RepresentativesanddirectTaxesshallbeapportionedamongtheseveralStateswhichmaybeincludedwithinthisUnion，accordingtotheirrespectiveNumbers，whichshallbedeterminedbyaddingtothewholeNumberoffreePersons，includingthoseboundtoserviceforaTermofYears，andexcludingIndiansnottaxed，three—fifthsofallotherPersons。TheactualEnumerationshallbemadewithinthreeYearsafterthefirstMeetingoftheCongressoftheUnitedStates，andwithineverysubsequentTermoftenYears，insuchMannerastheyshallbyLawdirect。TheNumberofRepresentativesshallnotexceedoneforeverythirtyThousand，buteachStateshallhaveatLeastoneRepresentative;
　　anduntilsuchenumerationshallbemade，theStateofNewHampshireshallbeentitledtochoosethree，Massachusetts，eight，Rhode—IslandandProvidencePlantationsone，Connecticutfive，NewYorksix，NewJerseyfour，Pennsylvaniaeight，Delawareone，Marylandsix，Virginiaten，NorthCarolinafive，SouthCarolinafive，andGeorgiathree。
　　WhenvacancieshappenintheRepresentationfromanyState，theExecutiveAuthoritythereofshallissueWritsofElectiontofillsuchVacancies。
　　TheHouseofRepresentativesshallchoosetheirSpeakerandotherOfficers;andshallhavethesolePowerofImpeachment。
　　Section3。TheSenateoftheUnitedStatesshallbecomposedoftwoSenatorsfromeachState，chosenbytheLegislaturethereof，forsixYears;andeachSenatorshallhaveoneVote。
　　ImmediatelyaftertheyshallbeassembledinConsequenceofthefirstElection，theyshallbedividedasequallyasmaybeintothreeClasses。TheSeatsoftheSenatorsofthefirstClassshallbevacatedattheExpirationofthesecondYear，ofthesecondClassattheexpirationofthefourthYear，andofthethirdClassattheexpirationofthesixthYear，sothatone—thirdmaybechoseneverysecondYear;andifVacancieshappenbyResignation，orotherwise，duringtheRecessoftheLegislatureofanyState，theExecutivethereofmaymaketemporaryAppointmentsuntilthenextMeetingoftheLegislature，whichshallthenfillsuchVacancies。
　　NopersonshallbeaSenatorwhoshallnothaveattainedtotheAgeofthirtyYears，andbeennineYearsaCitizenoftheUnitedStates，andwhoshallnot，whenelected，beanInhabitantofthatStateforwhichheshallbechosen。
　　TheVice—PresidentoftheUnitedStatesshallbePresidentoftheSenate，butshallhavenoVote，unlesstheybeequallydivided。TheSenateshallchoosetheirotherOfficers，andalsoaPresidentprotempore，intheAbsenceoftheVice—President，orwhenheshallexercisetheOfficeofPresidentoftheUnitedStates。
　　TheSenateshallhavethesolepowertotryallImpeachments。WhensittingforthatPurpose，theyshallbeonOathorAffirmation。WhenthePresidentoftheUnitedStatesistried，theChiefJusticeshallpreside:AndnoPersonshallbeconvictedwithouttheConcurrenceoftwo—thirdsoftheMemberspresent。JudgmentincasesofImpeachmentshallnotextendfurtherthantoremovalfromOffice，anddisqualificationtoholdandenjoyanyOfficeofHonor，Trust，orProfitundertheUnitedStates:butthePartyconvictedshallneverthelessbeliableandsubjecttoIndictment，Trial，Judgment，andPunishmentaccordingtoLaw。
　　Section4。TheTimes，PlacesandMannerofholdingElectionsforSenatorsandRepresentatives，shallbeprescribedineachStatebytheLegislaturethereof;buttheCongressmayatanytimebyLawmakeoraltersuchRegulations，exceptastothePlacesofchoosingSenators。
　　TheCongressshallassembleatleastonceineveryYear，andsuchMeetingshallbeonthefirstMondayinDecember，unlesstheyshallbyLawappointadifferentDay。
