Asalreadystated，therewasbutonethinginthefigure，asI
　　hadseenit，whichpuzzledme，andthatwasthegroovingoftheunderside，apparentlybycurrentsofwater，which，asthestatueappearedtobeofourOnondagagraylimestone，wouldrequireverymanyyears。Butonedayoneofthecool—headedskepticsofthevalley，anoldschoolmateofmine，cametome，andwithanairofgreatsolemnitytookfromhispocketanobjectwhichhecarefullyunrolledfromitswrappings，andsaid，"Thereisapieceofthegiant。Carefulguardhasbeenkeptfromthefirstinordertopreventpeopletouchingit;butIhavemanagedtogetapieceofit，andhereitis。"Itookitinmyhand，andthematterwasmadeclearinaninstant。ThestonewasnotourhardOnondagagraylimestone，butsoft，easilymarkedwiththefinger—nail，and，ontestingitwithanacid，Ifoundit，nothardcarbonateoflime，butasoft，friablesulphateoflime——aformofgypsum，whichmusthavebeenbroughtfromsomeotherpartofthecountry。
　　Ahealthfulskepticismnowbegantoassertitsrights。ProfessorMarshofYaleappeareduponthescene。Fortunately，hewasnotonlyoneofthemosteminentoflivingpaleontologists，but，unlikemostwhohadgivenanopinion，hereallyknewsomethingofsculpture，forhehadbeenfamiliarwiththebestgalleriesoftheOldWorld。Heexaminedthestatueandsaid，"Itisofveryrecentorigin，andamostdecidedhumbug……Veryshortexposureofthestatuewouldsufficetoobliteratealltraceoftool—marks，andalsotoroughenthepolishedsurfaces，butthesearestillquiteperfect，andhencethegiantmusthavebeenveryrecentlyburied……Iamsurprisedthatanyscientificobserversshouldnothaveatoncedetectedtheunmistakableevidenceagainstitsantiquity。"[27]
　　[27]SeeProfessorMarsh’sletterinthe"SyracuseDailyJournal，"November30，1869。
　　Varioussuspiciouscircumstancespresentlybecameknown。ItwasfoundthatFarmerNewellhadjustremittedtoamannamedHull，atsomeplaceintheWest，severalthousanddollars，theresultofadmissionfeestotheboothcontainingthefigure，andthatnothinghadcomeinreturn。ThinkingmenintheneighborhoodreasonedthatasNewellhadneverbeeninconditiontooweanyhumanbeingsuchanamountofmoney，andhadreceivednothinginreturnforit，hiscorrespondenthad，notunlikely，somethingtodowiththestatue。
　　Thesesuspicionsweresoonconfirmed。Theneighboringfarmers，who，intheirquietway，kepttheireyesopen，notedatall，lankindividualwhofrequentlyvisitedtheplaceandseemedtoexercisecompletecontroloverFarmerNewell。SoonitwaslearnedthatthisstrangerwasthemanHull，——Newell’sbrother—in—law，——thesametowhomthelatterhadmadethelargeremittanceofadmissionmoney。Oneday，twoorthreefarmersfromadistance，visitingtheplaceforthefirsttimeandseeingHull，said，"Why，thatisthemanwhobroughtthebigboxdownthevalley。"Onbeingaskedwhattheymeant，theysaidthat，beingoneeveninginatavernonthevalleyturnpikesomemilessouthofCardiff，theyhadnoticedunderthetavernshedawagonbearinganenormousbox;andwhentheymetHullinthebar—roomandaskedaboutit，hesaidthatitwassometobacco—cuttingmachinerywhichhewasbringingtoSyracuse。Otherfarmers，whohadseentheboxandtalkedwithHullatdifferentplacesontheroadbetweenBinghamtonandCardiff，madesimilarstatements。Itwasthenascertainedthatnosuchboxhadpassedthetoll—gatesbetweenCardiffandSyracuse，andproofsoftheswindlebegantomature。
　　Butskepticismwasnotwellreceived。Vestedinterestshadaccrued，aconsiderablenumberofpeople，mostofthemverygoodpeople，hadtakenstockinthenewenterprise，andanythingwhichdiscrediteditwasunwelcometothem。
　　Itwasnotatallthattheseexcellentpeoplewishedtocountenanceanimposture，butithadbecomesoentwinedwiththeirbeliefsandtheirintereststhatatlasttheycametoabhoranydoubtsregardingit。Apamphlet，"TheAmericanGoliath，"wasnowissuedinbehalfofthewonder。Onitstitle—pageitclaimedtogivethe"HistoryoftheDiscovery，andtheOpinionsofScientificMenthereon。"Thetoneofthebookwasmoderate，butitstendencywasevident。Onlylettersandnewspaperarticlesexcitingcuriosityorfavoringthegenuinenessofthestatuewereadmitted;adversetestimony，likethatofProfessorMarsh，wascarefullyexcluded。
