheliteraryguild。Thatwasfortytwoyearsago，andIhavebeenamembereversince。LeavingtheRubiconincidentawaybackwhereitbelongs，IcansaywithtruththatthereasonIamintheliteraryprofessionisbecauseIhadthemeasleswhenIwastwelveyearsold。
III
Nowwhatinterestsme，asregardsthesedetails，isnotthedetailsthemselves，butthefactthatnoneofthemwasforeseenbyme，noneofthemwasplannedbyme，Iwastheauthorofnoneofthem。Circumstance，workinginharnesswithmytemperament，createdthemallandcompelledthemall。Ioftenofferedhelp，andwiththebestintentions，butitwasrejectedasarule，uncourteously。IcouldneverplanathingandgetittocomeoutthewayIplannedit。ItcameoutsomeotherwaysomewayIhadnotcountedupon。
AndsoIdonotadmirethehumanbeingasanintellectualmarvelasmuchasIdidwhenIwasyoung，andgothimoutofbooks，anddidnotknowhimpersonally。WhenIusedtoreadthatsuchandsuchageneraldidacertainbrilliantthing，Ibelievedit。Whereasitwasnotso。Circumstancediditbyhelpofhistemperament。Thecircumstanceswouldhavefailedofeffectwithageneralofanothertemperament:hemightseethechance，butlosetheadvantagebybeingbynaturetooslowortooquickortoodoubtful。OnceGeneralGrantwasaskedaquestionaboutamatterwhichhadbeenmuchdebatedbythepublicandthenewspapers;heansweredthequestionwithoutanyhesitancy。
"General，whoplannedthethemarchthroughGeorgia？""Theenemy！"Headdedthattheenemyusuallymakesyourplansforyou。Hemeantthattheenemybyneglectorthroughforceofcircumstancesleavesanopeningforyou，andyouseeyourchanceandtakeadvantageofit。
Circumstancesdotheplanningforusall，nodoubt，byhelpofourtemperaments。Iseenogreatdifferencebetweenamanandawatch，exceptthatthemanisconsciousandthewatchisn’t，andthemanTRIEStoplanthingsandthewatchdoesn’t。Thewatchdoesn’twinditselfanddoesn’tregulateitselfthesethingsaredoneexteriorly。Outsideinfluences，outsidecircumstances，windtheMANandregulatehim。Lefttohimself，hewouldn’tgetregulatedatall，andthesortoftimehewouldkeepwouldnotbevaluable。Someraremenarewonderfulwatches，withgoldcase，compensationbalance，andallthosethings，andsomemenareonlysimpleandsweetandhumbleWaterburys。IamaWaterbury。AWaterburyofthatkind，somesay。
Anationisonlyanindividualmultiplied。ItmakesplansandCircumstancescomesandupsetsthemorenlargesthem。Somepatriotsthrowtheteaoverboard;someotherpatriotsdestroyaBastille。ThePLANSstopthere;thenCircumstancecomesin，quiteunexpectedly，andturnsthesemodestriotsintoarevolution。
AndtherewaspoorColumbus。Heelaboratedadeepplantofindanewroutetoanoldcountry。Circumstancerevisedhisplanforhim，andhefoundanewWORLD。AndHEgetsthecreditofittothisday。Hehadn’tanythingtodowithit。
Necessarilythesceneoftherealturningpointofmylife（andofyours）wastheGardenofEden。Itwastherethatthefirstlinkwasforgedofthechainthatwasultimatelytoleadtotheemptyingofmeintotheliteraryguild。Adam’sTEMPERAMENT
wasthefirstcommandtheDeityeverissuedtoahumanbeingonthisplanet。AnditwastheonlycommandAdamwouldNEVERbeabletodisobey。Itsaid，"Beweak，bewater，becharacterless，becheaplypersuadable。"Thelattercommand，toletthefruitalone，wascertaintobedisobeyed。NotbyAdamhimself，butbyhisTEMPERAMENTwhichhedidnotcreateandhadnoauthorityover。FortheTEMPERAMENTistheman;thethingtrickedoutwithclothesandnamedManismerelyitsShadow，nothingmore。Thelawofthetiger’stemperamentis，Thoushaltkill;thelawofthesheep’stemperamentisThoushaltnotkill。Toissuelatercommandsrequiringthetigertoletthefatstrangeralone，andrequiringthesheeptoimbueitshandsinthebloodofthelionisnotworthwhile，forthosecommandsCAN’Tbeobeyed。TheywouldinvitetoviolationsofthelawofTEMPERAMENT，whichissupreme，andtakeprecedenceofallotherauthorities。IcannothelpfeelingdisappointedinAdamandEve。Thatis，intheirtemperaments。NotinTHEM，poorhelplessyoungcreatures
