Conseil），"Nothingismoreclearlywritteninthebookofdestinythantheemancipationoftheblacks;anditisequallycertainthatthetworaceswillneverliveinastateofequalfreedomunderthesamegovernment，soinsurmountablearethebarrierswhichnature，habit，andopinionshaveestablishedbetweenthem。"]
　　[Footnotes:IftheBritishWestIndiaplantershadgovernedthemselves，theywouldassuredlynothavepassedtheSlaveEmancipationBillwhichthemother—countryhasrecentlyimposeduponthem。]
　　IhavepreviouslyobservedthatthemixedraceisthetruebondofunionbetweentheEuropeansandtheIndians;justsothemulattoesarethetruemeansoftransitionbetweenthewhiteandthenegro;sothatwherevermulattoesabound，theintermixtureofthetworacesisnotimpossible。InsomepartsofAmerica，theEuropeanandthenegroracesaresocrossedbyoneanother，thatitisraretomeetwithamanwhoisentirelyblack，orentirelywhite:whentheyarearrivedatthispoint，thetworacesmayreallybesaidtobecombined;orrathertohavebeenabsorbedinathirdrace，whichisconnectedwithbothwithoutbeingidenticalwitheither。
　　OfalltheEuropeanstheEnglisharethosewhohavemixedleastwiththenegroes。MoremulattoesaretobeseenintheSouthoftheUnionthanintheNorth，butstilltheyareinfinitelymorescarcethaninanyotherEuropeancolony:
　　mulattoesarebynomeansnumerousintheUnitedStates;theyhavenoforcepeculiartothemselves，andwhenquarrelsoriginatingindifferencesofcolortakeplace，theygenerallysidewiththewhites;justasthelackeysofthegreat，inEurope，assumethecontemptuousairsofnobilitytothelowerorders。
　　Theprideoforigin，whichisnaturaltotheEnglish，issingularlyaugmentedbythepersonalpridewhichdemocraticlibertyfostersamongsttheAmericans:thewhitecitizenoftheUnitedStatesisproudofhisrace，andproudofhimself。ButifthewhitesandthenegroesdonotintermingleintheNorthoftheUnion，howshouldtheymixintheSouth？Canitbesupposedforaninstant，thatanAmericanoftheSouthernStates，placed，ashemustforeverbe，betweenthewhitemanwithallhisphysicalandmoralsuperiorityandthenegro，willeverthinkofpreferringthelatter？TheAmericansoftheSouthernStateshavetwopowerfulpassionswhichwillalwayskeepthemaloof;thefirstisthefearofbeingassimilatedtothenegroes，theirformerslaves;andthesecondthedreadofsinkingbelowthewhites，theirneighbors。
　　IfIwerecalledupontopredictwhatwillprobablyoccuratsomefuturetime，Ishouldsay，thattheabolitionofslaveryintheSouthwill，inthecommoncourseofthings，increasetherepugnanceofthewhitepopulationforthemenofcolor。IfoundthisopinionupontheanalogousobservationwhichIalreadyhadoccasiontomakeintheNorth。IthereremarkedthatthewhiteinhabitantsoftheNorthavoidthenegroeswithincreasingcare，inproportionasthelegalbarriersofseparationareremovedbythelegislature;andwhyshouldnotthesameresulttakeplaceintheSouth？IntheNorth，thewhitesaredeterredfrominterminglingwiththeblacksbythefearofanimaginarydanger;
　　intheSouth，wherethedangerwouldbereal，Icannotimaginethatthefearwouldbelessgeneral。
　　If，ontheonehand，itbeadmitted（andthefactisunquestionable）thatthecoloredpopulationperpetuallyaccumulatesintheextremeSouth，andthatitincreasesmorerapidlythanthatofthewhites;andif，ontheotherhand，itbeallowedthatitisimpossibletoforeseeatimeatwhichthewhitesandtheblackswillbesointermingledastoderivethesamebenefitsfromsociety;mustitnotbeinferredthattheblacksandthewhiteswill，soonerorlater，cometoopenstrifeintheSouthernStatesoftheUnion？Butifitbeaskedwhattheissueofthestruggleislikelytobe，itwillreadilybeunderstoodthatweareherelefttoformaveryvaguesurmiseofthetruth。Thehumanmindmaysucceedintracingawidecircle，asitwere，whichincludesthecourseoffutureevents;butwithinthatcircleathousandvariouschancesandcircumstancesmaydirectitinasmanydifferentways;andineverypictureofthefuturethereisadimspot，whichtheeyeoftheunderstandingcannotpenetrate。Itappears，however，tobeextremelyprobablethatintheWestIndianIslandsthewhiteraceisdestinedtobesubdued，andtheblackpopulationtosharethesamefateuponthecontinent。
