CHAPTERXLII
AMERICA，GERMANY，ANDTHECHINESEWAR——1899—1902
AninterestingeventofthisperiodwastheappearanceinBerlinofex—PresidentandMrs。Harrison。ThePresidenthadbutrecentlyfinishedhislongandwearisomeworkbeforetheVenezuelaArbitrationTribunalatParis，andwasveryhappyintheconsciousnessofdutyaccomplishedandlibertyobtained。Marksofhighdistinctionwereshownthem。ThesovereignsinvitedthemtoattendthefestivitiesatPotsdaminhonoroftheQueenandQueenMotherofHolland，whowerethenstayingthere，andtreatedthemnotonlywithrespect，butwithcordiality。TheEmperorconversedlongwiththePresidentonvariousmattersofpublicinterest:onnotedAmericanswhomhehadmet，onthegrowthofourfleet，onrecenteventsinourhistory，andthelike，characteristicallyendingwithadiscussionofthesuperbmusicwhichwehadbeenhearing;andatthesupperwhichfollowedinsistedthatMrs。
Harrisonshouldsitathisside，theEmpressgivingasimilarinvitationtoMr。Harrison。Atalaterperiodadinnerwasgiventotheex—Presidentbythechancelloroftheempire，PrinceHohenlohe，atwhichanumberoftheleadingpersonagesintheempirewerepresent;anditwasapleasuretoshowmyownrespectfortheformerchiefmagistratebyareceptionwhichwasattendedbyabouttwohundredofourAmericancolony，andadinneratwhichheandMrs。HarrisonmadetheacquaintanceofleadingrepresentativeGermansinvariousfields。
InanotherchapterofthesememoirsIhavespokenofPresidentHarrisonasofcoldand，attimes，abruptmanners;buttheabsenceofthesecharacteristicsduringhisstayinBerlin，andafterwardinNewYork，madeitcleartomethatthecoldexteriorwhichIhadnotedinhimatWashington，especiallywhenMr。
Roosevelt，Mr。Lodge，andsundryothersofusurgeduponhimanextensionoftheclassifiedcivilservice，wasadoptedasameansofpreventingencroachmentsuponthetimenecessaryforhisdailyduties。Henowappearedinaverydifferentlight，hisdiscussionofmenandeventsshowingnotonlyearnestthoughtanddeeppenetration，butarichveinofhumor;hiswholebearingbeingsimple，kindly，anddignified。
Duringthewinterof1899—1900cameanadditiontomyexperiencesofwhatAmericanrepresentativesabroadhavetoexpectunderourpresenthappy—go—luckyprovisionforthediplomaticservice。Asalreadystated，onarrivinginBerlin，Ihadgreatdifficultyinobtaininganyfittingquarters，butatlastsecuredalargeandsuitableapartmentinanexcellentpartofthecity，itsonlydisadvantagebeingthatmyguestshadtoplodupseventy—fivestepsinordertoreachit。Havingbeenobligedtomakelargeoutlaysforsuitablefittings，extensiverepairs，andfurniturethroughout，Ifoundthatmorethantheentiresalaryofmyfirstyearhadbeenthussunk;butIcongratulatedmyselfthatIhadatleastobtainedaresidencegood，comfortable，andsuitable。Tobesure，itwasinferiortothatofanyotherambassador，butIhadfitteditupsothatitwasconsideredcreditable。Suddenly，abouttwoyearsafterward，withoutawordofwarning，camenoticefromtheproprietorthatmyleasewasvoid——thathehadsoldthehouse，andthatImustleaveit;sothatitlookedasiftheAmericanEmbassywould，atanearlyday，beturnedintothestreet。Thiswastryingindeed。Itwasatthebeginningofthesocialseason，andinterferedgreatlywithmydutiesofeverysort。Andtherecroppedoutafeeling，amongallconversantwiththecase，whichIcannotsaywasconducivetorespectforthewisdomofthosewhogivelawstoourcountry。
But，happily，Ihadinsistedoninsertingintheleaseaclausewhichseemedtomakeitdoubtfulwhethertheproprietorcouldturnmeoutsoeasilyandspeedily。UnderGermanlawitwasaveryprecariousreliance，butonthisItookmystand，andatlast，thanksmainlytothekindnessofmycolleaguewhosucceededmeasatenant，madeacompromiseunderwhichIwasenabledtoretaintheapartmentforsomethingoverayearlonger。
ItmaybeinterestingforanAmericanwhohasaproperfeelingregardingthepositionofhiscountryabroadtoknowthatthepurchaseroftheentirehouse——notonlyofthefloorwhichIhadoccupied，butofthesimilarapartmentbeneath，aswellasthatonthegroundfloor——wasthelittleGrandDuchyofBaden，whichinthiswayprovidedforitsminister，secretaries，andothersconnectedwithitslegationintheGermancapital。
