[94]l。c。，p。242。
[95]l。c。"TheFrench，"hesays，"laughatourenthusiasticideasofliberty。"
l。c。，p。78。
[96]"Theyespeciallyobjectedtoworkbeyondthe12hoursperday，becausethelawwhichfixedthosehours，istheonlygoodwhichremainstothemofthelegislationoftheRepublic。"（"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。"，31stOctober，1856，p。80。）TheFrenchTwelveHours’BillofSeptember5th，1850，abourgeoiseditionofthedecreeoftheProvisionalGovernmentofMarch2nd，1848，holdsinallworkshopswithoutexceptions。Beforethislawtheworking—dayinFrancewaswithoutdefinitelimit。Itlastedinthefactories14，15，ormorehours。See&’DesclassesouvrieresenFrance，pendantl’annee1848。ParM。Blanqui。"M。Blanquitheeconomist，nottheRevolutionist，hadbeenentrustedbytheGovernmentwithaninquiryintotheconditionoftheworking—class。
[97]Belgiumisthemodelbourgeoisstateinregardtotheregulationoftheworking—day。LordHowardofWelden，EnglishPlenipotentiaryatBrussels，reportstotheForeignOfficeMay12th，1862:"M。Rogier，theminister，informedmethatchildren’slabourislimitedneitherbyagenerallawnorbyanylocalregulations;thattheGovernment，duringthelastthreeyears，intendedineverysessiontoproposeabillonthesubject，butalwaysfoundaninsuperableobstacleinthejealousoppositiontoanylegislationincontradictionwiththeprincipleofperfectfreedomoflabour。"
[98]Itiscertainlymuchtoberegrettedthatanyclassofpersonsshouldtoil12hoursaday，which，includingthetimefortheirmealsandforgoingtoandreturningfromtheirwork，amounts，infact，to14ofthe24hours……
Withoutenteringintothequestionofhealth，noonewillhesitate，Ithink，toadmitthat，inamoralpointofview，soentireanabsorptionofthetimeoftheworking—classes，withoutintermission，fromtheearlyageof13，andintradesnotsubjecttorestriction，muchyounger，mustbeextremelyprejudicial，andisanevilgreatlytobedeplored……Forthesake，therefore，ofpublicmorals。ofbringingupanorderlypopulation，andofgivingthegreatbodyofthepeopleareasonableenjoymentoflife，itismuchtobedesiredthatinalltradessomeportionofeveryworking—dayshouldbereservedforrestandleisure。"（LeonardHomerin``ReportsofInsp。ofFact。for31stDec。，1841。"）
[99]See"JudgmentofMr。J。H。Otway，Belfast。HilarySessions，CountyAntrim，1860。"
[100]ItisverycharacteristicoftheregimeofLouisPhilippe，thebourgeoisking，thattheoneFactoryActpassedduringhisreign，thatofMarch22nd，1841，wasneverputinforce。Andthislawonlydealtwithchild—labour。
Itfixed8hoursadayforchildrenbetween8and12，12hoursforchildrenbetween12and16，&c。，withmanyexceptionswhichallownight—workevenforchildren8yearsold。Thesupervisionandenforcementofthislaware，inacountrywhereeverymouseisunderpoliceadministration，lefttothegood—willoftheamisducommerce。Onlysince1853，inonesingledepartment？theDepartementduNord？hasapaidgovernmentinspectorbeenappointed。NotlesscharacteristicofthedevelopmentofFrenchsociety，generally，isthefact，thatLouisPhilippe~slawstoodsolitaryamongtheall—embracingmassofFrenchlaws，tilltheRevolutionof1848。
[101]ReportofInsn。ofFact。"30thApril，1860，p。50。
[102]"Rept。ofInsp。ofFact。，"31stOctober，1849，p。6。
[103]"Rept。ofInsp。ofFact。，"31stOctober，1848，p。98。