　　IntheWestIndiaIslandsthewhiteplantersaresurroundedbyanimmenseblackpopulation;onthecontinent，theblacksareplacedbetweentheoceanandaninnumerablepeople，whichalreadyextendsovertheminadensemass，fromtheicyconfinesofCanadatothefrontiersofVirginia，andfromthebanksoftheMissouritotheshoresoftheAtlantic。IfthewhitecitizensofNorthAmericaremainunited，itcannotbesupposedthatthenegroeswillescapethedestructionwithwhichtheyaremenaced;
　　theymustbesubduedbywantorbythesword。ButtheblackpopulationwhichisaccumulatedalongthecoastoftheGulfofMexico，hasachanceofsuccessiftheAmericanUnionisdissolvedwhenthestrugglebetweenthetworacesbegins。Ifthefederaltiewerebroken，thecitizensoftheSouthwouldbewrongtorelyuponanylastingsuccorfromtheirNortherncountrymen。
　　Thelatterarewellawarethatthedangercanneverreachthem;
　　andunlesstheyareconstrainedtomarchtotheassistanceoftheSouthbyapositiveobligation，itmaybeforeseenthatthesympathyofcolorwillbeinsufficienttostimulatetheirexertions。
　　Yet，atwhateverperiodthestrifemaybreakout，thewhitesoftheSouth，eveniftheyareabandonedtotheirownresources，willenterthelistswithanimmensesuperiorityofknowledgeandofthemeansofwarfare;buttheblackswillhavenumericalstrengthandtheenergyofdespairupontheirside，andthesearepowerfulresourcestomenwhohavetakenuparms。ThefateofthewhitepopulationoftheSouthernStateswill，perhaps，besimilartothatoftheMoorsinSpain。Afterhavingoccupiedthelandforcenturies，itwillperhapsbeforcedtoretiretothecountrywhenceitsancestorscame，andtoabandontothenegroesthepossessionofaterritory，whichProvidenceseemstohavemorepeculiarlydestinedforthem，sincetheycansubsistandlaborinitmoreeasilythatthewhites。
　　ThedangerofaconflictbetweenthewhiteandtheblackinhabitantsoftheSouthernStatesoftheUnion—adangerwhich，howeverremoteitmaybe，isinevitable—perpetuallyhauntstheimaginationoftheAmericans。TheinhabitantsoftheNorthmakeitacommontopicofconversation，althoughtheyhavenodirectinjurytofearfromthestruggle;buttheyvainlyendeavortodevisesomemeansofobviatingthemisfortuneswhichtheyforesee。IntheSouthernStatesthesubjectisnotdiscussed:
　　theplanterdoesnotalludetothefutureinconversingwithstrangers;thecitizendoesnotcommunicatehisapprehensionstohisfriends;heseekstoconcealthemfromhimself;butthereissomethingmorealarminginthetacitforebodingsoftheSouth，thanintheclamorousfearsoftheNorthernStates。
　　Thisall—pervadingdisquietudehasgivenbirthtoanundertakingwhichisbutlittleknown，butwhichmayhavetheeffectofchangingthefateofaportionofthehumanrace。FromapprehensionofthedangerswhichIhavejustbeendescribing，acertainnumberofAmericancitizenshaveformedasocietyforthepurposeofexportingtothecoastofGuinea，attheirownexpense，suchfreenegroesasmaybewillingtoescapefromtheoppressiontowhichtheyaresubject。*tIn1820，thesocietytowhichIalludeformedasettlementinAfrica，upontheseventhdegreeofnorthlatitude，whichbearsthenameofLiberia。Themostrecentintelligenceinformsusthat2，500negroesarecollectedthere;theyhaveintroducedthedemocraticinstitutionsofAmericaintothecountryoftheirforefathers;andLiberiahasarepresentativesystemofgovernment，negrojurymen，negromagistrates，andnegropriests;churcheshavebeenbuilt，newspapersestablished，and，byasingularchangeinthevicissitudesoftheworld，whitemenareprohibitedfromsojourningwithinthesettlement。*u[Footnotet:Thissocietyassumedthenameof"TheSocietyfortheColonizationoftheBlacks。"Seeitsannualreports;andmoreparticularlythefifteenth。Seealsothepamphlet，towhichallusionhasalreadybeenmade，entitled"LettersontheColonizationSociety，andonitsprobableResults，"byMr。Carey，Philadelphia，1833。]