　　Section5。EachHouseshallbetheJudgeoftheElections，ReturnsandQualificationsofitsownMembers，andaMajorityofeachshallconstituteaQuorumtodoBusiness;butasmallerNumbermayadjournfromdaytoday，andmaybeauthorizedtocompeltheAttendanceofAbsentMembers，insuchManner，andundersuchPenaltiesaseachHousemayprovide。
　　EachHousemaydeterminetheRulesofitsProceedings，punishitsMembersfordisorderlyBehaviour，and，withaConcurrenceoftwo—thirds，expelaMember。
　　EachHouseshallkeepaJournalofitsProceedings，andfromtimetotimepublishthesame，exceptingsuchPartsasmayintheirJudgmentrequireSecrecy;andtheYeasandNaysoftheMembersofeitherHouseonanyquestionshall，attheDesireofone—fifthofthosepresent，beenteredontheJournal。
　　NeitherHouse，duringtheSessionofCongress，shall，withouttheConsentoftheother，adjournformorethanthreedays，nortoanyotherPlacethanthatinwhichthetwoHousesshallbesitting。
　　Section6。TheSenatorsandRepresentativesshallreceiveaCompensationfortheirServices，tobeascertainedbyLaw，andpaidoutoftheTreasuryoftheUnitedStates。TheyshallinallCases，exceptTreason，Felony，andBreachofthePeace，beprivilegedfromArrestduringtheirattendanceattheSessionoftheirrespectiveHouses，andingoingtoandreturningfromthesame;andforanySpeechorDebateineitherHouse，theyshallnotbequestionedinanyotherPlace。
　　NoSenatororRepresentativeshall，duringtheTimeforwhichhewaselected，beappointedtoanycivilOfficeundertheAuthorityoftheUnitedStates，whichshallhavebeencreated，ortheEmolumentswhereofshallhavebeenincreasedduringsuchtime;andnoPersonholdinganyOfficeundertheUnitedStates，shallbeaMemberofeitherHouseduringhisContinuanceinOffice。
　　Section7。AllBillsforRaisingRevenueshalloriginateintheHouseofRepresentatives;buttheSenatemayproposeorconcurwithAmendmentsasonotherBills。
　　EveryBillwhichshallhavepassedtheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate，shall，beforeitbecomeaLaw，bepresentedtothePresidentoftheUnitedStates;ifheapproveheshallsignit，butifnotheshallreturnit，withhisObjections，tothatHouseinwhichitshallhaveoriginated，whoshallentertheObjectionsatlargeontheirJournal，andproceedtoreconsiderit。IfaftersuchReconsiderationtwo—thirdsofthatHouseshallagreetopasstheBill，itshallbesent，togetherwiththeObjections，totheotherHouse，bywhichitshalllikewisebereconsidered，andifapprovedbytwo—thirdsofthatHouse，itshallbecomeaLaw。ButinallsuchCasestheVotesofbothHousesshallbedeterminedbyYeasandNays，andtheNamesofthePersonsvotingforandagainsttheBillshallbeenteredontheJournalofeachHouserespectively。IfanyBillshallnotbereturnedbythePresidentwithintendays（Sundaysexcepted）
　　afteritshallhavebeenpresentedtohim，theSameshallbeaLaw，inlikemannerasifhehadsignedit，unlesstheCongressbytheirAdjournmentpreventitsReturn，inwhichCaseitshallnotbeaLaw。
　　EveryOrder，Resolution，orVotetowhichtheConcurrenceoftheSenateandHouseofRepresentativesmaybenecessary（exceptonaquestionofAdjournment）shallbepresentedtothePresidentoftheUnitedStates;andbeforetheSameshalltakeEffect，shallbeapprovedbyhim，orbeingdisapprovedbyhim，shallberepassedbytwo—thirdsoftheSenateandHouseofRepresentatives，accordingtotheRulesandLimitationsprescribedinthecaseofaBill。