[104]LeonardHomerusestheexpression"nefariouspractices"inhisofficialreports。（"ReportofInsp。ofFact。，"31stOctober，1859，p。7。）
[105]"Rept。，"&c。，30thSept。，1844，p。15。
[106]TheActallowschildrentobeemployedfor10hoursiftheydonotworkdayafterday，butonlyonalternatedays。Inthemain，thisclauseremainedinoperative。
[107]"Asareductionintheirhoursofworkwouldcausealargernumber（ofchildren）tobeemployed，itwasthoughtthattheadditionalsupplyofchildrenfrom8to9yearsoiagewouldmeettheincreaseddemand"（l。
c。，p。13）。
[108]"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，"31stOct。，1848，p。16。
[109]"IfoundthatmenwhohadbeengettinglOs。aweek，hadhadIs。takenoffforareductionintherateof10percent，andIs。6d。offtheremaining9s。forthereductionintime，together2s。6d……andnotwithstandingthis，manyofthemsaidtheywouldratherwork10hours。"l。c。
[110]"ThoughIsignedit[thepetition！，IsaidatthetimeIwasputtingmyhandtoawrongthing。’’Thenwhydidyouputyourhandtoit？’’BecauseIshouldhavebeenturnedoffifIhadrefused。’Whenceitwouldappearthatthispetitionerfelthimself’oppressed，’butnotexactlybytheFactoryAct。"l。c。，p。102。
[111]p。17，l。c。InMr。Homer’sdistrict10，270adultmalelabourerswerethusexaminedin181factories。TheirevidenceistobefoundintheappendixtotheFactoryReportsforthehalf—yearendingOctober1848。Theseexaminationsfurnishvaluablematerialinotherconnexionsalso。
[112]l。c。SeetheevidencecollectedbyLeonardHomerhimself，Nos。69，70，71，72，92，93，andthatcollectedbySub—lnspectorA。，Nos。51，52，58，59，62，70，oftheAppendix。Onemanufacturer，too，tellstheplaintruth。
SeeNo。14，andNo。265，l。c。
[113]Reports，&c。，for31stOctober，1848，pp。133，134。
[114]Reports，&c。，for30thApril，1848，p。47。
[115]Reports，&c。，for31stOctober，1848，p。130。
[116]Reports，&c。，l。c。，p。142。
[117]Reports&c。，for31stOctober，1850，pp。5，6。
[118]Thenatureofcapitalremainsthesameinitsdevelopedasinitsundevelopedform。Inthecodewhichtheinfluenceoftheslave—owners，shortlybeforetheoutbreakoftheAmericanCivilWar，imposedontheterritoryofNewMexico，itissaidthatthelabourer，inasmuchasthecapitalisthasboughthislabour—power，"ishis（thecapitalist’s）money。"ThesameviewwascurrentamongtheRomanpatricians。Themoneytheyhadadvancedtotheplebeiandebtorhadbeentransformedviathemeansofsubsistenceintothefleshandbloodofthedebtor。This"fleshandblood"were，therefore，"theirmoney。’’Hence，theShylock—lawoftheTenTables。Linguet’shypothesisthatthepatriciancreditorsfromtimetotimeprepared，beyondtheTiber，bunquetsofdebtors’flesh，mayremainasundecidedasthatofDaumerontheChristianEuchanst。
[119]Reports，&c……for30thApril，1848，p。28。
[120]Thus，amongothers，PhilanthropistAshworthtoLeonardHomer，inadisgustingQuakerletter。（Reports，&c。，April，1849，p。4。）
[121]l。c。，p。140。
[122]Reports，&c。，for30thApril，1849，pp。21，22。Cflikeexamplesibid。，pp。4。5。
[123]ByI。andII。Will。IV。，ch。24，s。10，knownasSirJohnWobhouse’sFactoryAct，itwasforbiddentoanyownerofacotton—spinningorweavingmill，orthefather，son，orbrotherofsuchowner，toactasJusticeofthePeaceinanyinquiriesthatconcernedtheFactoryAct。
[124]l。c。
[125]Reports，&c。，for30thApril，1849，p。S。
[126]Reports，&c。，for31stOctober，1849，p。6。
[127]Reports，&c。，for30thApril，1849，p。21。
[128]Reports，&c。，for31stOctober，1848，p。95。