afflictedwithtemperamentsmadeoutofbutter;whichbutterwascommandedtogetintocontactwithfireandBEMELTED。WhatI
cannothelpwishingis，thatAdamhadbeenpostponed，andMartinLutherandJoanofArcputintheirplacethatsplendidpairequippedwithtemperamentsnotmadeofbutter，butofasbestos。
ByneithersugarypersuasionsnorbyhellfirecouldSatanhavebeguiledTHEMtoeattheapple。Therewouldhavebeenresults！
Indeed，yes。Theapplewouldbeintacttoday;therewouldbenohumanrace;therewouldbenoYOU;therewouldbenoME。Andtheold，oldcreationdawnschemeofultimatelylaunchingmeintotheliteraryguildwouldhavebeendefeated。
HOWTOMAKEHISTORYDATESSTICK
Thesechaptersareforchildren，andIshalltrytomakethewordslargeenoughtocommandrespect。Inthehopethatyouarelistening，andthatyouhaveconfidenceinme，Iwillproceed。
Datesaredifficultthingstoacquire;andaftertheyareacquireditisdifficulttokeeptheminthehead。Buttheyareveryvaluable。Theyarelikethecattlepensofaranchtheyshutintheseveralbrandsofhistoricalcattle，eachwithinitsownfence，andkeepthemfromgettingmixedtogether。Datesarehardtorememberbecausetheyconsistoffigures;figuresaremonotonouslyunstrikinginappearance，andtheydon’ttakehold，theyformnopictures，andsotheygivetheeyenochancetohelp。Picturesarethething。Picturescanmakedatesstick。
TheycanmakenearlyanythingstickparticularlyIFYOUMAKETHE
PICTURESYOURSELF。Indeed，thatisthegreatpointmakethepicturesYOURSELF。Iknowaboutthisfromexperience。ThirtyyearsagoIwasdeliveringamemorizedlectureeverynight，andeverynightIhadtohelpmyselfwithapageofnotestokeepfromgettingmyselfmixed。Thenotesconsistedofbeginningsofsentences，andwereeleveninnumber，andtheyransomethinglikethis:
"INTHATREGIONTHEWEATHER"
"ATTHATTIMEITWASACUSTOM"
"BUTINCALIFORNIAONENEVERHEARD"
Elevenofthem。Theyinitialedthebriefdivisionsofthelectureandprotectedmeagainstskipping。Buttheyalllookedaboutalikeonthepage;theyformednopicture;Ihadthembyheart，butIcouldneverwithcertaintyremembertheorderoftheirsuccession;thereforeIalwayshadtokeepthosenotesbymeandlookatthemeverylittlewhile。OnceImislaidthem;youwillnotbeabletoimaginetheterrorsofthatevening。InowsawthatImustinventsomeotherprotection。SoIgottenoftheinitiallettersbyheartintheirproperorderI，A，B，andsoonandIwentontheplatformthenextnightwiththesemarkedininkonmytenfingernails。Butitdidn’tanswer。I
kepttrackofthefiguresforawhile;thenIlostit，andafterthatIwasneverquitesurewhichfingerIhadusedlast。I
couldn’tlickoffaletterafterusingit，forwhilethatwouldhavemadesuccesscertainitalsowouldhaveprovokedtoomuchcuriosity。Therewascuriosityenoughwithoutthat。TotheaudienceIseemedmoreinterestedinmyfingernailsthanIwasinmysubject;oneortwopersonsaskedmeafterwardwhatwasthematterwithmyhands。