　　[Footnoteu:Thislastregulationwaslaiddownbythefoundersofthesettlement;theyapprehendedthatastateofthingsmightariseinAfricasimilartothatwhichexistsonthefrontiersoftheUnitedStates，andthatifthenegroes，liketheIndians，werebroughtintocollisionwithapeoplemoreenlightenedthanthemselves，theywouldbedestroyedbeforetheycouldbecivilized。]
　　Thisisindeedastrangecapriceoffortune。TwohundredyearshavenowelapsedsincetheinhabitantsofEuropeundertooktotearthenegrofromhisfamilyandhishome，inordertotransporthimtotheshoresofNorthAmerica;atthepresentday，theEuropeansettlersareengagedinsendingbackthedescendantsofthoseverynegroestotheContinentfromwhichtheywereoriginallytaken;andthebarbarousAfricanshavebeenbroughtintocontactwithcivilizationinthemidstofbondage，andhavebecomeacquaintedwithfreepoliticalinstitutionsinslavery。
　　UptothepresenttimeAfricahasbeenclosedagainsttheartsandsciencesofthewhites;buttheinventionsofEuropewillperhapspenetrateintothoseregions，nowthattheyareintroducedbyAfricansthemselves。ThesettlementofLiberiaisfoundeduponaloftyandamostfruitfulidea;butwhatevermaybeitsresultswithregardtotheContinentofAfrica，itcanaffordnoremedytotheNewWorld。
　　IntwelveyearstheColonizationSocietyhastransported2，500negroestoAfrica;inthesamespaceoftimeabout700，000
　　blackswerebornintheUnitedStates。IfthecolonyofLiberiaweresosituatedastobeabletoreceivethousandsofnewinhabitantseveryyear，andifthenegroeswereinastatetobesentthitherwithadvantage;iftheUnionweretosupplythesocietywithannualsubsidies，*vandtotransportthenegroestoAfricainthevesselsoftheState，itwouldstillbeunabletocounterpoisethenaturalincreaseofpopulationamongsttheblacks;andasitcouldnotremoveasmanymeninayearasarebornuponitsterritorywithinthesamespaceoftime，itwouldfailinsuspendingthegrowthoftheevilwhichisdailyincreasingintheStates。*wThenegroracewillneverleavethoseshoresoftheAmericancontinent，towhichitwasbroughtbythepassionsandthevicesofEuropeans;anditwillnotdisappearfromtheNewWorldaslongasitcontinuestoexist。
　　TheinhabitantsoftheUnitedStatesmayretardthecalamitieswhichtheyapprehend，buttheycannotnowdestroytheirefficientcause。
　　[Footnotev:Norwouldthesebetheonlydifficultiesattendantupontheundertaking;iftheUnionundertooktobuyupthenegroesnowinAmerica，inordertotransportthemtoAfrica，thepriceofslaves，increasingwiththeirscarcity，wouldsoonbecomeenormous;andtheStatesoftheNorthwouldneverconsenttoexpendsuchgreatsumsforapurposewhichwouldprocuresuchsmalladvantagestothemselves。IftheUniontookpossessionoftheslavesintheSouthernStatesbyforce，orataratedeterminedbylaw，aninsurmountableresistancewouldariseinthatpartofthecountry。Bothalternativesareequallyimpossible。]
　　[Footnotew:In1830therewereintheUnitedStates2，010，327
　　slavesand319，439freeblacks，inall2，329，766negroes:whichformedaboutone—fifthofthetotalpopulationoftheUnitedStatesatthattime。]