[129]SeeReports，&c。，for30thApril，1849，p。6，andthedetailedexplanationofthe"shiftingsystem，"byFactoryInspectorsHowellandSaunders，in"Reports，&c。，for31stOctober，1848。"SeealsothepetitiontotheQueenfromtheclergyofAshtonandvicinity，inthespringof1849，againsttheshiftsystem。"
[130]Cf。forexample，·`TheFactoryQuestionandtheTenHours’gill。’，ByR。H。Greg，1837。
[131]F。Engels:’TheEnglishTenHours’Bill。"（Inthe"NeueRheinischeZeitung。
Politisch—oekonomischeRevue。"EditedbyK。Marx。Aprilnumber，1850，p。
13。）Thesame"high"CourtofJusticediscovered，duringtheAmericanCivilWar，averbalambiguitywhichexactlyreversedthemeaningofthelawagainstthearmingofpirateships。
[132]Rep。，&c。，for30thApril，1850。
[133]Inwinter，from7a。m。to7p。m。maybesubstituted。
[134]"Thepresentlaw（of1850）wasacompromisewherebytheemployedsurrenderedthebenefitoftheTenHours’Actfortheadvantageofoneuniformperiodforthecommencementandterminationofthelabourofthosewhoselabourisrestricted。"（Reports，&c。，for30thApril，1852，p。14。）
[135]Repons，&c。，forSept。，1844，p。13。
[136]l。c。
[137]l。c。
[138]"Reports，&c。，for31stOct。，1846，"p。20。
[139]Reports，&c。，for31stOct。，1861，p。26。
[140]l。c。，p。27。Onthewholetheworkingpopulation，subjecttotheFactoryAct，hasgreatlyimprovedphysically。Allmedicaltestimonyagreesonthispoint，andpersonalobsenationatdifferenttimeshasconvincedmeofit。
Nevertheless，andexclusiveoftheterribledeath—rateofchildreninthefirstyearsoftheirlife，theofficialreportsofDr。Greenhowshowtheunfavourablehealthconditionofthemanufacturingdistrictsascomparedwith"agriculturaldistrictsofnormalhealth。"Asevidence，takethefollowingtablefromhis1861report:？
PecentageofAdultMalesEngagedinManufactures14。942。637。341。931。014。936。630。4？nbsp;
Death—ratefromPulmonaryAffectionsper100，000Males598708547611691588721726305
NameofDistrictWiganBlackburnHalifaxBradfordMaccles—
fieldLeekStoke—
upon—TrentWoolstantonEighthealthyagriculturaldistrictsDeath—ratefromPulmonaryAffectionsper100，000Females644734564603804705665727340
PecentageofAdultFemalesEngagedinManufactures18。034。920。430。026。017。219。313。9？nbsp;
KindofFemaleOccupationCottonDo。WorstedDo。SilkDo。EarthenwareDo。？nbsp;[141]ItiswellknownwithwhatreluctancetheEnglish"Free—traders，"gaveuptheprotectivedutyonthesilkmanufacture。InsteadoftheprotectionagainstFrenchimportation，theabsenceofprotectiontoEnglishfactorychildrennowsenestheirturn。
[142]During1859and1860，thezenithyearsoftheEnglishcottonindustry，somemanufacturer3tried，bythedecoybaitofhigherwagesforover—time，toreconciletheadultmaleoperativestoanextensionoftheworking—day。
Thehand—mulespinnersandself—actormincersputanendtotheexperimentbyapetitiontotheiremployersinwhichtheysay，"Plainlyspeaking，ourlivesaretousaburthen;and，whileweareconfinedtothemillsnearlytwodaysaweekmorethantheotheroperativesofthecountry，wefeellikehelotsintheland，andthatweareperpetuatingasysteminjurioustoourselvesandfuturegenerations……This，therefore，istogiveyoumostrespectfulnoticethatwhenwecommenceworkagainaftertheChristmasandNewYear’sholidays，weshallwork60hoursperweek，andnomore，orfromsixtosix，withonehourandahalfout。"（Reports，&rc。，for30thApril，1860，p。30。）