　　Beforelongthematterenteredintoacomicalphase。Barnum，KingofShowmen，attemptedtopurchasethe"giant，"butinvain。Hethenhadacopymadesonearlyresemblingtheoriginalthatnoone，save，possibly，anexpert，coulddistinguishbetweenthem。
　　Thisnewstatuewasalsoexhibitedas"theCardiffGiant，"andthenceforwardthecreditofthediscoverywaned。
　　Thecatastrophenowapproachedrapidly，andsoonaffidavitsfrommenofhighcharacterinIowaandIllinoisestablishedthefactthatthefigurewasmadeatFortDodge，inIowa，ofagreatblockofgypsumtherefound;thatthisblockwastransportedbylandtothenearestrailwaystation，Boone，whichwasaboutforty—fivemilesdistant;thatonthewaythewagonconveyingitbrokedown，andthatasnoothercouldbefoundstrongenoughtobearthewholeweight，aportionoftheblockwascutoff;that，thusdiminished，itwastakentoChicago，whereaGermanstone—carvergaveitfinalshape;that，asithadbeenshortened，hewasobligedtodrawupthelowerlimbs，thusgivingitastrikinglycontractedandagonizedappearance;thattheundersideofthefigurewasgroovedandchanneledinorderthatitshouldappeartobewastedbyage;thatitwasthendottedorpittedoverwithminuteporesbymeansofaleadenmalletfacedwithsteelneedles;thatitwasstainedwithsomepreparationwhichgaveitanappearanceofgreatage;thatitwasthenshippedtoaplacenearBinghamton，NewYork，andfinallybroughttoCardiffandthereburied。ItwasfurtherstatedthatHull，inordertosecurehisbrother—in—law，FarmerNewell，ashisconfederateinburyingthestatue，hadswornhimtosecrecy;and，inorderthatthefamilymighttestifythattheyhadneverheardorseenanythingofthestatueuntilithadbeenunearthed，hehadsentthemawayonalittleexcursioncoveringthetimewhenitwasbroughtandburied。AllthesefactswereestablishedbyaffidavitsfrommenofhighcharacterinIowaandIllinois，bythesworntestimonyofvariousOnondagafarmersandmenofbusiness，and，finally，bytheadmissionsandevenboastsofHullhimself。
　　Againstthistideoftruththegoodpeoplewhohadpinnedtheirfaithtothestatue——thosewhohadvestedinterestsinit，andthosewhohadrashlygivensolemnopinionsinfavorofit——struggledforatimedesperately。Awriterinthe"SyracuseJournal"expressedasortofregretfulwonderandshamethat"thepublicareaskedtooverthrowthesworntestimonyofsustainedwitnessescorroboratedbythehighestscientificauthority"——theonlyswornwitnessbeingFarmerNewell，whosetestimonywasnotatallconclusive，andthehighestscientificauthoritybeinganeminentlocaldentistwho，earlyinhislife，hadgivenpopularchemicallectures，andwhohadnowinvestedmoneyintheenterprise。
　　Thesamewriterreferredalsowithaweto"themenofsense，property，andcharacterwhoownthegiantandreceivewhateverrevenuearisesfromitsexhibition";andtheargumentculminatedintheoraculardeclarationthat"theoperationsofwaterastestifiedandinterpretedbysciencecannotcreatefalsehood。"[28]
　　[28]Seeletterof"X"inthe"SyracuseJournal，"republishedintheFortDodgePamphlet，pp。15and16。
　　Butallthispatheticeloquencewasinvain。Hull，theinventorofthestatue，havingrealizedmoremoneyfromitthanheexpected，andbeingsharpenoughtoseethatitsdaywasdone，wasevidentlyburstingwiththedesiretoavertscornfromhimselfbybringingthelaughuponothers，andespeciallyuponcertainclergymen，whom，asweshallseehereafter，hegreatlydisliked。Henowacknowledgedthatthewholethingwasaswindle，andgavedetailsofthewayinwhichhecametoembarkinit。HeavowedthattheideawassuggestedtohimbyadiscussionwithaMethodistrevivalistinIowa;that，beinghimselfaskepticinreligiousmatters，hehadflungathisantagonist"thoseremarkablestoriesintheBibleaboutgiants";that，observinghowreadilytherevivalistandthosewithhimtookupthecudgelsforthegiants，itthenandthereoccurredtohimthat，sincesomanypeoplefoundpleasureinbelievingsuchthings，hewouldhaveastatuecarvedoutofstonewhichhehadfoundinIowaandpassitoffonthemasapetrifiedgiant。Inalaterconversationhesaidthatonethingwhichdecidedhimwasthatthestonehadinitdark—coloredbluishstreakswhichresembledinappearancetheveinsofthehumanbody。Theevolutionofthewholeaffairthusbecameclear，simple，andnatural。