　　IamobligedtoconfessthatIdonotregardtheabolitionofslaveryasameansofwardingoffthestruggleofthetworacesintheUnitedStates。Thenegroesmaylongremainslaveswithoutcomplaining;butiftheyareonceraisedtotheleveloffreemen，theywillsoonrevoltatbeingdeprivedofalltheircivilrights;andastheycannotbecometheequalsofthewhites，theywillspeedilydeclarethemselvesasenemies。IntheNortheverythingcontributedtofacilitatetheemancipationoftheslaves;andslaverywasabolished，withoutplacingthefreenegroesinapositionwhichcouldbecomeformidable，sincetheirnumberwastoosmallforthemevertoclaimtheexerciseoftheirrights。ButsuchisnotthecaseintheSouth。Thequestionofslaverywasaquestionofcommerceandmanufacturefortheslave—ownersintheNorth;forthoseoftheSouth，itisaquestionoflifeanddeath。GodforbidthatIshouldseektojustifytheprincipleofnegroslavery，ashasbeendonebysomeAmericanwriters！ButIonlyobservethatallthecountrieswhichformerlyadoptedthatexecrableprinciplearenotequallyabletoabandonitatthepresenttime。
　　WhenIcontemplatetheconditionoftheSouth，IcanonlydiscovertwoalternativeswhichmaybeadoptedbythewhiteinhabitantsofthoseStates;viz。，eithertoemancipatethenegroes，andtointerminglewiththem;or，remainingisolatedfromthem，tokeeptheminastateofslaveryaslongaspossible。Allintermediatemeasuresseemtomelikelytoterminate，andthatshortly，inthemosthorribleofcivilwars，andperhapsintheextirpationofoneorotherofthetworaces。
　　SuchistheviewwhichtheAmericansoftheSouthtakeofthequestion，andtheyactconsistentlywithit。Astheyaredeterminednottominglewiththenegroes，theyrefusetoemancipatethem。
　　NotthattheinhabitantsoftheSouthregardslaveryasnecessarytothewealthoftheplanter，foronthispointmanyofthemagreewiththeirNortherncountrymeninfreelyadmittingthatslaveryisprejudicialtotheirinterest;buttheyareconvincedthat，howeverprejudicialitmaybe，theyholdtheirlivesuponnoothertenure。TheinstructionwhichisnowdiffusedintheSouthhasconvincedtheinhabitantsthatslaveryisinjurioustotheslave—owner，butithasalsoshownthem，moreclearlythanbefore，thatnomeansexistofgettingridofitsbadconsequences。Hencearisesasingularcontrast;themoretheutilityofslaveryiscontested，themorefirmlyisitestablishedinthelaws;andwhilsttheprincipleofservitudeisgraduallyabolishedintheNorth，thatself—sameprinciplegivesrisetomoreandmorerigorousconsequencesintheSouth。
　　ThelegislationoftheSouthernStateswithregardtoslaves，presentsatthepresentdaysuchunparalleledatrocitiesassufficetoshowhowradicallythelawsofhumanityhavebeenperverted，andtobetraythedesperatepositionofthecommunityinwhichthatlegislationhasbeenpromulgated。TheAmericansofthisportionoftheUnionhavenot，indeed，augmentedthehardshipsofslavery;theyhave，onthecontrary，betteredthephysicalconditionoftheslaves。Theonlymeansbywhichtheancientsmaintainedslaverywerefettersanddeath;theAmericansoftheSouthoftheUnionhavediscoveredmoreintellectualsecuritiesforthedurationoftheirpower。Theyhaveemployedtheirdespotismandtheirviolenceagainstthehumanmind。Inantiquity，precautionsweretakentopreventtheslavefrombreakinghischains;atthepresentdaymeasuresareadoptedtodeprivehimevenofthedesireoffreedom。Theancientskeptthebodiesoftheirslavesinbondage，buttheyplacednorestraintuponthemindandnocheckuponeducation;andtheyactedconsistentlywiththeirestablishedprinciple，sinceanaturalterminationofslaverythenexisted，andonedayorothertheslavemightbesetfree，andbecometheequalofhismaster。ButtheAmericansoftheSouth，whodonotadmitthatthenegroescaneverbecommingledwiththemselves，haveforbiddenthemtobetaughttoreadortowrite，underseverepenalties;andastheywillnotraisethemtotheirownlevel，theysinkthemasnearlyaspossibletothatofthebrutes。
　　Thehopeoflibertyhadalwaysbeenallowedtotheslavetocheerthehardshipsofhiscondition。ButtheAmericansoftheSoutharewellawarethatemancipationcannotbutbedangerous，whenthefreedmancanneverbeassimilatedtohisformermaster。