[143]OnthemeansthatthewordingofthisActaffordedforitsviolationcftheParliamentaryReturn"FactoriesRegulationAct"（6thAugust，1859），andinitLeonardHomer’s"SuggestionsforamendingtheFactoryActstoenabletheInspectorstopreventillegalworking，nowbecomingveryprevalent。"
[144]"Childrenoftheageof8yearsandupwards，have，indeed，beenemployedfrom6a。m。to9p。m。duringthelasthalfyearinmydistrict。"（Reports，&c。，for31stOctober，1857，p。39。）
[145]"ThePrintworks’Actisadmittedtobeafailurebothwithreferencetoitseducationalandprotectiveprovisions。"（Reports，&c。，for31stOctober，1862，p。52。）
[146]Thus，e。g。，E。PotterinalettertotheTimesofMarch24th，1863。TheTimesremindedhimofthemaoufacturers’revoltagainsttheTenHours’Bill。
[147]Thus，amongothers，Mr。W。Newmarch，collaboratorandeditorofTooke’s"HistoryofPrices。"Isitascientificadvancetomakecowardlyconcessionstopublicopinion？
[148]TheActpassedin1860，determinedthat，inregardtodyeandbleachworks，theworking—dayshouldbefixedonAugustIst，1861，provisionallyat12
hours，anddefinitelyonAugustIst，1862，at10hours，i。e。，at101/2hoursforordinarydays，and71/2forSaturday。Now，whenthefatalyear，1862，came，theoldfarcewasrepeated。Besides，themanufacturerspetitionedParliamenttoallowtheemploymentofyoungpersonsandwomenfor12hoursduringoneyearlonger。"Intheexistingconditionofthetrade（thetimeofthecottonfamine），itwasueatlytotheadvantageoftheoperativestowork12hoursperday，andmakewageswhentheycould。"
Abilltothiseffecthadbeenbroughtin，"anditwasmainlyduetotheactionoftheoperativebleachersinScotlandthatthebillwasabandoned。"
（Reports，&:c。，for31stOctober，1862，pp。14—15。）Thusdefeatedby—theveryworkpeople，inwhosenameitpretendedtospeakCapitaldiscovered，withthehelpoflawyerspectacles，thattheActof1860，drawnup，I;kealltheActsofParliamentforthe"protectionoflabour，"inequivocalphrases，gavethemapretexttoexcludefromitsworkingthecalenderersandfinishers。Englishjurisprudence，everthefaithfulservantofcapital，sanctionedintheCOunofCommonPleasthispieceofpettifogging。"Theoperativeshavebeengreatlydisappointed……theyhavecomphinedofover—work，anditisgreatlytoberegrettedthattheclearintentionofthelegislatureshouldhavefailedbyreasonofafaultydefinition。"（l。c。，p。18。）
[149]The"open—airbleachers"hadevadedthelawof1860，bymeansoftheliethatnowomenworkedatitinthenight。TheliewasexposedbytheFwtoryInspectors，andatthesametimeParliamentwas，bypetitionsffomtheoperatives，bereftofitsnotionsastothecoolmeadow—fragrance，inwhichbleachingintheopen—airwasreportedtotakeplace。Inthisaerialbleaching，drying—roomswereusedattemperaturesoffrom90°to100°Fahrenheit，inwhichtheworkwasdoneforthemostpartbygirls。"Cooling"isthetechnicalexpressionfortheiroccasionalescapefromthedrying—roomsintothefreshair。"Fifteengirlsinstoves。Heatfrom80°to90°
forlinens，and100°andupwardsforcambrics。Twelvegirlsironinganddoing—upinasmallroomabout10feetsquare，inthecentreofwhichisaclosestove。Thegirlsstandroundthestove，whichthrowsoutaterrificheat，anddriesthecambricsrapidlyfortheironers。Thehoursofworkforthesehandsareunlimited。Ifbusy，theyworktill9or12atnightforsuccessivenights。"（Reports，&c。，for31stOctober，1862，p。56。）