　　Uptothistime，Hull’sremarkablecunninghadneveravailedhimmuch。Hehadmadevariouspettyinventions，buthadrealizedverylittlefromthem;hehadthenmadesomecombinationsasregardedtheinternal—revenuelawsreferringtothemanufactureandsaleoftobacco，andthesehadonlybroughthimintotroublewiththecourts;butnow，whentheboundlessresourcesofhumancredulityweresuddenlyrevealedtohimbytherevivalist，hedeterminedtoexploitthem。Thisevolutionofhisideasstrikinglyresemblesthatthroughwhichthemindofaworthless，shiftless，trickycreatureinwesternNewYork——JosephSmith——musthavepassedfortyyearsbefore，whenhedugup"thegoldenplates"ofthe"BookofMormon，"andfoundplentyofexcellentpeoplewhorejoicedinbelievingthattheRev。Mr。Spalding’sbiblicalnovelwasanewrevelationfromtheAlmighty。
　　Thewholematterwasthusfullylaidopen，anditmighthavebeenreasonablyexpectedthatthenceforwardnohumanbeingwouldinsistthatthestonefigurewasanythingbutaswindlinghoax。
　　Notso。IntheDivinitySchoolofYaleCollege，aboutthemiddleofthecentury，wasasolemn，quiet，semi—jocose，semi—melancholicresidentgraduate——AlexanderMcWhorter。Iknewhimwell。Hehadembarkedinvariousmatterswhichhadnotturnedoutsatisfactorily。Hotwater，ecclesiasticalandsocial，seemedhisfavoriteelement。[29]Hewasgenerallybelievedtosecuremostofhissleepduringtheday，andtodomostofhisworkduringthenight;afavoriteobjectofhisstudybeingHebrew。
　　Variousstrangethingshadappearedfromhispen，and，mostcuriousofall，alittlebookentitled，"YahvehChrist，"inwhichhehadendeavoredtodemonstratethatthedoctrineoftheTrinitywastobefoundentangledintheconsonantsoutofwhichformerscholarsmadetheword"Jehovah，"andmorerecentscholars"Yahveh";thatthisword，infact，provedthedoctrineoftheTrinity。[30]
　　[29]Themainevidenceofthisistobefoundin"TruthStrangerThanFiction:ANarrativeofRecentTransactionsinvolvingInquiriesinRegardtothePrinciplesofHonor，Truth，andJustice，whichObtainsinaDistinguishedAmericanUniversity，"
　　byCatherineE。Beecher，NewYork，1850。
　　[30]See"YahvehChrist，ortheMemorialName，"byA。McWhorter，Boston，1857。
　　Henowbroughthisintellecttobearupon"theCardiffGiant，"
　　andsoonproducedanamazingtheory，developingitatlengthinacarefularticle。[31]
　　[31]SeeMcWhorter，"TammuzandtheMound—builders，"inthe"Galaxy，"July，1872。
　　ThistheorywassimplythatthefigurediscoveredatCardiffwasaPhenicianidol;andMr。McWhorterpublished，astheclimaxtoallhisproofs，thefacsimileandtranslationofaninscriptionwhichhehaddiscovereduponthefigure——a"Phenicianinscription，"whichhethoughtcouldleavenodoubtinthemindofanypersonopentoconviction。
　　Thatthewholethinghadbeenconfessedaswindlebyallwhotookpartinit，withfulldetailsastoitsoriginanddevelopment，seemedtohimnotworthyoftheslightestmention。Regardlessofallthefactsinthecase，heshowedapatheticdevotiontohistheory，andallowedhisimaginationthefullestplay。Hefound，firstofall，aninscriptionofthirteenletters，"introducedbyalargecrossorstar—theAssyrianindexoftheDeity。"Beforethelastwordoftheinscriptionhefoundcarved"aflowerwhichheregardedasconsecratedtotheparticulardeityTammuz，andatbothendsoftheinscriptionaserpentmonogramandsymbolofBaal。"
　　Thisinscriptionheassumedasanevidentfact，thoughnootherhumanbeinghadeverbeenabletoseeit。EvenProfessorWhite，M。D。，oftheYaleMedicalSchool，withthebestintentionsintheworld，wasunabletofindit。Dr。Whitewascertainlynotinclinedtosuperficialityorskepticism。With"achromaticglasseswhichmagnifiedforty—fivediameters"heexaminedthe"pinholes"whichcoveredthefigure，anddeclaredthat"thebeautifulfinishofeveryporeorpinholeappearedtomestronglyopposedtotheideathatthestatuewasofmodernworkmanship。"