　　Togiveamanhisfreedom，andtoleavehiminwretchednessandignominy，isnothinglessthantoprepareafuturechiefforarevoltoftheslaves。Moreover，ithaslongbeenremarkedthatthepresenceofafreenegrovaguelyagitatesthemindsofhislessfortunatebrethren，andconveystothemadimnotionoftheirrights。TheAmericansoftheSouthhaveconsequentlytakenmeasurestopreventslave—ownersfromemancipatingtheirslavesinmostcases;notindeedbyapositiveprohibition，butbysubjectingthatsteptovariousformswhichitisdifficulttocomplywith。
　　Ihappenedtomeetwithanoldman，intheSouthoftheUnion，whohadlivedinillicitintercoursewithoneofhisnegresses，andhadhadseveralchildrenbyher，whowereborntheslavesoftheirfather。Hehadindeedfrequentlythoughtofbequeathingtothematleasttheirliberty;butyearshadelapsedwithouthisbeingabletosurmountthelegalobstaclestotheiremancipation，andinthemeanwhilehisoldagewascome，andhewasabouttodie。Hepicturedtohimselfhissonsdraggedfrommarkettomarket，andpassingfromtheauthorityofaparenttotherodofthestranger，untilthesehorridanticipationsworkedhisexpiringimaginationintofrenzy。WhenIsawhimhewasapreytoalltheanguishofdespair，andhemademefeelhowawfulistheretributionofnatureuponthosewhohavebrokenherlaws。
　　Theseevilsareunquestionablygreat;buttheyarethenecessaryandforeseenconsequenceoftheveryprincipleofmodernslavery。WhentheEuropeanschosetheirslavesfromaracedifferingfromtheirown，whichmanyofthemconsideredasinferiortotheotherracesofmankind，andwhichtheyallrepelledwithhorrorfromanynotionofintimateconnection，theymusthavebelievedthatslaverywouldlastforever;sincethereisnointermediatestatewhichcanbedurablebetweentheexcessiveinequalityproducedbyservitudeandthecompleteequalitywhichoriginatesinindependence。TheEuropeansdidimperfectlyfeelthistruth，butwithoutacknowledgingiteventothemselves。Whenevertheyhavehadtodowithnegroes，theirconducthaseitherbeendictatedbytheirinterestandtheirpride，orbytheircompassion。Theyfirstviolatedeveryrightofhumanitybytheirtreatmentofthenegroandtheyafterwardsinformedhimthatthoserightswerepreciousandinviolable。
　　Theyaffectedtoopentheirrankstotheslaves，butthenegroeswhoattemptedtopenetrateintothecommunityweredrivenbackwithscorn;andtheyhaveincautiouslyandinvoluntarilybeenledtoadmitoffreedominsteadofslavery，withouthavingthecouragetobewhollyiniquitous，orwhollyjust。
　　IfitbeimpossibletoanticipateaperiodatwhichtheAmericansoftheSouthwillmingletheirbloodwiththatofthenegroes，cantheyallowtheirslavestobecomefreewithoutcompromisingtheirownsecurity？Andiftheyareobligedtokeepthatraceinbondageinordertosavetheirownfamilies，maytheynotbeexcusedforavailingthemselvesofthemeansbestadaptedtothatend？TheeventswhicharetakingplaceintheSouthernStatesoftheUnionappeartometobeatoncethemosthorribleandthemostnaturalresultsofslavery。WhenIseetheorderofnatureoverthrown，andwhenIhearthecryofhumanityinitsvainstruggleagainstthelaws，myindignationdoesnotlightuponthemenofourowntimewhoaretheinstrumentsoftheseoutrages;butIreservemyexecrationforthosewho，afterathousandyearsoffreedom，broughtbackslaveryintotheworldoncemore。
　　WhatevermaybetheeffortsoftheAmericansoftheSouthtomaintainslavery，theywillnotalwayssucceed。Slavery，whichisnowconfinedtoasingletractofthecivilizedearth，whichisattackedbyChristianityasunjust，andbypoliticaleconomyasprejudicial;andwhichisnowcontrastedwithdemocraticlibertiesandtheinformationofourage，cannotsurvive。Bythechoiceofthemaster，orbythewilloftheslave，itwillcease;