Onthetheoryoflineuponlineandpreceptuponprecept，Iagaincallattention，NOTtothewrongdoneMEbythisAmericanpolicy，orratherwantofpolicy，——forIknewincomingwhatIhadtoexpect，——buttotheinjurythusdonetothePROPERSTANDINGOF
OURCOUNTRYBEFORETHEOTHERNATIONSOFTHEWORLD。AgainIinsistthat，initsowninterest，agovernmentlikeoursought，ineverycapitalwhereitisrepresented，topossessortoholdonlongleaseahouseorapartmentsuitabletoitsrepresentativeandcreditabletoitself。
Earlyinthespringof1900cameaneventofsomehistoricalinterest。Onthe19thofMarchandthetwodaysfollowingwascelebratedthetwo—hundredthanniversaryofthefoundingoftheRoyalAcademyofSciences。TheEmperor，aswellastheAcademy，haddeterminedtomakeitagreatoccasion，andtheresultwasaseriesofverybrilliantpageants。Thesebeganbyasolemnreceptionofthedelegatesfromallpartsoftheworldinthegreathallofthepalace，mydutybeingtorepresenttheSmithsonianInstitutionatWashington，andmycolleaguesbeingProfessorsWhiteandWolfofHarvard，whohadbeensentbytheAmericanAcademyofSciences。Thescenewasverystriking，allthedelegates，exceptthosefromAmericaandSwitzerland，beinginthecostumesoftheorganizationstheyrepresented;mostwerepicturesque，andsomehadaverymediaevalappearance;thosefromtheancientuniversitiesofWurzburgandPrague，especially，lookingasiftheyhadjuststeppedoutofanilluminatedmanuscriptofthefourteenthcentury。AtthetimenamedforthebeginningofthefestivaltheEmperorentered，announcedbytheblareoftrumpets，precededbyministersbearingthesword，standard，andgreatseal，andbygeneralsbearingthecrown，scepter，andorb。Hewassurroundedbythehighestofficialsofthekingdomandempire，andhavingtakenhisseatonthethrone，therecamemajesticmusicpreludingsundryorationsandlistsofhonorsconferredoneminentmenofscienceinallpartsoftheworld，amongwhomIwasgladtonoteProfessorsGibbsofYale，JamesofHarvard，andRowlandofJohnsHopkins。
TheEmperor’sspeechwascharacteristic。Itshowedthathisheartwasinthematter;thathefeltajustprideintheachievementsofGermanscience，andwasdeterminedthatnoeffortsofhisshouldbewantingtoincreaseandextendthem。Afterthecloseofthefunction，whichwasmadeinthesamestatelywayasitsbeginning，mycolleaguesdrovehomewithme，andoneofthemsaid，"Well，IamanAmericanandarepublican，butwhenIaminamonarchyIliketoseeathingofthiskinddoneinthemostmagnificentwaypossible，asitwasthismorning。"Adayortwoafterward，atthedinnergiventotheambassadorsbytheEmperor，Itoldhimthisstory。Helaughedheartily，andthensaid:"Yourfriendisright:ifamanistobeamonarch，lethimbeamonarch;DomPedroofBraziltriedtobesomethingelse，anditdidnotturnoutwell。"
ImpressiveinadifferentwayweretheceremoniesattendantuponthecomingofageoftheGermancrownprince，onthe6thofMay，1900。Todohonortotheoccasion，theEmperorFranzJosefofAustria—Hungaryhadsentwordthathewouldbepresent，andformanydaysthewholecityseemedmainlydevotedtodecoratingitsbuildingsandstreetsforhisvisit;theculminationofthewholebeingatthePariserPlatz，infrontoftheBrandenburgGate，whereatriumphalarchandobeliskswereerected，withotherdecorations，patrioticandcomplimentary。Onthemorningofthe4thhearrived，and，enteringthecityatthesideoftheGermanEmperor，eachintheproperuniformoftheother，hewasreceivedbytheburgomasterandtowncouncilofBerlinwithamostcordialspeech，andthen，passingonthroughtheLinden，whichwasshowilydecorated，hewasenthusiasticallygreetedeverywhere。Nodoubtthisgreetingwasthoroughlysincere，sinceallgoodGermanslookuponFranzJosefastheirtruestally。