　　Section8。TheCongressshallhavePowertolayandcollectTaxes，Duties，Imposts，andExcises，topaytheDebtsandprovideforthecommonDefenceandgeneralWelfareoftheUnitedStates;
　　butallDuties，ImpostsandExcisesshallbeuniformthroughouttheUnitedStates;
　　ToborrowMoneyonthecreditoftheUnitedStates;
　　ToregulateCommercewithforeignNations，andamongtheseveralStates，andwiththeIndianTribes;
　　ToestablishanUniformRuleofNaturalization，anduniformLawsonthesubjectofBankruptciesthroughouttheUnitedStates;
　　TocoinMoney，regulatetheValuethereof，andofforeignCoin，andfixtheStandardofWeightsandMeasures;
　　ToprovideforthePunishmentofcounterfeitingtheSecuritiesandcurrentCoinoftheUnitedStates;
　　ToestablishPostOfficesandPostRoads;
　　TopromotetheProgressofScienceandusefulArts，bysecuringforlimitedTimestoAuthorsandInventorstheexclusiveRighttotheirrespectiveWritingsandDiscoveries;
　　ToconstituteTribunalsinferiortotheSupremeCourt;
　　TodefineandpunishPiraciesandFeloniescommittedonthehighSeas，andOffencesagainsttheLawofNations;
　　TodeclareWar，grantLettersofMarqueandReprisal，andmakeRulesconcerningCapturesonLandandWater;
　　ToraiseandsupportArmies，butnoAppropriationofMoneytothatUseshallbeforalongerTermthantwoyears;
　　ToprovideandmaintainaNavy;
　　TomakeRulesfortheGovernmentandRegulationofthelandandnavalForces。
　　ToprovideforcallingforththeMilitiatoexecutetheLawsoftheUnion，suppressInsurrectionsandrepelInvasions。
　　Toprovidefororganizing，arming，anddisciplining，theMilitia，andforgoverningsuchPartofthemasmaybeemployedintheServiceoftheUnitedStates，reservingtotheStatesrespectively，theAppointmentoftheOfficers，andtheAuthorityoftrainingtheMilitiaaccordingtothedisciplineprescribedbyCongress;
　　ToexerciseexclusiveLegislationinallCaseswhatsoever，oversuchDistrict（notexceedingtenMilessquare）asmay，byCessionofparticularStates，andtheAcceptanceofCongressbecometheSeatoftheGovernmentoftheUnitedStates，andtoexerciselikeAuthorityoverallPlacespurchasedbytheConsentoftheLegislatureoftheStateinwhichtheSameshallbe，fortheErectionofForts，Magazines，Arsenals，Dock—Yards，andotherneedfulBuildings;—AndTomakeallLawswhichshallbenecessaryandproperforcarryingintoExecutiontheforegoingPowers，andallotherPowersvestedbythisConstitutionintheGovernmentoftheUnitedStates，orinanyDepartmentorOfficerthereof。
　　Section9。TheMigrationorImportationofsuchPersonsasanyoftheStatesnowexistingshallthinkpropertoadmit，shallnotbeprohibitedbytheCongresspriortotheyearonethousandeighthundredandeight，butataxordutymaybeimposedonsuchImportation，notexceedingtendollarsforeachPerson。
　　ThePrivilegeoftheWritofHabeasCorpusshallnotbesuspended，unlesswheninCasesofRebellionorInvasionthepublicSafetymayrequireit。
　　NoBillofAttainderorexpostfactoLawshallbepassed。
　　NoCapitation，orotherdirectTaxshallbelaid，unlessinProportiontotheCensusorEnumerationhereinbeforedirectedtobetaken。
　　NoTaxorDutyshallbelaidonArticlesexportedfromanyState。
　　NopreferenceshallbegivenbyanyRegulationofCommerceorRevenuetothePortsofoneStateoverthoseofanother:norshallVesselsboundto，orfrom，oneState，beobligedtoenter，clear，orpayDutiesinanother。