　　andineithercasegreatcalamitiesmaybeexpectedtoensue。IflibertyberefusedtothenegroesoftheSouth，theywillintheendseizeitforthemselvesbyforce;ifitbegiven，theywillabuseiterelong。*x[Footnotex:[ThischapterisnolongerapplicabletotheconditionofthenegroraceintheUnitedStates，sincetheabolitionofslaverywastheresult，thoughnottheobject，ofthegreatCivilWar，andthenegroeshavebeenraisedtotheconditionnotonlyoffreedmen，butofcitizens;andinsomeStatestheyexerciseapreponderatingpoliticalpowerbyreasonoftheirnumericalmajority。Thus，inSouthCarolinatherewerein1870，289，667whitesand415，814blacks。Buttheemancipationoftheslaveshasnotsolvedtheproblem，howtworacessodifferentandsohostilearetolivetogetherinpeaceinonecountryonequalterms。Thatproblemisasdifficult，perhapsmoredifficultthanever;andtothisdifficultytheauthor’sremarksarestillperfectlyapplicable。]]
　　ChapterXVIII:FutureConditionOfThreeRaces—PartVI
　　WhatAreTheChancesInFavorOfTheDurationOfTheAmericanUnion，AndWhatDangersThreatenIt*y[Footnotey:[Thischapterisoneofthemostcuriousandinterestingportionsofthework，becauseitembracesalmostalltheconstitutionalandsocialquestionswhichwereraisedbythegreatsecessionoftheSouthanddecidedbytheresultsoftheCivilWar。Butitmustbeconfessedthatthesagacityoftheauthorissometimesatfaultinthesespeculations，anddidnotsavehimfromconsiderableerrors，whichthecourseofeventshassincemadeapparent。Heheldthat"thelegislatorsoftheConstitutionof1789werenotappointedtoconstitutethegovernmentofasinglepeople，buttoregulatetheassociationofseveralStates;thattheUnionwasformedbythevoluntaryagreementoftheStates，andinunitingtogethertheyhavenotforfeitedtheirnationality，norhavetheybeenreducedtotheconditionofoneandthesamepeople。"Whenceheinferredthat"ifoneoftheStateschosetowithdrawitsnamefromthecontract，itwouldbedifficulttodisproveitsrightofdoingso;andthattheFederalGovernmentwouldhavenomeansofmaintainingitsclaimsdirectly，eitherbyforceorbyright。"
　　ThisistheSoutherntheoryoftheConstitution，andthewholecaseoftheSouthinfavorofsecession。TomanyEuropeans，andtosomeAmerican（Northern）jurists，thisviewappearedtobesound;butitwasvigorouslyresistedbytheNorth，andcrushedbyforceofarms。
　　Theauthorofthisbookwasmistakeninsupposingthatthe"Unionwasavastbodywhichpresentsnodefiniteobjecttopatrioticfeeling。"Whenthedayoftrialcame，millionsofmenwerereadytolaydowntheirlivesforit。HewasalsomistakeninsupposingthattheFederalExecutiveissoweakthatitrequiresthefreeconsentofthegovernedtoenableittosubsist，andthatitwouldbedefeatedinastruggletomaintaintheUnionagainstoneormoreseparateStates。In1861nineStates，withapopulationof8，753，000，seceded，andmaintainedforfouryearsaresolutebutunequalcontestforindependence，buttheyweredefeated。
　　Lastly，theauthorwasmistakeninsupposingthatacommunityofinterestswouldalwaysprevailbetweenNorthandSouthsufficientlypowerfultobindthemtogether。HeoverlookedtheinfluencewhichthequestionofslaverymusthaveontheUnionthemomentthatthemajorityofthepeopleoftheNorthdeclaredagainstit。In1831，whentheauthorvisitedAmerica，theanti—slaveryagitationhadscarcelybegun;andthefactofSouthernslaverywasacceptedbymenofallparties，evenintheStateswheretherewerenoslaves:andthatwasunquestionablytheviewtakenbyalltheStatesandbyallAmericanstatesmenatthetimeoftheadoptionoftheConstitution，in1789。Butinthecourseofthirtyyearsagreatchangetookplace，andtheNorthrefusedtoperpetuatewhathadbecomethe"peculiarinstitution"oftheSouth，especiallyasitgavetheSouthaspeciesofaristocraticpreponderance。Theresultwastheratification，inDecember，1865，ofthecelebrated13tharticleoramendmentoftheConstitution，whichdeclaredthat"neitherslaverynorinvoluntaryservitude—exceptasapunishmentforcrime—shallexistwithintheUnitedStates。"Towhichwassoonafterwardsaddedthe15tharticle，"TherightofcitizenstovoteshallnotbedeniedorabridgedbytheUnitedStates，orbyanyState，onaccountofrace，color，orpreviousservitude。"Theemancipationofseveralmillionsofnegroslaveswithoutcompensation，andthetransfertothemofpoliticalpreponderanceintheStatesinwhichtheyoutnumberthewhitepopulation，wereactsoftheNorthtotallyopposedtotheinterestsoftheSouth，andwhichcouldonlyhavebeencarriedintoeffectbyconquest。—