　　HealsothoughthesawthemarkingswhichMr。McWhorterconjecturedmightbeaninscription，andsaidinaletter，"thoughIsawnorecenttool—marks，Isawevidencesofdesignintheformandarrangementofthemarkings，whichsuggestedtheideaofaninscription。"And，finally，havingmadetheseconcessions，heendshislongletterwiththeveryguardedstatementthat，"thoughnotfullyDECIDED，IINCLINETOTHE
　　OPINIONthattheOnondagastatueisofancientorigin。"[32]
　　[32]Theitalicsareasintheoriginal。
　　ButthismildstatementdidnotdauntMr。McWhorter。HavingcalmlypronouncedDr。White"inerror，"heproceededwithsublimedisregardofeveryotherhumanbeing。Hefoundthatthestatue"belongstothewingedor’cherubim’type";that"downtheleftsideofthefigureareseentheoutlinesoffoldedwings——eventheseparatefeathersbeingclearlydistinguishable";that"theleftsideoftheheadisinexpressiblynobleandmajestic，"and"conformsremarkablytothetypeoftheheadofthemound—builders";that"theleftarmterminatesinwhatappearstobeahugeextendedlion’spaw";that"thedualideaexpressedintheheadiscarriedoutinthefigure";that"inthewonderfullyartisticmouthofthedivinesidewefindasuggestionofthatoftheGreekApollo。"Mr。McWhorteralsofoundotherthingsthatnootherhumanbeingwaseverabletodiscern，andamongthem"acrescent—shapedwoundupontheleftside，""tracesofancientcoloring"inallpartsofthestatue，andevidencesthattheminuteporesweremadeby"borers。"Helaysgreatstressonan"ancientmedal"foundinOnondaga，whichhethinksbelongs"totheeraofthemound—builders，"andonwhichhefindsa"circleinclosinganequilateralcross，bothcrossandcircle，likethewheelofEzekiel，beingfullofsmallcirclesoreyes。"Asamatteroffact，this"ancientmedal"wasanEnglishpenny，whichastreetgaminofSyracusesaidthathehadfoundnearthestatue，andthe"equilateralcross"wassimplytheusualcrossofSt。George。Mr。McWhorterthinksthecircleinclosingthecrossdenotesthe"worldsoul，"andinadissertationofabouttwentypageshediscoursesupon"Baal，""Tammuz，""KingHiramofTyre，"
　　the"shipsofTarshish，"the"Eluli，"and"Atlas，"withplentifulargumentsdrawnfromamultitudeofauthorities，andamongthemSanchoniathon，Ezekiel，Plato，Dr。Dollinger，Isaiah，Melanchthon，Lenormant，Humboldt，SirJohnLubbock，andDonDomingoJuarros，——finallysatisfyinghimselfthatthestatuewas"broughtoverbyacolonyofPhenicians，"possiblyseveralhundredyearsbeforeChrist。[33]
　　[33]Seethe"Galaxy"article，asabove，passim。
　　Withthemodestyofatruescholarhesays，"WhetherthefinalbattleatOnondaga……occurredbeforeorafterthiseventwecannottell";but，resumingconfidence，hesays，"weonlyknowthatatsomedistantperiodthegreatstatue，broughtina’shipofTarshish’acrosstheseaofAtl，waslightlycoveredwithtwigsandflowersandthesewithgravel。"ThedeliberationsofthePickwickClubover"BillStubbs，HisMark"palebeforethis;
　　andDickensinhismostexpansivemoodsneverconceivedanythingmorefunnythanthelong，solemndiscussionbetweentheerraticHebrewscholarandtheeminentmedicalprofessoratNewHavenoverthe"pores"ofthestatue，whichoneofthemthought"theworkofminuteanimals，"whichtheotherthought"elaboratePhenicianworkmanship，"whichboththoughtexquisite，andwhichthemakerofthestatuehadalreadyconfessedthathehadmadebyrudelystrikingthestatuewithamalletfacedwithneedles。
　　Mr。McWhorter’snewtheorymadenogreatstirintheUnitedStates，thoughsome，doubtless，tookcomfortinit;butitfoundoneveryeminentconvertacrosstheocean，andinaplacewherewemightleasthaveexpectedhim。SometenyearsaftertheeventsabovesketchedwhileresidingatBerlinasministeroftheUnitedStates，IonedayreceivedfromanAmericanstudentattheUniversityofHallealetterstatingthathehadbeenrequestedbynolessapersonagethantheeminentDrSchlottmann，instructorinHebrewinthetheologicalschoolofthatuniversity，——thesuccessorofGeseniusinthatbranchofinstruction，——towritemeforinformationregardingthePhenicianstatuedescribedbytheRevAlexanderMcWhorter。