Nexteveningtherewasa"gala"performanceattheRoyalOpera，theplaypresentedbeing，ofallthingsintheworld，Auber’s"BronzeHorse，"whichisafarcicalChinesefairytalesettoverylightandpleasingmusic。Thestagesettingwasgorgeous，buttheaudiencewasstillmoreso，delegatesfromallthegreaterpowersoftheworldbeingpresent，includingtheheirstotheBritishandItalianthrones，theGrandDukeConstantineofRussia，andamultitudeofotherscionsofroyalty。Onefeaturewascomical。NearmesatHisExcellencytheChineseminister，surroundedbyhissecretariesandattaches，allapparentlydelighted;andonmyaskinghim，throughhisinterpreter，howhelikedit，hesaid，"Verymuch;thisshowstheEuropeansthatinChinaweknowhowtoamuseourselves。"OfthefactthatitwasaratherhighlychargedcaricatureofChineseofficialdomheseemedeitherreallyordiplomaticallyunconscious。
OnthefollowingmorningIwasreceivedinaudiencebytheGermanEmperor，bringingtohimawarmmessageofcongratulationfromPresidentMcKinley;andwhenHisMajestyhadrepliedverycordially，heintroducedmetothecrownprincestandingathisside，towhomIgavethePresident’sbestwishes。Thencame，inthechapelofthepalace，animpressivereligiousservice，theaddressbyDr。Dryanderbeingeloquent，andthemusic，bythecathedralchoirand，attimes，byagreatmilitaryorchestra，bothfaraboveusinthedome，beautiful。Atitsclosethecrownprincecameforward，stoodbeforethealtar，whereIhadseenhisparentsmarriedtwentyyearsbefore，andtheoathofallegiance，whichwasquitelong，havingbeenreadtohimbythecolonelofhisregiment，herepeatedit，wordforword，andmadehissolemnpledge，liftingonehandandgraspingtheimperialstandardwiththeother。Then，afterreceivingaffectionateembracesfromhisfatherandmother，hewascongratulatedbythesovereignsandroyalpersonages。TheambassadorsandministershavingbeenthenreceivedbytheEmperorandEmpress，theyoungprincecamealongthelineandspoketoeachofusinaveryunaffectedandmanlyway。Hewasatthattimesomewhattallerthanhisfather，withanintelligentandpleasantface，andislikely，Ishouldsay，todowellinhisgreatposition，thoughnotpossessing，probably，anythinglikehisfather’svariedgiftsandgraces。
IntheeveningcameadinnerintheWhiteHallofthepalacetoseveralhundredguests，includingtheEmperorofAustria—Hungary，theKingofSaxony，andothervisitingpersonages，withtheheadsofthediplomaticmissions，andtheleadingpersonagesoftheempire;andnearthecloseofittheEmperorWilliamaroseandmadeanexcellentspeech，toallappearanceextemporaneous。TheanswerbytheEmperorofAustria—Hungarywasreadbyhim，andwassensibleandappropriate。
Thatthisvisitdidmuchtostrengthenthetieswhichbindthetwomonarchieswasshownnotmerelybyhurrahsinthestreetsanddithyrambicutterancesinthenewspapers，butbyamassofothertestimony。OnecuriousthingwasthegreatcareeverywheretakeninthedecorationstohonorthecrownandflagofHungaryequallywiththatofAustria，andthis，aswasshownbytheHungarianjournals，hadanexcellenteffect。Bythismeeting，nodoubt，theTripleAlliancewassomewhatstrengthened，andthechancesforcontinuedpeaceincreased，atleastduringthelifetimeoftheEmperorFranzJosef。Astowhatwillfollowhisdeathallisdark。Hissuccessorisoneoftheleastsuitableofmen，——unprepossessing，andevenforbidding，ineveryrespect。
BroughtupbytheJesuits，heisdistrustedbyavastmassofthebestpeopleintheempire，CatholicandProtestant。AdevoutCatholictheywouldbegladtotake，butaJesuitpupiltheydread，fortheyknowtoowellwhatsuchhavebroughtupontheempirehitherto，and，indeed，uponeverykingdomwhichhasallowedtheminitscouncils。Hispreviouscareerhasnotbeenedifying，andthereisnoreasontoexpectanychangeinhim。TheEmperorFranzJosefisprobablyasthoroughlybelovedbyhissubjectsasanysovereigninhistoryhaseverbeen。Hisgreatmisfortunes——fearfuldefeatsinthewarswithFranceandGermany，thesuicideofhisonlyson，theassassinationofhiswife，andfamilytroublesinmorerecenttimes——havethrownabouthimanatmosphereofromanticsympathy;whileloveforhiskindlyqualitiesismingledwithrespectforhisplaincommonsense。