　　Translator’sNote。]]
　　ReasonforwhichthepreponderatingforceliesintheStatesratherthanintheUnion—TheUnionwillonlylastaslongasalltheStateschoosetobelongtoit—Causeswhichtendtokeepthemunited—UtilityoftheUniontoresistforeignenemies，andtopreventtheexistenceofforeignersinAmerica—NonaturalbarriersbetweentheseveralStates—Noconflictingintereststodividethem—ReciprocalinterestsoftheNorthern，Southern，andWesternStates—Intellectualtiesofunion—Uniformityofopinions—DangersoftheUnionresultingfromthedifferentcharactersandthepassionsofitscitizens—CharacterofthecitizensintheSouthandintheNorth—TherapidgrowthoftheUniononeofitsgreatestdangers—ProgressofthepopulationtotheNorthwest—Powergravitatesinthesamedirection—Passionsoriginatingfromsuddenturnsoffortune—WhethertheexistingGovernmentoftheUniontendstogainstrength，ortoloseit—
　　Varioussignsofitsdecrease—Internalimprovements—Wastelands—Indians—TheBank—TheTariff—GeneralJackson。
　　ThemaintenanceoftheexistinginstitutionsoftheseveralStatesdependsinsomemeasureuponthemaintenanceoftheUnionitself。ItisthereforeimportantinthefirstinstancetoinquireintotheprobablefateoftheUnion。Onepointmayindeedbeassumedatonce:ifthepresentconfederationweredissolved，itappearstometobeincontestablethattheStatesofwhichitisnowcomposedwouldnotreturntotheiroriginalisolatedcondition，butthatseveralunionswouldthenbeformedintheplaceofone。Itisnotmyintentiontoinquireintotheprinciplesuponwhichthesenewunionswouldprobablybeestablished，butmerelytoshowwhatthecausesarewhichmayeffectthedismembermentoftheexistingconfederation。
　　WiththisobjectIshallbeobligedtoretracesomeofthestepswhichIhavealreadytaken，andtoreverttotopicswhichI
　　havebeforediscussed。Iamawarethatthereadermayaccusemeofrepetition，buttheimportanceofthematterwhichstillremainstobetreatedismyexcuse;Ihadrathersaytoomuch，thansaytoolittletobethoroughlyunderstood，andIpreferinjuringtheauthortoslightingthesubject。
　　ThelegislatorswhoformedtheConstitutionof1789
　　endeavoredtoconferadistinctandpreponderatingauthorityuponthefederalpower。Buttheywereconfinedbytheconditionsofthetaskwhichtheyhadundertakentoperform。Theywerenotappointedtoconstitutethegovernmentofasinglepeople，buttoregulatetheassociationofseveralStates;and，whatevertheirinclinationsmightbe，theycouldnotbutdividetheexerciseofsovereigntyintheend。
　　Inordertounderstandtheconsequencesofthisdivision，itisnecessarytomakeashortdistinctionbetweentheaffairsoftheGovernment。Therearesomeobjectswhicharenationalbytheirverynature，thatistosay，whichaffectthenationasabody，andcanonlybeintrustedtothemanortheassemblyofmenwhomostcompletelyrepresenttheentirenation。Amongstthesemaybereckonedwaranddiplomacy。Thereareotherobjectswhichareprovincialbytheirverynature，thatistosay，whichonlyaffectcertainlocalities，andwhichcanonlybeproperlytreatedinthatlocality。Such，forinstance，isthebudgetofamunicipality。Lastly，therearecertainobjectsofamixednature，whicharenationalinasmuchastheyaffectallthecitizenswhocomposethenation，andwhichareprovincialinasmuchasitisnotnecessarythatthenationitselfshouldprovideforthemall。Sucharetherightswhichregulatethecivilandpoliticalconditionofthecitizens。Nosocietycanexistwithoutcivilandpoliticalrights。Theserightsthereforeinterestallthecitizensalike;butitisnotalwaysnecessarytotheexistenceandtheprosperityofthenationthattheserightsshouldbeuniform，nor，consequently，thattheyshouldberegulatedbythecentralauthority。