Amedicalmanstates:"Nospecialhoursareallowedforcooling，butifthetemperaturegetstoohigh，ortheworkers’handsgetsoiledfromperspiration，theyareallowedtogooutforafewminutes……Myexperience，whichisconsiderable，intreatingthediseasesofstoveworkers，compelsmetoexpresstheopinionthattheirsanitaryconditionisbynomeanssohighasthatoftheoperativesinaspinningfactory（andCapital，initsmemorialstoParliament，hadpaintedthemasfloridlyhealthyafterthemannerofRubens。）Thediseasesmostobservableamongstthemarephthisis，bronchitis，irregularityofuterinefunctions，hysteriainitsmostaggravatedforms，andrheumatism。Allofthese，Ibelieve，areeitherdirectlyorindirectlyinducedbytheimpure，overheatedairoftheapartmentsinwhichthehandsareemployedandthewantofsufficientcomfortableclothingtoprotectthemfromthecold，dampatmosphere，inwinter，whengoingtotheirhomes。"
（l。c。，pp。56—57。）TheFactoryInspectorsremarkedonthesupplementarylawof1860，tornfromtheseopen—airbleachers:"TheActhasnotonlyfailedtoaffordthatprotectiontotheworkerswhichitappearstooffer，butcontainsaclause……apparentlysowordedthat，unlesspersonsaredetectedworkingafter8o’clockatnighttheyappeartocomeundernoprotectiveprovisionsatall，andiftheydosoworkthemodeofproofissodoubtfulthataconvictioncanscarcelyfollow。"（l。c。，p。52。）
"Toallintentsandpurposes，therefore，asanActforanybenevolentoreducationalpurpose，itisafailure;sinceitcanscarcelybecalledbenevolenttopermit，whichistantamounttocompelling，womenandchildrentowork14hoursadaywithorwithoutmeals，asthecasemaybe，andperhapsforlongerhoursthanthese，withoutlimitastoage，withoutreferencetosex，andwithoutregardtothesocialhabitsofthefamiliesoftheneighbourhood，inwhichsuchworks（bleachinganddyeing）aresituated。"（Reports，&c。，for30thApril，1863，p。40。）
[150]Notetothe2ndEd。Since1866，whenIwrotetheabovepassages，areactionhasagainsetin。
[151]"Theconductofeachoftheseclasses（capitalistsandworkmen）hasbeentheresultoftherelativesituaticoinwhichtheyhavebeenplaced。"（Reports，&c。，for31stOctober，1848，p。113。）
[152]"Theemployments，placedunderrestriction，wereconnectedwiththemanufactureoftextilefabricsbytheaidofsteamorwater—powerThereweretwoconditionstowhichanemploymentmustbesubjecttocauseittobeinspected，viz。，theuseofsteamorwaterpower，andthemanufactureofcertainspecifiedfibr=。"（Reports，&c。，f。or31stOctober，1864，p。8。）
[153]Ontheconditionofso—calleddomesticindustries，speciallyvaluablematerialsaretobefoundinthelatfftreportsoftheChildren’sEmploymentCommission。
[154]"TheActsoflastSession（1864）……embraceadiversityofoccupations，thecustomsinwhichdiffergreatly，andtheuseofmechanicalpowertogivemotiontomachineryisnolongeroneoftheelementsnecessary。asformerly，toconstitute，inlegalphrase，a’Factory。’"（Reports，&c。，for31stOctaber，1864，p。8。）
[155]Belgium，theparadiseofContinentalLiberalism，showsnotraceofthismovement。Eveninthecoalandmetalmineslabourersofbothsexes，andallages，areconsumed，inperfect"freedom"atanyperiodandthroughanylengthoftime。Ofevery1，000personsemployedthere，733aremen，88women。135boys，and44girlsunder16;intheblastfurnaces，&c。，ofevery1，000，668aremen，149women，98boys，and85girlsunder16。