DuringhisstayinBerlinImethimasecondtime。AtmyfirstpresentationatDresden，twoyearsbefore，therewaslittleopportunityforextendedconversation;buthenowspokequiteatlengthandinamannerwhichshowedhimtobeobservantoftheworld’saffairseveninremoteregions。Hediscussedtherecentincreaseofourarmy，theprogressofourwarinthePhilippines，andtheextensionofAmericanenterpriseinvariouspartsoftheworld，inawaywhichwasnotatallperfunctory，butevidentlytheresultoflargeinformationandcarefulobservation。Hisempire，whichisaseethingcaldronofhates，racial，religious，political，andlocal，isheldtogetherbyloveandrespectforhim;butwhenhediesthispersonaltiewhichunitesallthesedifferentraces，parties，andlocalitieswilldisappear，andinplaceofitwillcomethemanwhobyforceofuntowardcircumstancesistobehissuccessor，andthisisanythingbutapleasingprospecttoanAustro—Hungarian，or，indeed，toanythoughtfulobserverofhumanaffairs。
Interestingtomeatthisperiodwasavisitfromrepresentativesofthe"Kriegerverein"——German—AmericanswhohadformerlyfoughtinthewarbetweenGermanyandFrance，whohadsincebecomeAmericancitizens，andwhowerenowrevisitingtheirnativeland。
Theywereaverymanlybody，evidentlytakingprideintheAmericanflagwhichtheycarried，andalsointheparttheyhadplayedinGermany。Replyingtoafriendlyaddressbytheircommandingofficer，ItookupsomecurrentAmericanfallaciesregardingGermanyandGermans，encouragedmyhearerstostandfirmagainstsensationaleffortstomaketroublebetweenthetwocountries，urgedthemtokeeptheirchildreninknowledgeoftheGermanlanguageandintouchwithGermancivilization，whilebringingthemupasthoroughlyloyalAmericans，remindingthemthateveryAmericanwhoisinterestedinGermanhistoryorliteratureorscienceorartisanadditionallinkinthechainwhichbindstogetherthetwonations。Thespeechwasofaveryoffhandsort;butitseemedtostrikedeepandspeedfar，foritevokedmostkindlylettersofcongratulationandthanksfromvariouspartsofGermanyandtheUnitedStates。
ThemoststrikingepisodeinthehistoryoftheworldduringtheseyearswastherevolutioninChina。ThefirsteventwhichstartledmankindwasthemurderofBaronvonKetteler，theGermanministeratPeking，amanofremarkableabilitiesandaccomplishments，whowasthoughtsuretorisehighamongdiplomatists，andwhohadespeciallyattractedAmericanfriendshipsbyhismarriagewithanAmericanlady。Theimpressioncreatedbythiscalamitywasmadeallthegreaterbythefactthat，intheabsenceoffurthernewsfromtheChinesecapital，therewasreasontofearthatthewholediplomaticcorps，withtheirfamilies，mightbemurdered。Americanactionintheentanglementswhichfollowedwaspromptandsuccessful，andthinkingmeneverywheresoonsawittobeso。TowardtheendofJuly，1900，beingabouttogotoAmericaforthesummer，ItookleaveofCountvonBulowattheForeignOffice，and，oncomingout，metoneofmycolleagues，who，althoughrepresentingoneofthelesserEuropeanpowers，waswellknownasexceedinglyshrewdandfar—sighted。Hesaid:"IcongratulateyouonthecoursepursuedbyyourgovernmentduringthisfearfulChineseimbroglio。
Otherpowershavemadehastetojumpintowar;youradmiralatTientsinseemstheonlyonewhohaskepthishead;othergovernmentshavetreatedrepresentativesoftheChineseEmpireashostile，and，indoingso，havecutthemselvesofffromalldirectinfluenceonthePekingGovernment;thegovernmentatWashingtonhastakenanoppositecourse，hasconsideredthetroublesas，primafacie，theworkofinsurrectionists，hasinsistedonclaimingfriendshipwiththeconstitutedauthoritiesinChina，and，inviewofthisfriendship，hasinsistedonbeingkeptincommunicationwithitsrepresentativeattheChinesecapital，theresultbeingthatyourgovernmenthasbeenallowedtocommunicatewithitsrepresentative，andhastherebygainedtheinformationandissuedtheorderswhichhavesavedtheentirediplomaticcorps，aswellastheforcesofthedifferentpowersnowinPeking。"
ItwasoneofthosecontemporarytestimoniestotheskillofMr。
McKinleyandSecretaryHaywhichindicatetheverdictofhistory。