　　NoMoneyshallbedrawnfromtheTreasury，butinconsequenceofAppropriationsmadebyLaw;andaregularStatementandAccountoftheReceiptsandExpendituresofallpublicMoneyshallbepublishedfromtimetotime。
　　NoTitleofNobilityshallbegrantedbytheUnitedStates:
　　AndnoPersonholdinganyOfficeofProfitorTrustunderthem，shall，withouttheConsentoftheCongress，acceptofanypresent，Emolument，Office，orTitleofanykindwhatever，fromanyKing，Prince，orforeignState。
　　Section10。NoStateshallenterintoanyTreaty，Alliance，orConfederation;grantLettersofMarqueorReprisal;coinMoney;emitBillsofCredit;makeanyThingbutgoldandsilverCoinaTenderinPaymentofDebts;passanyBillofAttainder，expostfactoLaw，orLawimpairingtheObligationofContracts，orgrantanyTitleofNobility。
　　NoStateshall，withouttheConsentoftheCongress，layanyImpostsorDutiesonImportsorExports，exceptwhatmaybeabsolutelynecessaryforexecutingitsinspectionLaws:andthenetProduceofallDutiesandImposts，laidbyanyStateonImportsorExportsshallbefortheUseoftheTreasuryoftheUnitedStates;andallsuchlawsshallbesubjecttotheRevisionandControloftheCongress。
　　NoStateshall，withouttheConsentofCongress，layanyDutyofTonnage，keepTroops，orShipsofWarintimeofPeace，enterintoanyAgreementorCompactwithanotherState，orwithaforeignPower，orengageinWar，unlessactuallyinvaded，orinsuchimminentDangeraswillnotadmitofdelay。
　　ArticleII
　　Section1。TheExecutivePowershallbevestedinaPresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica。HeshallholdhisOfficeduringtheTermoffourYears，and，togetherwiththeVice—President，chosenforthesameTerm，beelectedasfollows:
　　EachStateshallappoint，insuchMannerastheLegislaturethereofmaydirect，aNumberofElectors，equaltothewholeNumberofSenatorsandRepresentativestowhichtheStatemaybeentitledintheCongress:butnoSenatororRepresentative，orPersonholdinganOfficeofTrustorProfitundertheUnitedStates，shallbeappointedanElector。
　　[TheElectorsshallmeetintheirrespectiveStates，andvotebyBallotfortwopersons，ofwhomoneatleastshallnotbeaninhabitantofthesameStatewiththemselves。AndtheyshallmakeaListofallthePersonsvotedfor，andoftheNumberofVotesforeach;whichListtheyshallsignandcertify，andtransmitsealedtotheSeatoftheGovernmentoftheUnitedStates，directedtothePresidentoftheSenate。ThePresidentoftheSenateshall，inthePresenceoftheSenateandHouseofRepresentatives，openalltheCertificates，andtheVotesshallthenbecounted。ThePersonhavingthegreatestNumberofVotesshallbethePresident，ifsuchNumberbeaMajorityofthewholeNumberofElectorsappointed;andiftherebemorethanonewhohavesuchMajority，andhaveanequalnumberofVotes，thentheHouseofRepresentativesshallimmediatelychoosebyBallotoneofthemforPresident;andifnoPersonhaveaMajority，thenfromthefivehighestontheListthesaidHouseshallinlikeMannerchoosethePresident。ButinchoosingthePresident，theVotesshallbetakenbyStates，theRepresentationfromeachStatehavingoneVote;AquorumforthisPurposeshallconsistofaMemberorMembersfromtwo—thirdsoftheStates，andaMajorityofalltheStatesshallbenecessarytoaChoice。IneveryCase，aftertheChoiceofthePresident，thePersonhavingthegreatestnumberofVotesoftheElectorsshallbetheVice—President。ButifthereshouldremaintwoormorewhohaveequalVotes，theSenateshallchoosefromthembyBallottheVice—President。]*d[Footnote*d:ThisclauseissupersededbyArticleXII，Amendments。Seepage396。]