Addtothisthelowwagesfortheenormousexploitafionofmatureandimmaturelabour—power。Theaveragedailypayforamanis2s。8d……forawoman，1s。8d……foraboy。1s。21/2d。Asaresult，Belgiumhadin1863，ascomparedwith1850，nearlydoubledboththeamountandthevalueofitsexportsofcoal，iron，&c。
[156]RobertOwen，soonafter1810，notonlymaintainedthenecessityofalimitationoftheworking—dayintheory，butactuallyintroducedthe10hours’dayintohisfactoryatNewLanark。ThiswaslaughedatasacommunisticUtopia;
sowerehis"CombinationofchildrenseducationwithproductivelabourandtheCo—operativeSocietiesofworkingmen。firstcalledintobeingbyhim。To—day。thefirstUtopiaisaFactoryAct，thesecondfiguresasanofficialphraseinallFactoryActs，thethirdisalreadybeingusedasacloakforreactionaryhumbug。
[157]Ure:"Frenchtranslation，PhilosophiedesManufactures。"Paris，1836，Vol。
II，pp。39，40，67，77，&c。
[158]IntheCompteRenduoftheInternationalStatisticalCongressatParis，1855，itisstated:"TheFrenchlaw，whichlimitsthelengthofdailylabourinfactoriesandworkshopsto12hours，doesnotconfinethisworktodefinitefixedhours。Forchildren’slabouronlythework—timeisprescabedasbetween5a。m。and9p。m。Therefore，someofthemastersusethenghtwhichthisfatalsilencegivesthemtokeeptheirworksgoing，withoutintermission，dayin，dayout，possiblywiththeexceptionofSunday。Forthispurposetheyusetwodifferentsetsofworkers，ofwhomneitherisintheworkshopmorethan12hoursatatime，buttheworkoftheestablishmentlastsdayandnight。Thelawissatisfied，butishumanity？"Besides"thedestructiveinfluenceornight—labouronthehumanorganism，"stressisalsolaidupon"thefatalinfluenceoftheassociationofthetwosexesbynightinthesamebadly—lightedworkshops。"
[159]"Forinstance，thereiswithinmydistrictoneoccupierwho，withinthesamecurtilage，isatthesametimeableacheranddyerundertheBleachingandDyeingWorksAct，aprinterunderthePrintWorksAct，andafinisherundertheFactoryAct。"（ReponofMr。Baker，inReports，lic。，forOctober31st，1861，p。20。）AflerenumeratingthedifferentprovisionsoftheseActs，andthecomplicationsarisingfromthem，Mr。Bakersays:"ItwillhenceappearthatitmustbeverydifficulttosecuretheexecutionofthesethreeActsofParliamentwheretheoccupierchoosestoevadethelaw。"Butwhatisassuredtothelawyersbythisislaw—suits。
[160]ThustheFactoryInspectorsatlastventuretosay:"Theseobjections（ofcapitaltothelegallimitationoftheworking—day）mustsuccumbbeforethebroadprincipleoftherightsoflabour……Thereisatimewhenthemaster’srightinhisworkman’slabourceases，andhistimebecomeshisown，eveniftherewerenoexhaustioninthequestion。"（Reports，8cc。，for31stOct。，1862，p。54。）
[161]"We，theworkersofDunkirk，declarethatthelengthoftimeoflabourrequiredunderthepresentsystemistoogreat，andthat，farfromleavingtheworkertimeforrestandeducatioo，itplungeshimintoacooditionofservitudebutlittlebetterthanslavery。Thatiswhywedecidethat8hoursareenoughforaworking—day，andoughttobelegallyrecognisedasenough;whywecalltoourhelpthatpowerfullever，thepress;……
andwhyweshallconsiderallthosethatrefuseusthishelpasenemiesofthereformoflabourandoftherightsofthelabourer。"（ResolutionoftheWorkingMenofDunkirk，NewYorkState，1866。）
[162]Reports，&c。，forOct。，1848，p。112。