Itwasnowthattheideaofpicturesoccurredtome;thenmytroublespassedaway。IntwominutesImadesixpictureswithapen，andtheydidtheworkoftheelevencatchsentences，anddiditperfectly。Ithrewthepicturesawayassoonastheyweremade，forIwassureIcouldshutmyeyesandseethemanytime。
Thatwasaquarterofacenturyago;thelecturevanishedoutofmyheadmorethantwentyyearsago，butIwouldrewriteitfromthepicturesfortheyremain。Herearethreeofthem:（Fig。1）。
ThefirstoneisahaystackbelowitarattlesnakeandittoldmewheretobegintotalkranchlifeinCarsonValley。ThesecondonetoldmewheretobeginthetalkaboutastrangeandviolentwindthatusedtoburstuponCarsonCityfromtheSierraNevadaseveryafternoonattwoo’clockandtrytoblowthetownaway。Thethirdpicture，asyoueasilyperceive，islightning;
itsdutywastoremindmewhenitwastimetobegintotalkaboutSanFranciscoweather，wherethereISnolightningnorthunder，eitheranditneverfailedme。
Iwillgiveyouavaluablehint。Whenamanismakingaspeechandyouaretofollowhimdon’tjotdownnotestospeakfrom，jotdownPICTURES。Itisawkwardandembarrassingtohavetokeepreferringtonotes;andbesidesitbreaksupyourspeechandmakesitraggedandnoncoherent;butyoucantearupyourpicturesassoonasyouhavemadethemtheywillstayfreshandstronginyourmemoryintheorderandsequenceinwhichyouscratchedthemdown。Andmanywilladmiretoseewhatagoodmemoryyouarefurnishedwith，whenperhapsyourmemoryisnotanybetterthanmine。
Sixteenyearsagowhenmychildrenwerelittlecreaturesthegovernesswastryingtohammersomeprimerhistoriesintotheirheads。PartofthisfunifyouliketocallitthatconsistedinthememorizingoftheaccessiondatesofthethirtysevenpersonageswhohadruledEnglandfromtheConquerordown。Theselittlepeoplefounditabitter，hardcontract。Itwasalldates，andalllookedalike，andtheywouldn’tstick。Dayafterdayofthesummervacationdribbledby，andstillthekingsheldthefort;thechildrencouldn’tconqueranysixofthem。
WithmylectureexperienceinmindIwasawarethatIcouldinventsomewayoutofthetroublewithpictures，butIhopedawaycouldbefoundwhichwouldletthemrompintheopenairwhiletheylearnedthekings。Ifoundit，andtheymasteredallthemonarchsinadayortwo。
TheideawastomakethemSEEthereignswiththeireyes;
thatwouldbealargehelp。Wewereatthefarmthen。Fromthehouseporchthegroundsslopedgraduallydowntothelowerfenceandroseontherighttothehighgroundwheremysmallworkdenstood。Acarriageroadwoundthroughthegroundsandupthehill。IstakeditoutwiththeEnglishmonarchs，beginningwiththeConqueror，andyoucouldstandontheporchandclearlyseeeveryreignanditslength，fromtheConquestdowntoVictoria，theninthefortysixthyearofherreignEIGHTHUNDREDAND
SEVENTEENYEARSOFEnglishhistoryunderyoureyeatonce！
EnglishhistorywasanunusuallylivetopicinAmericajustthen。TheworldhadsuddenlyrealizedthatwhileitwasnotnoticingtheQueenhadpassedHenryVIII。，passedHenryVI。andElizabeth，andgaininginlengtheveryday。Herreignhadenteredthelistofthelongones;everybodywasinterestednow
itwaswatchingarace。WouldshepassthelongEdward？Therewasapossibilityofit。WouldshepassthelongHenry？
Doubtful，mostpeoplesaid。ThelongGeorge？Impossible！
Everybodysaidit。Butwehavelivedtoseeherleavehimtwoyearsbehind。