　　Inreply，Idetailedtohimthemainpointsinthehistoryofthecase，asithasbeengiveninthischapter，adding，asagainstthePheniciantheory，thatnothinginthenatureofPhenicianremainshadeverbeenfoundwithinthebordersoftheUnitedStates，andthatiftheyhadbeenfound，thisremotevalley，threehundredmilesfromthesea，barredfromthecoastbymountain—ranges，forests，andsavagetribes，couldneverhavebeentheplacechosenbyPheniciannavigatorsforsuchadeposit;
　　thatthefigureitselfwasclearlynotaworkofearlyart，butacrudedevelopmentbyanunculturedstone—cutteroutofhisremembranceofthingsinmodernsculpture;andthattheinscriptionwaspurelythecreationofMr。McWhorter’simagination。
　　Inhisacknowledgment，mycorrespondentsaidthatIhadleftnodoubtinhismindastothefactthatthegiantwasaswindle;
　　butthathehadcommunicatedmylettertotheeminentDr。
　　Schlottmann，thatthelatteravowedthatIhadnotconvincedhim，andthathestillbelievedtheCardifffiguretobeaPhenicianstatuebearingamostimportantinscription。
　　Onemanemergedfromthischapterinthehistoryofhumanfollysupremelyhappy:thiswasHull，theinventorofthe"giant。"Hehadatlastmadesomemoney，hadgainedareputationfor"smartness，"and，whatprobablypleasedhimbestofall，hadrevengedhimselfupontheRev。Mr。TurkofAckley，Iowa，whobylung—powerhadworstedhimintheargumentastothegiantsmentionedinScripture。
　　Soelatewashethatheshortlysetaboutdevisinganother"petrifiedman"whichwoulddefytheworld。Itwasofclaybakedinafurnace，containedhumanbones，andwasprovidedwith"atailandlegsoftheapetype";andthishecausedtobeburiedanddiscoveredinColorado。Thistimeheclaimedtohavetheaidofoneofhisformerfoes——thegreatBarnum;andallwentwelluntilhisoldenemy，ProfessorMarshofYale，appearedandblastedthewholeenterprisebyafewminutesofscientificobservationandcommon—sensediscourse。
　　OtherstriedtoimitateHull，andin1876one——WilliamBuddockofThornton，St。ClairCounty，Michigan——manufacturedasmalleffigyincement，andinduetimebroughtaboutthediscoveryofit。
　　But，thoughseveralcountryclergymenusedittostrengthentheirargumentsastotheliteral，prosaiccorrectnessofGenesis，itprovedafailure。Finally，in1889，twentyyearsafter"theCardiffGiant"wasdevised，a"petrifiedman"wasfoundnearBathurstinAustralia，broughttoSydney，andexhibited。Theresultwas，insomemeasure，thesameasinthecaseoftheAmericanfraud。Excellentpeoplefoundcomfortinbelieving，andsundrypseudo—scientificmenofacheapsortthoughtitbesttopandertothissentiment;butawell—trainedgeologistpointedouttheabsurdityofthepopulartheory，andfinallythepolicefinishedthematterbysecuringevidencesoffraud。[34]
　　[34]FortheRuddockdiscoveryseeDr。G。A。Stockwellinthe"PopularScienceMonthly"forJune，1878。FortheAustralianfraudseetheLondon"Times"ofAugust2，1889。
　　Toclosetheseannals，Imayaddthatrecentlytheinventorof"theCardiffGiant，"Hull，beingattheageofseventy—sixyears，apparentlyinhislastillness，andanxiousforthegloryinhistorywhichcomesfromsuccessfulachievement，againgavetothepressafullaccountofhispartintheaffair，confirmingwhathehadpreviouslystated，showinghowheplannedit，executeditandrealizedagoodlysumforit;howBarnumwishedtopurchaseitfromhim;andhow，aboveall，hehadhisjokeattheexpenseofthosewho，thoughtheyhadmanagedtoovercomehiminargument，hadfinallybeenrenderedridiculousinthesightofthewholecountry。[35]
　　[35]ForHull’s"FinalStatement"seethe"IthacaDailyJournal，"
　　January4，1898。
　　CHAPTERLVII
　　PLANSANDPROJECTS，EXECUTEDANDUNEXECUTED——1838—1905