Ourlaterpolicywasequallysound。ItwastopreventanyfurtherterritorialencroachmentsonChinabyforeignpowers，andtosecuretheopeningoftheempireonequaltermstothecommerceoftheentireworld。Ontheotherhand，theGermanGovernment，exasperatedbythemurderofitsministeratPeking，wasatfirstinclinedtogobeyondthis，andaspeechoftheEmperortohistroopsastheywereleavingGermanyfortheseatofwarwashastilyconstruedtomeanthattheyweretocarryoutapolicyofexterminationandconfiscation。EvenafterthefirstnaturaloutburstofindignationagainsttheChinese，itlookedasiftheultimatumpresentedbythepowerswouldincludedemandswhichcouldneverbemet，andwouldentangleallthepowersinalongandtediouswar，leading，perhaps，toaworsecatastrophe。
Quietlybutvigorously，fromfirsttolast，theAmericanpolicywasurgedbyMr。Conger，AmericanministeratPeking，andbyotherrepresentativesofourgovernmentabroad;anditwasahappymorningformewhen，aftereffortsmanyandlongcontinued，IreceivedattheBerlinForeignOfficetheassurancethatGermanywouldnotconsidertheearlierconditionspresentedbythepowerstotheChineseGovernmentas"irrevocable。"Myconstantcontention，duringinterviewsattheForeignOffice，hadbeenthattheUnitedStatesdesiredasanxiouslytoseethemainmiscreantspunishedasdidanyothernation，butthatitwasofnousetodemand，uponmembersoftheimperialfamily，andupongeneralsincommandofgreatarmies，extremepenaltieswhichtheChineseGovernmentwasnotstrongenoughtoinflict，orindemnitieswhichitwasnotrichenoughtopay;thatouraimwasnotquixoticbutpractical，andthat，inadvocatingsteadilythe"opendoor"policy，wewerelaboringquiteasmuchforallotherpowersasforourselves。Ofcoursewewerechargedinvariousquarterswithcold—bloodedness，andwithmerelyseekingtopromoteourowninterestintrade;buttheJapanese，whocouldunderstandthequestionbetterthantheWesternpowers，steadilyadheredtoourpolicy，andmoreandmore，initsmainlines，itprovedtobecorrect。
OntheFourthofJuly，1900，camethecelebrationofournationalindependenceatLeipsic，andbeingaskedtorespondtothefirstregulartoast，and，havingatmyformervisitdweltespeciallyuponthePresidency，mythemenowbecamethecharacterandservicesofthePresidenthimself，anditwasapleasuretofindthatmystatementwasreceivedbytheGermanpressinawaythatshowedareactionfrompreviousinjustice。
DuringAugustandSeptemberprecedingthepoliticalcampaignwhichresultedinMr。McKinley’sreelectionIwasintheUnitedStates。Itwasthehottestsummerinverymanyyears，andcertainly，withinmywholeexperience，therehadbeennotorridheatlikethatduringmyvisitstoWashington。Nearlyeveryoneseemedprostratedbyit。UponarrivingattheArlingtonHotel，I
foundtwooldfriendsunnervedbythetemperature，oneofthemnotdaringtoriskasunstrokebygoingtothetrainwhichwouldtakehimtohishomeinChicagoRetiringtoone’sroomatnight，eveninthebest—situatedhotels，waslikeenteringanoven。Theleadingofficialpersonsweregenerallyabsent，andthosewhoremainedseemedhardlycapableofdoingbusiness。Buttherewasoneexception。GoingtotheWhiteHousetopaymyrespectstothePresident，IfoundhimtheonemaninWashingtonperfectlycool，serene，andunaffectedbytheburningheatorbythepressureofpublicaffairs。AlthoughmattersinCuba，inPortoRico，inthePhilippinesinChina，andinthepoliticalcampaignthengoingonmusthavebeenconstantlyinhismind，hehadplentyoftime，seemedtotaketroubleaboutnothing，andkeptmeinhisofficeforafullhour，discussingcalmlythevariousphasesofthesituationastheywereaffectedbymattersinGermany。
HisdiscussionofpublicaffairsshowedthesamequietinsightandstrengthwhichIhadrecognizedinhimwhenwefirstmet，in1884，asdelegatesattheChicagoNationalConvention。OnethingduringthisWashingtoninterviewstruckmeespecially:Iaskedhimifhewastomakeanyaddressesduringthecampaign;heanswered:"No;severalofmyfriendshaveurgedmetodoso，butIshallnot。IintendtoreturntowhatseemstomethebetterpolicyoftheearlierPresidents:theAmericanpeoplehavemyadministrationbeforethem;theyhaveamplematerialforjudgingit，andwiththemIshallsilentlyleavethewholematter。"Hesaidthisinaperfectlysimple，quietway，whichshowedthathemeantwhathesaid。AtthetimeIregrettedhisdecision;butitsoonbecameclearthathewasright。