[163]"Theproceedings（themanoeuvresofcapital，e。g。，from1848—50）haveafforded，moreover，incontrovertibleproofofthefallacyoftheassertionsooftenadvanced，thatoperativesneednoprotection，butmaybeconsideredasfreeagentsinthedisposaloftheonlypropertywhichtheypossess？thelabouroftheirhandsandthesweatoftheirbrows。"（Reports，&c。，forApril30th，1850，p。45。）"Freelabour（ifsoitmaybetermed）eveninafreecountry，requiresthestrongarmofthelawtoprotectit。"（Reports，&c。，forOctober31st，1864，p。34。）"Topermit，whichistantamounttocompelling……towork14hoursadaywithorwithoutmeals，"&c。
（Repts。，&c。，forApril30th，1863，p。40。）
[164]FriedrichEngels，l。c。，p。5。
[165]The10Hours’Acthas，inthebranchesofindustrythatcomeunderit，"putanendtotheprematuredecrepitudeoftheformerlong—hourworkers。"
（Reports，&c。，for31stOct。，1859，p。47。）"Capital（infactories）
canneverbeemployedinkeepingthemachineryinmotionbeyondalimitedtime，withoutcertaininjurytothehealthandmoralsofthelabourersemployed;andtheyarenotinapositiontoprotectthemselves。"l。c。，p。8）
[166]"Astillgreaterboonisthedistinctionatlastmadeclearbetweentheworker’sowntimeandhismaster’s。Theworkerknowsnowwhenthatwhichhesellsisended，andwhenhisownbegins;andbypossessingasureforeknowledgeofthis，isenabledtoprearrangehisownminutesforhisownpurposes。"
（l。c。，p。52。）"Bymakingthemmastersoftheirowntime（theFactoryActs）havegiventhemamoralenergywhichisdirectingthemtotheeventualpossessionofpoliticalpower"（l。c。，p。47）。Withsuppressedirony，andinverywellweighedwords，theFactoryInspectorshintthattheactuallawalsofreesthecapitalistfromsomeofthebrutalitynaturaltoamanwhoisamereembodimentofcapital，andthatithasgivenhimtimeforalittle"culture。""Formerlythemasterhadnotimeforanythingbutmoney;
theservanthadnotimeforanythingbutlabour"（l。c。，p。48）。
ChapterElevenKarlMarxCapitalVolumeOnePartIII:
TheProductionofAbsoluteSurplus—ValueCHAPTERELEVEN:
RATEANDMASSOFSURPLUSVALUE
Inthischapter，ashitherto，thevalueoflabour—power，andthereforethepartoftheworkingdaynecessaryforthereproductionormaintenanceofthatlabour—power，aresupposedtobegiven，constantmagnitudes。
Thispremised，withtherate，themassisatthesametimegivenofthesurplusvaluethattheindividuallabourerfurnishestothecapitalistinadefiniteperiodoftime。If，e。g。，thenecessarylabouramountsto6hoursdaily，expressedinaquantumofgold=3shillings，then3s。
isthedailyvalueofonelabour—powerorthevalueofthecapitaladvancedinthebuyingofonelabour—power。If，further，therateofsurplusvaluebe=100%，thisvariablecapitalof3s。producesamassofsurplusvalueof3s。，orthelabourersuppliesdailyamassofsurpluslabourequalto6hours。
Butthevariablecapitalofacapitalististheexpressioninmoneyofthetotalvalueofallthelabour—powersthatheemployssimultaneously。
Itsvalueis，therefore，equaltotheaveragevalueofonelabour—power，multipliedbythenumberoflabour—powersemployed。Withagivenvalueoflabour—power，therefore，themagnitudeofthevariablecapitalvariesdirectlyasthenumberoflabourersemployedsimultaneously。Ifthedailyvalueofonelabour—power=3s。，thenacapitalof300s。mustbeadvancedinordertoexploitdaily100labour—powers，ofntimes3s。，inordertoexploitdailynlabour—powers。