　　Amongthosewhoespeciallyattractedmyyouthfuladmirationwereauthors，whetherofbooksorofarticlesinthemagazines。Whenoneofthesepersonageswaspointedouttome，heseemedoffargreaterstaturethanthemenabouthim。Thisfeelingwasespeciallydevelopedintheatmosphereofourhousehold，wherescholarsandwriterswereheldinespecialreverence，andwasafterwardincreasedbymystudies。ThisledmeatYaletotake，atfirst，muchinterestingeneralliterature，and，asaresult，Ihadsomeyouthfulsuccessesasawriterofessaysandasoneoftheeditorsofthe"YaleLiteraryMagazine";butalthoughitwasaneraofgreatwriters，——theculminationoftheVictorianepoch，——myloveforliteratureasliteraturegraduallydiminished，andinplaceofitcameinmyyoungmanhoodaloveofhistoricalandotherstudiestowhichliteraturewas，tomymind，merelysubsidiary。Withthis，nodoubt，theprevailingatmosphereofYalehadmuchtodo。TherewasbetweenYaleandHarvard，atthattime，agreatdifferenceasregardedliteraryculture。
　　LivingimmediatelyaboutHarvardweremostoftheleadingAmericanauthors，andthisfactgreatlyinfluencedthatuniversity;atYalelesswasmadeofliteratureassuch，andmorewasmadeofitasameanstoanend——asancillaryinthediscussionofvariousmilitantpoliticalquestions。Yalehadwritersstrong，vigorous，andacute:ofsuchwereWoolsey，Porter，Bacon，andBushnell，someofwhom，——and，aboveall，thelast，——hadtheydevotedthemselvestopureliterature，wouldhavegainedlastingfame;buttheirinterestinthequestionsofthedaywascontrolling，andliterature，initsordinarysense，wassecondary。
　　HarvardundoubtedlyhadthegreaterinfluenceonleadingAmericanthinkersthroughoutthenation，butmuchlessdirectinfluenceonthepeopleatlargeoutsideofMassachusetts。ThedirectinfluenceofYaleonaffairsthroughouttheUnitedStateswasfargreater;itwasfeltinallpartsofthecountryandineverysortofenterprise。ManyyearsaftermygraduationIattendedameetingoftheYalealumniatWashington，whereaWesternsenator，ontakingthechair，gaveanoffhandstatementofthedifferencebetweenthetwouniversities。"Gentlemen，"saidthesenator，"weallknowwhatHarvarddoes。ShefitsmenadmirablyforlifeinBostonanditsimmediateneighborhood;theyseelittleoutsideofeasternMassachusettsandnothingoutsideofNewEngland;inBostonclubstheyaredelightful;elsewheretheyareintolerable。AndwealsoknowwhatYaledoes:shesendshergraduatesoutintoallpartsoftheland，foreverysortofgoodwork，intownandcountry，eventotheremotestbordersofthenation。WhereveryoufindaYalemanyoufindamanwhoisintouchwithhisfellow—citizens;whoappreciatesthemandisappreciatedbythem;whoisdoingaman’sworkandishonoredfordoingit。"
　　Thishumorousoverstatementindicatestosomeextenttherealdifferencebetweenthespiritofthetwouniversities:theinfluenceofHarvardbeinggreaterthroughthemenittrainedtoleadAmericanthoughtfromBostonasacenter;theinfluenceofYalebeinggreaterthroughitsgraduateswhowerejoiningintheworld’sworkinallitsvariedforms。Yet，curiouslyenough，itwastheutteranceofaHarvardmanwhichperhapsdidmostinmyyoungmanhoodtomakemeundulydepreciateliterarywork。IwasindeepsympathywithTheodoreParker，bothinpoliticsandreligion，andwhenhepouredcontemptoveracertainclassofineffectivepeopleas"weakandliterary，"somethingofhisfeelingtookpossessionofme。Then，too，IwasmuchundertheinfluenceofThomasCarlyle:hispreachments，hortatoryandobjurgatory，wittyandquerulous，thatmenshoulddeferworkinliteratureuntiltheyreallyhavesomeworthymessagetodeliver，hadastrongeffectuponme。WhileIgreatlyadmiredmenlikeLowellandWhittier，whobroughtexquisiteliterarygiftstobearpowerfullyonthestruggleagainstslavery，personsdevotedwhollytoliteraryworkseemedtomeakintosugar—bakersandconfectionery—makers。Inowknowthatthisviewwasveryinadequate;butitwastheninfullforce。Itseemedtomemoreandmoreabsurdthatamanwithanallegedimmortalsoul，atsuchatimeasthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury，shoulddevotehimself，asIthenthought，toamusingweakishyoungmenandwomenbythebalancingofphrasesorthejinglingofverses。
　　Thereforeitwasthat，afterleavingYale，whateverIwrotehadsomedistinctpurpose，withlittle，ifany，careastoform。I