Atthebeginningoftheyear1901camethetwo—hundredthanniversaryofthefoundingofthePrussiankingdom。
Representativesoftheothergovernmentsoftheworldappearedatcourtinfullforce;and，underinstructionsfromthePresident，Itenderedhiscongratulationsandbestwishestothemonarch，asfollows:
MayitpleaseYourMajesty:IaminstructedbythePresidenttopresenthisheartycongratulationsonthistwo—hundredthanniversaryofthefoundingoftheKingdomofPrussia，and，withhiscongratulations，hisbestwishesforYourMajesty’shealthandhappiness，aswellasthehealthandhappinessoftheRoyalFamily，andhisearnesthopesforthecontinuedprosperityofYourMajesty’sKingdomandEmpire。
AtthesametimeIfeelfullyauthorizedtopresentsimilarcongratulationsandgoodwishesfromthewholepeopleoftheUnitedStates。Thetiesbetweenthetwonations，insteadofbeingweakenedbytime，haveconstantlygrownstronger。Asregardsmaterialintereststheyareboundtogetherbyanenormouscommerce，growinggreatlyeveryyear:asregardsdeepersentiments，nomanacquaintedwithAmericanHistoryforgetsthattheHouseofHohenzollernwasoneofthefirstEuropeanpowerstorecognizeAmericanIndependence;andthatitwasFredericktheGreatwhomadethatfirsttreaty，——alandmarkinthehistoryofInternationalLaw，——theonlyfaultofwhichwasthattheworldwasnotfarenoughadvancedtoappreciateit。WealsorememberthatGermanywastheonlyforeigncountrywhichshoweddecidedsympathyforusduringourCivilWar——thesecondstruggleforournationalexistence。
Ialsofeelfullyauthorized，inviewofYourMajesty’sinterestineverythingthatministerstothehighestinterestsofcivilization，toexpressthanksforservicewhichthebroadpolicyofGermanyhasrenderedtheUnitedStatesinthrowingopentoAmericanscholarsitsUniversities，itsTechnicalSchools，itsconservatoriesofArt，itsMuseums，anditsLibraries。EveryUniversityandadvancedschooloflearningintheUnitedStatesrecognizesthefactthatGermanyhasbeenourmainforeignteacher，asregardsthehigherrangesofScience，Literature，andArt，andImaybeallowedtoremindYourMajesty，thatwhileGreatBritainisjustlyreveredbyusasourmothercountryGermanyisbeginningtoholdtousasimilarrelation，notonlyasthefatherlandofavastnumberofAmericancitizens，butasoneofthemainsourcesoftheintellectualculturespreadbyouruniversitiesandschoolsforadvancedlearning。
Allowme，then，sir，torenewthebestwishesofthePresidentandpeopleoftheUnitedStates，withtheirhopesthateverblessingmayattendYourMajesty，theHouseofHohenzollerntheKingdomofPrussia，andtheGermanEmpire。
TheEmperorinhisreplyspokeverycordiallyofthePresident’sspecialtelegram，whichhehadreceivedthatmorning，andthengaveearnestutterancetohisbeliefthatthetimeiscomingwhenthethreegreatpeoplesofGermanicdescentwillstandfirmlytogetherinallthegreatquestionsoftheworld。
ThereligiousceremoniesinthePalaceChapel，withmagnificentmusic;thebanquet，whichincludedpertinentspeechesfromthemonarchs;andthegalarepresentationattheoperaallpassedoffwell:but，perhaps，thatwhichwilldwelllongestinmymemorytookplaceatthelast。Theperformanceconsistedoftwopieces:
oneapoemglorifyingPrussia，recitedwithmusic;theotheraplay，infouracts，withlong，musicalinterludes，deifyingthegreatElectorandthehouseofHohenzollern。Thoughsplendidinscenicsettingandbrilliantinpresentationitwasverylong，andtheambassadors’boxwascrowdedandhot。InthemidstofitalltheFrenchambassador，theMarquisdeNoailles，oneofthemostsuavecourteous，andplacidofmen，quietlysaidtome，withinimitablegravity，"WhataborethismustbetothosewhounderstandGerman！（Commecadoitetreennuyeuxaceuxquicorreprennentl’Allexnand！）"Thissuddenrevelationofalowerdepthofboredom——fromonewhocouldnotunderstandawordoftheplay——wasworthyofhisancestorsinthedaysofSaint—SimonandDangeau。