Inthesameway，ifavariablecapitalof3s。，beingthedailyvalueofonelabour—power，produceadailysurplusvalueof3s。，avariablecapitalof300s。willproduceadailysurplusvalueof300s。，andoneofntimes3s。adailysurplusvalueofnx3s。Themassofthesurplusvalueproducedisthereforeequaltothesurplusvaluewhichtheworkingdayofonelabourersuppliesmultipliedbythenumberoflabourersemployed。Butasfurtherthemassofsurplusvaluewhichasinglelabourerproduces，thevalueoflabour—powerbeinggiven，isdeterminedbytherateofthesurplusvalue，thislawfollows:themassofthesurplusvalueproducedisequaltotheamountofthevariablecapitaladvanced，multipliedbytherateofsurplusvalue，inotherwords:itisdeterminedbythecompoundratiobetweenthenumberoflabour—powersexploitedsimultaneouslybythesamecapitalistandthedegreeofexploitationofeachindividuallabour—power。
LetthemassofthesurplusvaluebeS，thesurplusvaluesuppliedbytheindividuallabourerintheaveragedaysthevariablecapitaldailyadvancedinthepurchaseofoneindividuallabour—powerv，thesumtotalofthevariablecapitalV，thevalueofanaveragelabour—powerP，itsdegreeofexploitationa’（surplus—labour）
棗棗棗棗棗棗？;a（necessary—labour）andthenumberoflabourersemployedn;wehave:/s？xV;;v;S;;;a’;;;x？xn。p;p;aItisalwayssupposed，notonlythatthevalueofanaveragelabour—powerisconstant，butthatthelabourersemployedbyacapitalistarereducedtoaveragelabourers。Thereareexceptionalcasesinwhichthesurplusvalueproduceddoesnotincreaseinproportiontothenumberoflabourersexploited，butthenthevalueofthelabour—powerdoesnotremainconstant。
Intheproductionofadefinitemassofsurplusvalue，thereforethedecreaseofonefactormaybecompensatedbytheincreaseoftheother。
Ifthevariablecapitaldiminishes，andatthesametimetherateofsurplusvalueincreasesinthesameratio，themassofsurplusvalueproducedremainsunaltered。Ifonourearlierassumptionthecapitalistmustadvance300s。，inordertoexploit100labourersaday，andiftherateofsurplusvalueamountsto50%，thisvariablecapitalof300s。yieldsasurplusvalueof150s。orof100x3workinghours。Iftherateofsurplusvaluedoubles，ortheworkingday，insteadofbeingextendedfrom6to9，isextendedfrom6to12hoursandatthesametimevariablecapitalislessenedbyhalf，andreducedto150s。，ityieldsalsoasurplus—valueof150s。or50x6
workinghours。Diminutionofthevariablecapitalmaythereforebecompensatedbyaproportionateriseinthedegreeofexploitationoflabour—power，orthedecreaseinthenumberofthelabourersemployedbyaproportionateextensionoftheworkingday。Withincertainlimitsthereforethesupplyoflabourexploitablebycapitalisindependentofthesupplyoflabourers。[1]Onthecontrary，afallintherateofsurplusvalueleavesunalteredthemassofthesurplus—valueproduced，iftheamountofthevariablecapital，ornumberofthelabourersemployed，increasesinthesameproportion。
Nevertheless，thecompensationofadecreaseinthenumberoflabourersemployed，oroftheamountofvariablecapitaladvancedbyariseintherateofsurplusvalue。orbythelengtheningoftheworking—day，hasimpassablelimits。Whateverthevalueoflabour—powermaybe，whethertheworkingtimenecessaryforthemaintenanceofthelaboureris2or10
hours，thetotalvaluethatalabourercanproduce，dayin，dayout，isalwayslessthanthevalueinwhich24hoursoflabourareembodied，lessthan12s。，if12s。isthemoneyexpressionfor24hoursofrealisedlabour。