Imeasuredoff817feetoftheroadway，afootrepresentingayear，andatthebeginningandendofeachreignIdroveathreefootwhitepinestakeintheturfbytheroadsideandwrotethenameanddatesonit。AbreastthemiddleoftheporchfrontstoodagreatgraniteflowervaseoverflowingwithacataractofbrightyellowflowersIcan’tthinkoftheirname。ThevaseofWilliamtheConqueror。Weputhisnameonitandhisaccessiondate，1066。Westartedfromthatandmeasuredofftwentyonefeetoftheroad，anddroveWilliamRufus’sstate;thenthirteenfeetanddrovethefirstHenry’sstake;thenthirtyfivefeetanddroveStephen’s;thennineteenfeet，whichbroughtusjustpastthesummerhouseontheleft;thenwestakedoutthirtyfive，ten，andseventeenforthesecondHenryandRichardandJohn;
turnedthecurveandentereduponjustwhatwasneededforHenryIII。alevel，straightstretchoffiftysixfeetofroadwithoutacrinkleinit。Anditlayexactlyinfrontofthehouse，inthemiddleofthegrounds。Therecouldn’thavebeenabetterplaceforthatlongreign;youcouldstandontheporchandseethosetwowideapartstakesalmostwithyoureyesshut。（Fig。2。）
Thatisn’ttheshapeoftheroadIhavebunchedituplikethattosaveroom。Theroadhadsomegreatcurvesinit，buttheirgradualsweepwassuchthattheywerenomartohistory。
No，inourroadonecouldtellataglancewhowaswhobythesizeofthevacancybetweenstakeswithLOCALITYtohelp，ofcourse。
AlthoughIamawayoffhereinaSwedishvillage[1]andthosestakesdidnotstandtillthesnowcame，Icanseethemtodayasplainlyasever;andwheneverIthinkofanEnglishmonarchhisstakesrisebeforemeoftheirownaccordandI
noticethelargeorsmallspacewhichhetakesuponourroad。
Areyourkingsspacedoffinyourmind？WhenyouthinkofRichardIII。andofJamesII。dothedurationsoftheirreignsseemaboutaliketoyou？Itisn’tsotome;Ialwaysnoticethatthere’safoot’sdifference。WhenyouthinkofHenryIII。doyouseeagreatlongstretchofstraightroad？Ido;andjustattheendwhereitjoinsontoEdwardI。Ialwaysseeasmallpearbushwithitsgreenfruithangingdown。WhenIthinkoftheCommonwealthIseeashadylittlegroupofthesesmallsaplingswhichwecalledtheoakparlor;whenIthinkofGeorgeIII。Iseehimstretchingupthehill，partofhimoccupiedbyaflightofstonesteps;andIcanlocateStephentoaninchwhenhecomesintomymind，forhejustfilledthestretchwhichwentbythesummerhouse。Victoria’sreignreachedalmosttomystudydooronthefirstlittlesummit;there’ssixteenfeettobeaddednow;
Ibelievethatthatwouldcarryittoabigpinetreethatwasshatteredbysomelightningonesummerwhenitwastryingtohitme。
Wegotagooddealoffunoutofthehistoryroad;andexercise，too。Wetrottedthecoursefromtheconquerortothestudy，thechildrencallingoutthenames，dates，andlengthofreignsaswepassedthestakes，goingagoodgaitalongthelongreigns，butslowingdownwhenwecameuponpeoplelikeMaryandEdwardVI。，andtheshortStuartandPlantagenet，togivetimetogetinthestatistics。Iofferedprizes，tooapples。IthrewoneasfarasIcouldsendit，andthechildthatfirstshoutedthereignitfellingottheapple。
Thechildrenwereencouragedtostoplocatingthingsasbeing"overbythearbor，"or"intheoakparlor，"or"upatthestonesteps，"andsayinsteadthatthethingswereinStephen，orintheCommonwealth，orinGeorgeIII。Theygotthehabitwithouttrouble。Tohavethelongroadmappedoutwithsuchexactnesswasagreatboonforme，forIhadthehabitofleavingbooksandotherarticleslyingaroundeverywhere，andhadnotpreviouslybeenabletodefinitelynametheplace，andsohadoftenbeenobligedtogotofetchthemmyself，tosavetimeandfailure;butnowIcouldnamethereignIleftthemin，andsendthechildren。