Duringthefollowingsummertwogreatsorrowsbefellmeandmine，butthereisnothingtobeherechronicledsavethatinthis，asinprevioustrials，Itookrefugeinworkwhichseemedtobeworthy。Thediplomaticserviceinsummerisnotusuallyexacting，especiallywhenonehas，asIhad，thoroughlyloyalandjudiciousembassysecretaries。AsinaformerbereavementIhadturnedtoastudyofthecharacterandservicesofJohnofPortugalandhisgreatsuccessorsintheageofdiscovery，sonowIturnedtoFraPaoloSarpiandthegoodfighthefoughtforVeniceandhumanity。
Tomylargecollectionofbooksonthesubject，mademainlyinItaly，Iaddedmuchfromtheoldbook—shopsofGermany，andwiththeserevisedmyVenetianstudies。AnolddreamofminehadbeentobringoutasmallbookonFraPaolo:nowIsought，moremodestly，toprepareanessay。[6]Theworkwasgoodforme。
ContemplationofthatnoblestofthethreegreatItaliansbetweentheRenaissanceandtheResurrectionofItalydidsomethingtoliftmeabovesorrow;readinghiswords，utteredsocalmlyinallthestormandstressofhistime，soothedme。Viewedfrommywork—tableontheislandofRugen，theworldbecamelessdarkasIthoughtuponthisheroofthreecenturiesago。
[6]Thisessayhassincebeenpublishedinthe"AtlanticMonthly"
ofJanuaryandFebruary，1904。
{Includedetext:ProjectGutenberg}
THEATLANTICMONTHLY:AMAGAZINEOFLiterature，Science，Art，andPoliticsVOLUMEXCIII{FromJanuary，1904——NumberDLV。andFebruary，1904——NumberDLVI。}
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I。
Athoughtfulhistoriantellsusthat，betweenthefourteenthcenturyandthenineteenth，Italyproducedthreegreatmen。Asthefirstofthese，henamesMachiavelli，who，hesays，"taughttheworldtounderstandpoliticaldespotismandtohateit;"asthesecond，henamesSarpiwho"taughttheworldafterwhatmannertheHolySpiritguidestheCouncilsoftheChurch;"andasthethird，Galileo，who"taughttheworldwhatdogmatictheologyisworthwhenitcanbetestedbyscience。"
Ipurposenowtopresentthesecondofthese。AsaMAN，hewasbyfarthegreatestofthethreeand，invariousrespects，themostinteresting，forhenotonlythrewabrightlightintothemostimportantgeneralcounciloftheChurchandrevealedtoChristendomthemethodswhichthereprevailed，——inabookwhichremainsoneofthehalf—dozenclassichistoriesoftheworld，——buthefoughtthemostbitterfightforhumanityagainstthepapacyeverknowninanyLatinnation，andwonavictorybywhichthewholeworldhasprofitedeversince。Moreover，hewasoneofthetwoforemostItalianstatesmensincetheMiddleAges，theotherbeingCavour。
HewasbornatVenicein1552，anditmayconcernthosewhocaretonotethesubtleinterweavingofthewarpandwoofofhistorythatthebirthyearofthismostresourcefulfoethatJesuitismeverhadwasthedeathyearofSt。FrancisXavier，thenoblestofJesuitapostles。
Itmayalsointerestthosewhostudythemoreevidentevolutionofcauseandeffectinhumanaffairstonotethat，likemoststrongmen，hehadastrongmother;thatwhilehisfatherwasapoorshopkeeperwhodidlittleanddiedyoung，hismotherwaswiseandserene。
Fromhisearliestboyhood，heshowedstrikinggiftsandcharacteristics。Heneverforgotafaceonceseen，couldtakeinthemaincontentsofapageataglance，spokelittle，rarelyatemeat，and，untilhislastyears，neverdrankwine。
Broughtup，afterthedeathofhisfather，firstbyhisuncle，apriest，andthenbyCapella，aServitemonk，insomethingbetterthantheusualpriestlyfashion，hebecameknown，whileyetinhisboyhood，asatheologicalprodigy。Disputationsinhisyouth，especiallyoneatMantua，where，afterthemannerofthetime，hesuccessfullydefendedseveralhundredthesesagainstallcomers，attractedwideattention，sothattheBishopgavehimaprofessorship，andtheDuke，who，likesomeothercrownedheadsofthosedays，——notablyHenryVIII。andJamesI。，——likedtodabbleintheology，madehimacourttheologian。Butthedutiesofthispositionwereuncongenial:aflippantduke，fondofputtingquestionswhichthewisesttheologiancouldnotanswer，andlayingoutworkwhichtheyoungscholarevidentlythoughtfutile，apparentlyweariedhim。HereturnedtotheconventoftheServitesatVenice，andbecame，afterafewyears’novitiate，afriar，changing，atthesametime，hisname;sothat，havingbeenbaptizedPeter，henowbecamePaul。