　　wasgreatlystirredagainsttheencroachmentsofslaveryintheTerritories，hadalsobecomedeeplyinterestedinuniversityeducation，andmostofmythinkingandwritingwasdevotedtothesesubjects;though，attimes，Itookupthecudgelsinbehalfofvariousmilitantideasthatseemedtoneedsupport。Thelectureon"CathedralBuildersandMediaevalSculptors，"givenintheYalechapelaftermyreturnfromEurope，oftenrepeatedafterwardinvariouspartsofthecountry，andwidelycirculatedbyextractsinnewspapers，thoughapparentlyanexceptiontotherule，wasnotreallyso。Itaimedtoshowtheeducationalvalueofanethicalelementinart。So，too，myarticleinthe"NewEnglander"on"GlimpsesofUniversalHistory"hadasitsobjectthebetterdevelopmentofhistoricalstudiesinouruniversities。
　　Myarticlesinthe"AtlanticMonthly"——on"JeffersonandSlavery，"on"TheStatesmanshipofRichelieu，"andon"TheDevelopmentandOverthrowofSerfdominRussia"——allhadabearingonthedominantquestionofslavery，andthesamewastrueofmyPhiBetaKappaaddressatYaleon"TheGreatestFoeofModernStates。"WhateverIwroteduringtheCivilWar，andespeciallymypamphletpublishedinLondonasareplytothe"AmericanDiary"oftheLondon"Times"correspondent，Dr。
　　Russell，hadasimilarcharacter。ThefeelinggrewuponmethatlifeintheUnitedStatesduringthemiddleofthenineteenthcenturywasaltogethertooearnestfordevotiontopureliterature。ThesamefeelingpervadedmylecturesattheUniversityofMichigan，myeffortbeingbymeansofthelessonsofhistorytosetyoungmenatthinkinguponthegreatpoliticalproblemsofourtime。ThefirstcourseoftheselectureswasupontheFrenchRevolution。Workwithreferencetoithadbeenalaboroflove。DuringmystudentlifeinParis，andatvariousothertimes，Ihaddevotedmuchtimetothestudyofthissubject，hadvisitednearlyalltheplacesmostcloselyconnectedwithitnotonlyinParisbutthroughoutFrance，hadmeditateduponthenoblebeginningsoftheRevolutioninthePalaceandTennis—courtandChurchofSt。LouisatVersailles;atLyons，uponthefusillades;
　　atNantes，uponthenoyades;attheAbbaye，theCarmelitemonastery，theBarriereduTrone，andthecemeteryoftheRuePiepusinParis，upontheRedTerror;atNimesandAvignonandinLaVendee，upontheWhiteTerror;hadcollected，inallpartsofFrance，massesofbooks，manuscripts，publicdocumentsandillustratedmaterialonthewholestruggle:fullsetsoftheleadingnewspapersoftheRevolutionaryperiod，morethanseventhousandpamphlets，reports，speeches，andotherfugitivepublications，withmassesofpapermoney，caricatures，broadsides，andthelike，thusformingmylibraryontheRevolution，whichhassincebeenaddedtothatofCornellUniversity。BaseduponthesedocumentsandbooksweremylecturesonthegeneralhistoryofFranceandontheRevolutionandEmpire。OutofthiscamefinallyashorterseriesoflecturesuponwhichItookespecialpains——namely，the"HistoryoftheCausesoftheFrenchRevolution。"Thispartofthewholecourseinterestedmemostasrevealingthestrengthandweaknessofdemocraciesandthrowinglightuponmanyproblemswhichourownrepublicmustendeavortosolve;andIgaveitnotonlyatCornell，butatJohnsHopkins，theUniversityofPennsylvania，Stanford，Tulane，andWashington。Itstillremainsinmanuscript:
　　whetheritwilleverbepublishedisuncertain。Shouldmylifebesomewhatextended，Ihopetothrowitintotheformofasmallvolume;but，atmypresentageandwiththeworknowuponme，therealizationofthisplanisdoubtful。Still，inanycase，thereistomeonegreatconsolation:mycollectionofbooksaidedtheformerprofessorofmodernhistoryatCornell，Mr。MorseStevens，inpreparingwhatisunquestionablythebesthistoryoftheFrenchRevolutionintheEnglishlanguage。Norhasthecollectionbeenwithoutotheruses。Uponitwasbasedmypamphleton"PaperMoneyInflationinFrance:HowItCame，WhatItBrought，andHowItEnded，"andthis，beingcirculatedwidelyasacampaigndocumentduringtwodifferentperiodsoffinancialdelusion，did，Ihope，somethingtosetsomecontrollingmenintofruitfultrainsofthoughtononeofthemostimportantissueseverpresentedtotheAmericanpeople。