NextIthoughtIwouldmeasureofftheFrenchreigns，andpegthemalongsidetheEnglishones，sothatwecouldalwayshavecontemporaneousFrenchhistoryunderoureyesaswewentourEnglishrounds。WepeggedthemdowntotheHundredYears’War，thenthrewtheideaaside，Idonotnowrememberwhy。AfterthatwemadetheEnglishpegsfenceinEuropeanandAmericanhistoryaswellasEnglish，andthatansweredverywell。Englishandalienpoets，statesmen，artists，heroes，battles，plagues，cataclysms，revolutionsweshoveledthemallintotheEnglishfencesaccordingtotheirdates。Doyouunderstand？WegaveWashington’sbirthtoGeorgeII。’spegsandhisdeathtoGeorgeIII。’s;GeorgeII。gottheLisbonearthquakeandGeorgeIII。theDeclarationofIndependence。Goethe，Shakespeare，Napoleon，Savonarola，JoanofArc，theFrenchRevolution，theEdictofNantes，Clive，Wellington，Waterloo，Plassey，Patay，Cowpens，Saratoga，theBattleoftheBoyne，theinventionofthelogarithms，themicroscope，thesteamengine，thetelegraph
anythingandeverythingallovertheworldwedumpeditallinamongtheEnglishpegsaccordingtoitdateandregardlessofitsnationality。
IftheroadpeggingschemehadnotsucceededIshouldhavelodgedthekingsinthechildren’sheadsbymeansofpictures
thatis，Ishouldhavetried。Itmighthavefailed，forthepicturescouldonlybeeffectiveWHENMADEBYTHEPUPIL;notthemaster，foritistheworkputuponthedrawingthatmakesthedrawingstayinthememory，andmychildrenweretoolittletomakedrawingsatthattime。And，besides，theyhadnotalentforart，whichisstrange，forinotherwaystheyarelikeme。
ButIwilldevelopthepictureplannow，hopingthatyouwillbeabletouseit。Itwillcomegoodforindoorswhentheweatherisbadandonecannotgooutsideandpegaroad。Letusimaginethatthekingsareaprocession，andthattheyhavecomeoutoftheArkanddownAraratforexerciseandarenowstartingbackagainupthezigzagroad。Thiswillbringseveralofthemintoviewatonce，andeachzigzagwillrepresentthelengthofaking’sreign。
Andsoon。Youwillhaveplentyofspace，forbymyprojectyouwillusetheparlorwall。Youdonotmarkonthewall;thatwouldcausetrouble。Youonlyattachbitsofpapertoitwithpinsorthumbtacks。Thesewillleavenomark。
Takeyourpennow，andtwentyonepiecesofwhitepaper，eachtwoinchessquare，andwewilldothetwentyoneyearsoftheConqueror’sreign。Oneachsquaredrawapictureofawhaleandwritethedatesandtermofservice。Wechoosethewhaleforseveralreasons:itsnameandWilliam’sbeginwiththesameletter;itisthebiggestfishthatswims，andWilliamisthemostconspicuousfigureinEnglishhistoryinthewayofalandmark;finally，awhaleisabouttheeasiestthingtodraw。
Bythetimeyouhavedrawntwentyonewalesandwritten"WilliamI。10661087twentyoneyears"twentyonetimes，thosedetailswillbeyourproperty;youcannotdislodgethemfromyourmemorywithanythingbutdynamite。Iwillmakeasampleforyoutocopy:
（Fig。3）。
Ihavegothischinuptoohigh，butthatisnomatter;heislookingforHarold。Itmaybethatawhalehasn’tthatfinupthereonhisback，butIdonotremember;andso，sincethereisadoubt，itisbesttoerronthesafeside。Helooksbetter，anyway，thanhewouldwithoutit。
BeverycarefulandATTENTIVEwhileyouaredrawingyourfirstwhalefrommysampleandwritingthewordandfiguresunderit，sothatyouwillnotneedtocopythesampleanymore。
Compareyourcopywiththesample;examineclosely;ifyoufindyouhavegoteverythingrightandcanshutyoureyesandseethepictureandcallthewordsandfigures，thenturnthesampleandcopyupsidedownandmakethenextcopyfrommemory;andalsothenextandnext，andsoon，alwaysdrawingandwritingfrommemoryuntilyouhavefinishedthewholetwentyone。Thiswilltakeyoutwentyminutes，orthirty，andbythattimeyouwillfindthatyoucanmakeawhaleinlesstimethananunpracticedpersoncanmakeasardine;also，uptothetimeyoudieyouwillalwaysbeabletofurnishWilliam’sdatestoanyignorantpersonthatinquiresafterthem。