Hiscareersoonseemedtorevealanotherandunderlyingcauseofhisreturn:heevidentlyfeltthesameimpulsewhichstirredhiscontemporaries，LordBaconandGalileo;forhebegandevotinghimselftothewholerangeofscientificandphilosophicalstudies，especiallytomathematics，physics，astronomy，anatomy，andphysiology。Inthesehebecameknownasanauthority，andbeforelongwasrecognizedassuchthroughoutEurope。Itisclaimed，anditisnotimprobable，thatheanticipatedHarveyindiscoveringthecirculationoftheblood，andthathewastheforerunnerofnoteddiscoveriesinmagnetism。Unfortunatelythelossofthegreatmassofhispapersbythefirewhichdestroyedhisconventin1769forbidsanyfullestimateofhiswork;butitiscertainthatamongthosewhosoughthisopinionandadviceweresuchgreatdiscoverersasAcquapendente，Galileo，Torricelli，andGilbertofColchester，andthateveryoneofthesereferredtohimasanequal，andindeedasamaster。Itseemsalsoestablishedthatitwashewhofirstdiscoveredthevalvesoftheveins，thathemadeknownthemostbeautifulfunctionoftheiris，——itscontractility，——andthatvarioussurmisesofhisregardingheat，light，andsoundhavesincebeendevelopedintoscientifictruths。Itisaltogetherlikelythat，hadhenotbeendrawnfromscientificpursuitsbyhisdutiesasastatesman，hewouldhaverankedamongthegreaterinvestigatorsanddiscoverers，notonlyofItaly，butoftheworld。
Healsostudiedpoliticalandsocialproblems，andhearrivedatoneconclusionwhich，thoughnowtrite，wasthennovel，——theopinionthattheaimofpunishmentshouldnotbevengeance，butreformation。Inthesedaysandinthiscountry，whereoneofthemostseriousofevilsisunduelenitytocrime，thisopinionmaybeimputedtohimasafault;butinthosedays，whentorturewasthemainmethodinprocedureandinpenalty，hisdeclarationwashonorablebothtohisheadandheart。
Withallhisdevotiontobooks，hefoundtimetostudymen。Evenatschool，hehadseemedtodiscernthosewhowouldwincontrol。
Theydiscernedsomethinginhimalso;sothatcloserelationswereformedbetweenhimandsuchleadersasContariniandMorosini，withwhomheafterwardsstoodsidebysideingreatemergencies。
Importantmissionswereentrustedtohim。FivetimeshevisitedRometoadjustperplexingdifferencesbetweenthepapalpowerandvariousinterestsatVenice。Hewasrapidlyadvancedthroughmostofthehigherofficesinhisorder，andinthesehegaveaseriesofdecisionswhichwontherespectofallentitledtoformanopinion。
NaturallyhewasthoughtofforhighplaceintheChurch，andwastwicepresentedforabishopric;buteachtimehewasrejectedatRome，——partlyfromfamilyclaimsoflessworthycandidates，partlyfromsuspicionsregardinghisorthodoxy。ItwasobjectedthathedidnotfindthewholedoctrineoftheTrinityinthefirstverseofGenesis，thathecorrespondedwitheminenthereticsofEnglandandGermany，thathewasnotaversetoreforms，that，inshort，hewasnotinclinedtowallowintheslimefromwhichhadcrawledforthsuchhugeincarnationsofevilasJohnXXIII。，JuliusII。，SixtusIV。，andAlexanderVI。
Hisorthodoxdetractorshavebeenwonttorepresenthimasseekingvengeanceforhisnon—promotion;buthisaftercareershowedamplythatpersonalgrievanceshadlittleeffectuponhim。
Itisindeednotunlikelythatwhenhesawbishopricsforwhichheknewhimselfwellfittedgivenassopstopoorcreaturesutterlyunfitinmoralsorintellect，hemayhavehaddoubtsregardingtheparttakenbytheAlmightyinselectingthem;buthewasreticent，andkeptonwithhiswork。InhiscellatSantaFosca，hequietlyandsteadilydevotedhimselftohischerishedstudies;buthecontinuedtostudymorethanbooksorinanimatenature。Hewasneitherabookwormnorapedant。Onhisvariousmissionshemetanddiscoursedwithchurchmenandstatesmenconcernedinthegreatesttransactionsofhistime，notablyatMantuawithOliva，secretaryofoneofthegreatestecclesiasticsattheCouncilofTrent;atMilanwithCardinalBorromeo，byfarthenoblestofallwhosatinthatassemblageduringitseighteenyears;inRomeandelsewherewithArnauldFerrier，whohadbeenFrenchAmbassadorattheCouncil，CardinalSeverina，headoftheInquisition，Castagna，afterwardPopeUrbanVII。，andCardinalBellarmine，afterwardSarpi’sstrongestandnoblestopponent。