　　Thereare，then，twodistinctcategoriesofobjectswhicharesubmittedtothedirectionofthesovereignpower;andthesecategoriesoccurinallwell—constitutedcommunities，whateverthebasisofthepoliticalconstitutionmayotherwisebe。
　　BetweenthesetwoextremestheobjectswhichIhavetermedmixedmaybeconsideredtolie。Astheseobjectsareneitherexclusivelynationalnorentirelyprovincial，theymaybeobtainedbyanationalorbyaprovincialgovernment，accordingtotheagreementofthecontractingparties，withoutinanywayimpairingthecontractofassociation。
　　Thesovereignpowerisusuallyformedbytheunionofseparateindividuals，whocomposeapeople;andindividualpowersorcollectiveforces，eachrepresentingaverysmallportionofthesovereignauthority，arethesoleelementswhicharesubjectedtothegeneralGovernmentoftheirchoice。InthiscasethegeneralGovernmentismorenaturallycalledupontoregulate，notonlythoseaffairswhichareofessentialnationalimportance，butthosewhichareofamorelocalinterest;andthelocalgovernmentsarereducedtothatsmallshareofsovereignauthoritywhichisindispensabletotheirprosperity。
　　Butsometimesthesovereignauthorityiscomposedofpreorganizedpoliticalbodies，byvirtueofcircumstancesanteriortotheirunion;andinthiscasetheprovincialgovernmentsassumethecontrol，notonlyofthoseaffairswhichmorepeculiarlybelongtotheirprovince，butofall，orofapartofthemixedaffairstowhichallusionhasbeenmade。FortheconfederatenationswhichwereindependentsovereignStatesbeforetheirunion，andwhichstillrepresentaveryconsiderableshareofthesovereignpower，haveonlyconsentedtocedetothegeneralGovernmenttheexerciseofthoserightswhichareindispensabletotheUnion。
　　WhenthenationalGovernment，independentlyoftheprerogativesinherentinitsnature，isinvestedwiththerightofregulatingtheaffairswhichrelatepartlytothegeneralandpartlytothelocalinterests，itpossessesapreponderatinginfluence。Notonlyareitsownrightsextensive，butalltherightswhichitdoesnotpossessexistbyitssufferance，anditmaybeapprehendedthattheprovincialgovernmentsmaybedeprivedoftheirnaturalandnecessaryprerogativesbyitsinfluence。
　　When，ontheotherhand，theprovincialgovernmentsareinvestedwiththepowerofregulatingthosesameaffairsofmixedinterest，anoppositetendencyprevailsinsociety。Thepreponderatingforceresidesintheprovince，notinthenation;
　　anditmaybeapprehendedthatthenationalGovernmentmayintheendbestrippedoftheprivilegeswhicharenecessarytoitsexistence。
　　Independentnationshavethereforeanaturaltendencytocentralization，andconfederationstodismemberment。
　　ItnowonlyremainsforustoapplythesegeneralprinciplestotheAmericanUnion。TheseveralStateswerenecessarilypossessedoftherightofregulatingallexclusivelyprovincialaffairs。MoreoverthesesameStatesretainedtherightsofdeterminingthecivilandpoliticalcompetencyofthecitizens，orregulatingthereciprocalrelationsofthemembersofthecommunity，andofdispensingjustice;rightswhichareofageneralnature，butwhichdonotnecessarilyappertaintothenationalGovernment。WehaveshownthattheGovernmentoftheUnionisinvestedwiththepowerofactinginthenameofthewholenationinthosecasesinwhichthenationhastoappearasasingleandundividedpower;as，forinstance，inforeignrelations，andinofferingacommonresistancetoacommonenemy;
　　inshort，inconductingthoseaffairswhichIhavestyledexclusivelynational。