YouwillnowtakethirteenpiecesofBLUEpaper，eachtwoinchessquare，anddoWilliamII。（Fig。4。）
Makehimspouthiswaterforwardinsteadofbackward;alsomakehimsmall，andstickaharpooninhimandgivehimthatsicklookintheeye。OtherwiseyoumightseemtobecontinuingtheotherWilliam，andthatwouldbeconfusingandadamage。Itisquiterighttomakehimsmall;hewasonlyaboutaNo。11whale，oralongtheresomewhere;therewasn’troominhimforhisfather’sgreatspirit。Thebarbofthatharpoonoughtnottoshowlikethat，becauseitisdowninsidethewhaleandoughttobeoutofsight，butitcannotbehelped;ifthebarbwereremovedpeoplewouldthinksomeonehadstuckawhipstockintothewhale。Itisbesttoleavethebarbthewayitis，theneveryonewillknowitisaharpoonandattendingtobusiness。
Rememberdrawfromthecopyonlyonce;makeyourothertwelveandtheinscriptionfrommemory。
Nowthetruthisthatwheneveryouhavecopiedapictureanditsinscriptiononcefrommysampleandtwoorthreetimesfrommemorythedetailswillstaywithyouandbehardtoforget。
Afterthat，ifyoulike，youmaymakemerelythewhale’sHEADandWATERSPOUTfortheConquerortillyouendhisreign，eachtimeSAYINGtheinscriptioninplaceofwritingit;andinthecaseofWilliamII。maketheHARPOONalone，andsayovertheinscriptioneachtimeyoudoit。Yousee，itwilltakenearlytwiceaslongtodothefirstsetasitwilltodothesecond，andthatwillgiveyouamarkedsenseofthedifferenceinlengthofthetworeigns。
NextdoHenryI。onthirtyfivesquaresofREDpaper。
（Fig。5。）
Thatisahen，andsuggestsHenrybyfurnishingthefirstsyllable。
Whenyouhaverepeatedthehenandtheinscriptionuntilyouareperfectlysureofthem，drawmerelythehen’sheadtherestofthethirtyfivetimes，sayingovertheinscriptioneachtime。Thus:
（Fig。6）。
Youbegintounderstandhowhowthisprocessionisgoingtolookwhenitisonthewall。FirsttherewillbetheConqueror’stwentyonewhalesandwaterspouts，thetwentyonewhitesquaresjoinedtooneanotherandmakingawhitestripethreeandone
halffeetlong;thethirteenbluesquaresofWilliamII。willbejoinedtothatabluestripetwofeet，twoincheslong，followedbyHenry’sredstripefivefeet，tenincheslong，andsoon。Thecoloreddivisionswillsmartlyshowtotheeyethedifferenceinthelengthofthereignsandimpresstheproportionsonthememoryandtheunderstanding。（Fig。7。）
StephenofBloiscomesnext。HerequiresnineteentwoinchsquaresofYELLOWpaper。（Fig。8。）
Thatisasteer。ThesoundsuggeststhebeginningofStephen’sname。Ichooseitforthatreason。IcanmakeabettersteerthanthatwhenIamnotexcited。Butthisonewilldo。Itisagoodenoughsteerforhistory。Thetailisdefective，butitonlywantsstraighteningout。
NextcomesHenryII。GivehimthirtyfivesquaresofREDpaper。
Thesehensmustfacewest，liketheformerones。（Fig。9。）
Thishendiffersfromtheotherone。HeisonhiswaytoinquirewhathasbeenhappeninginCanterbury。
HowwearriveatRichardI。，calledRichardoftheLion
heartbecausehewasabravefighterandwasneversocontentedaswhenhewasleadingcrusadesinPalestineandneglectinghisaffairsathome。GivehimtensquaresofWHITEpaper。（Fig。10）。
Thatisalion。Hisofficeistoremindyouofthelion
heartedRichard。Thereissomethingthematterwithhislegs，butIdonotquiteknowwhatitis，theydonotseemright。