　　Anothercourseoflecturesalsopavedthewaypossiblyforabook。Ihavealreadytoldhow，duringmycollegelifeandevenpreviously，IbecamefascinatedwiththehistoryoftheProtestantReformation。Thisledtofurtherstudies，andamongthefirstcoursesinhistorypreparedduringmyprofessorshipattheUniversityofMichiganwasoneuponthe"RevivalofLearning"
　　andthe"ReformationinGermany。"Thiscoursewasdevelopedlateruntilitwasbroughtdowntoourowntimes;itscontinuancebeingespeciallyfavoredbymystayinGermany，firstasastudentandlaterasministeroftheUnitedStates。Mostofmysparetimeattheseperiodswasgiventothissubject，andinthepreparationoftheselecturesIconceivedtheplanofabookbearingsomesuchnameas"TheBuildingoftheGermanEmpire，"or"TheEvolutionofModernGermany。"Astomethod，Iproposedtomakeitalmostentirelybiographical，andthereasonforthisisverysimple。OfallhistoriesthatIhaveknown，thoserelatingtoGermanyhavebeenthemostdifficulttoread。EventsinGermanhistoryarecomplicatedandinterwoven，toagreaterdegreethanthoseofanyothernation，bystrugglesbetweenraces，betweenthreegreatbranchesoftheChristianChurch，betweenscoresofterritorialdivisionsbetweengreaterandlessermonarchs，betweenstatesandcities，betweenfamilies，betweenindividuals。
　　Then，toincreasethecomplication，thecenterofinterestisconstantlychanging，——beingduringoneperiodatVienna，duringanotheratFrankfort—on—the—Main，duringanotheratBerlin，andduringothersatotherplaces。ThereforeitisthatnarrativehistoriesofGermanybecometomostforeignreaderswretchedlyconfusing:indeed，theymightwellbeclassedinFatherBouhours’sfamouscatalogueof"BooksImpossibletobeRead。"
　　Thisobstacletohistoricaltreatment，especiallyasregardstheneedsofAmericanreaders，ledmetogroupeventsaboutthelivesofvariousGermanleadersinthoughtandaction—therealbuildersofGermany;andthisplanwasperhapsconfirmedbyCarlyle’sfamousdictumthatthehistoryofanynationisthehistoryofthegreatmenwhohavemadeit。Impressedbysuchconsiderations，Ithrewmylecturesalmostentirelyintobiographicalform，withhereandthereafewhistoricallecturestobindthewholetogether。BeginningwithErasmus，Luther，UlrichvonHutten，andCharlesV，IcontinuedwithComenius，Canisius，Grotius，Thomasius，andotherswho，whetherbornonGermansoilornot，exercisedtheirmaininfluenceinGermany。ThencametheworkoftheGreatElector，theadministrationofFredericktheGreat，themoralphilosophyofKant，theinfluenceoftheFrenchRevolutionandNapoleoninGermany，thereformsofStein，thehopelesseffortsofJosephIIandMetternichtowinthehegemonyforAustria，andthesuccessfuleffortsofBismarckandtheEmperorWilliamtogiveittoPrussia。MyowndirectknowledgeofGermanyatdifferentdatesduringmorethanforty—fiveyears，andperhapsalsomyofficialandpersonalrelationstothetwopersonageslastmentioned，enabledmetoseesomethingswhichamandrawinghismaterialfrombooksalonewouldnothaveseen。Ihavegivenmuchofmysparetimetothissubjectduringseveralyears，andstillhope，almostagainsthope，tobringitintobookform。
　　Thoughthusinterestedintheworkofaprofessorofmodernhistory，Icouldnotrefrainfromtakingpartinthediscussionofpracticalquestionspressingonthinkingmenfromallsidesandearnestlydemandingattention。
　　DuringmyStatesenatorshipIhadbeenobligedmorethanoncetoconfessalack，bothinmyselfandinmycolleagues，ofmuchfundamentalknowledgeespeciallyimportanttomenintrustedwiththelegislationofagreatcommonwealth。Besidesthis，evenasfarbackasmyRussianattacheship，Ihadobservedasimilarwantofproperequipmentinourdiplomaticandconsularservice。Itwascleartomethatsuchsubjectsasinternationallaw，politicaleconomy，modernhistorybearingonlegislation，thefundamentalprinciplesoflawandadministration，andespeciallystudiesbearingonthepreventionandcureofpauperism，inebriety，andcrime，andontheimpositionoftaxation，hadbeenalwaysinadequatelyprovidedforbyouruniversities，andinmostcasesutterlyneglected。