Ithinkthehindonesarethemostunsatisfactory;thefrontonesarewellenough，thoughitwouldbebetteriftheywererightsandlefts。
NextcomesKingJohn，andhewasapoorcircumstance。
HewascalledLackland。HegavehisrealmtothePope。
LethimhaveseventeensquaresofYELLOWpaper。（Fig。11。）
Thatcreatureisajamboree。Itlookslikeatrademark，butthatisonlyanaccidentandnotintentional。Itisprehistoricandextinct。ItusedtoroamtheearthintheOldSiluriantimes，andlayeggsandcatchfishandclimbtreesandliveonfossils;foritwasofamixedbreed，whichwasthefashionthen。
Itwasveryfierce，andtheOldSilurianswereafraidofit，butthisisatameone。Physicallyithasnorepresentativenow，butitsmindhasbeentransmitted。FirstIdrewitsittingdown，buthaveturnedittheotherwaynowbecauseIthinkitlooksmoreattractiveandspiritedwhenoneendofitisgalloping。IlovetothinkthatinthisattitudeitgivesusapleasantideaofJohncomingallinahappyexcitementtoseewhatthebaronshavebeenarrangingforhimatRunnymede，whiletheotheronegivesusanideaofhimsittingdowntowringhishandsandgrieveoverit。
WenowcometoHenryIII。;REDsquaresagain，ofcourse
fiftysixofthem。WemustmakealltheHenrysthesamecolor;
itwillmaketheirlongreignsshowuphandsomelyonthewall。
AmongalltheeightHenrystherewerebuttwoshortones。A
luckyname，asfaraslongevitygoes。ThereignsofsixoftheHenryscover227years。ItmighthavebeenwelltonamealltheroyalprincesHenry，butthiswasoverlookeduntilitwastoolate。
（Fig。12。）
Thisisthebestoneyet。Heisonhisway（1265）tohavealookatthefirstHouseofCommonsinEnglishhistory。Itwasamonumentalevent，thesituationintheHouse，andwasthesecondgreatlibertylandmarkwhichthecenturyhadsetup。IhavemadeHenrylookingglad，butthiswasnotintentional。
EdwardI。comesnext;LIGHTBROWNpaper，thirtyfivesquares。
（Fig。13。）
Thatisaneditor。Heistryingtothinkofaword。Hepropshisfeetonachair，whichistheeditor’sway;thenhecanthinkbetter。Idonotcaremuchforthisone;hisearsarenotalike;still，editorsuggeststhesoundofEdward，andhewilldo。IcouldmakehimbetterifIhadamodel，butImadethisonefrommemory。Butisnoparticularmatter;theyalllookalike，anyway。Theyareconceitedandtroublesome，anddon’tpayenough。EdwardwasthefirstreallyEnglishkingthathadyetoccupiedthethrone。TheeditorinthepictureprobablylooksjustasEdwardlookedwhenitwasfirstborneinuponhimthatthiswasso。Hiswholeattitudeexpressedgratificationandpridemixedwithstupefactionandastonishment。
EdwardII。now;twentyBLUEsquares。（Fig。14。）
Anothereditor。Thatthingbehindhisearishispencil。
Wheneverhefindsabrightthinginyourmanuscripthestrikesitoutwiththat。Thatdoeshimgood，andmakeshimsmileandshowhisteeth，thewayheisdoinginthepicture。Thisonehasjustbeenstrikingoutasmartthing，andnowheissittingtherewithhisthumbsinhisvestholes，gloating。Theyarefullofenvyandmalice，editorsare。ThispicturewillservetoremindyouthatEdwardII。wasthefirstEnglishkingwhowasDEPOSED。Upondemand，hesignedhisdepositionhimself。Hehadfoundkingshipamostaggravatinganddisagreeableoccupation，andyoucanseebythelookofhimthatheisgladheresigned。Hehasputhisbluepencilupforgoodnow。Hehadstruckoutmanyagoodthingwithitinhistime。
EdwardIII。next;fiftyREDsquares。（Fig。15。）
Thiseditorisacritic。Hehaspulledouthiscarving
knifeandhistomahawkandisstartingafterabookwhichheisgoingtohaveforbreakfast。Thisone’sarmsareputonwrong。