　　TheCongressmaydeterminetheTimeofchoosingtheElectors，andtheDayonwhichtheyshallgivetheirVotes;whichDayshallbethesamethroughouttheUnitedStates。
　　NoPersonexceptanaturalbornCitizen，oraCitizenoftheUnitedStates，atthetimeoftheAdoptionofthisConstitution，shallbeeligibletotheOfficeofPresident;neithershallanypersonbeeligibletothatOfficewhoshallnothaveattainedtotheAgeofthirty—fiveYears，andbeenfourteenYearsaResidentwithintheUnitedStates。
　　IncaseoftheRemovalofthePresidentfromOffice，orofhisDeath，ResignationorInabilitytodischargethePowersandDutiesofthesaidOffice，thesameshalldevolveontheVice—president，andtheCongressmaybyLawprovidefortheCaseofRemoval，Death，ResignationorInability，bothofthePresidentandVice—President，declaringwhatOfficershallthenactasPresident，andsuchOfficershallactaccordingly，untiltheDisabilityberemoved，oraPresidentshallbeelected。
　　ThePresidentshall，atstatedTimes，receiveforhisServices，aCompensation，whichshallneitherbeincreasednordiminishedduringthePeriodforwhichheshallhavebeenelected，andheshallnotreceivewithinthatperiodanyotherEmolumentfromtheUnitedStates，oranyofthem。
　　BeforeheenterontheExecutionofhisOffice，heshalltakethefollowingOathorAffirmation:—"Idosolemnlyswear（oraffirm）thatIwillfaithfullyexecutetheOfficeofPresidentoftheUnitedStates，andwilltothebestofmyAbility，preserve，protect，anddefendtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates。"
　　Section2。ThePresidentshallbeCommanderinChiefoftheArmyandNavyoftheUnitedStates，andoftheMilitiaoftheseveralStates，whencalledintotheactualServiceoftheUnitedStates;hemayrequiretheOpinion，inwriting，oftheprincipalOfficerineachoftheexecutiveDepartments，uponanySubjectrelatingtotheDutiesoftheirrespectiveOffices，andheshallhavePowertograntReprievesandPardonsforOffencesagainsttheUnitedStates，exceptinCasesofImpeachment。
　　HeshallhavePower，byandwiththeAdviceandConsentoftheSenate，tomakeTreaties，providedtwo—thirdsoftheSenatorspresentconcur;andheshallnominate，andbyandwiththeAdviceandConsentoftheSenate，shallappointAmbassadors，otherpublicMinistersandConsuls，JudgesoftheSupremeCourt，andallotherOfficersoftheUnitedStates，whoseAppointmentsarenothereinotherwiseprovidedfor，andwhichshallbeestablishedbyLaw:buttheCongressmaybyLawvesttheAppointmentofsuchinferiorOfficers，astheythinkproper，inthePresidentalone，intheCourtsofLaw，orintheHeadsofDepartments。
　　ThePresidentshallhavePowertofillupallvacanciesthatmayhappenduringtherecessoftheSenate，bygrantingCommissionswhichshallexpireattheEndoftheirnextSession。
　　Section3。HeshallfromtimetotimegivetotheCongressInformationofthestateoftheUnion，andrecommendtotheirConsiderationsuchMeasuresasheshalljudgenecessaryandexpedient;hemay，onextraordinaryOccasions，convenebothHouses，oreitherofthem，andinCaseofDisagreementbetweenthem，withRespecttotheTimeofAdjournment，hemayadjournthemtosuchTimeasheshallthinkproper;heshallreceiveAmbassadorsandotherPublicMinisters;heshalltakeCarethattheLawsbefaithfullyexecuted，andshallCommissionalltheOfficersoftheUnitedStates。
　　Section4。ThePresident，Vice—PresidentandallcivilOfficersoftheUnitedStates，shallberemovedfromOfficeonImpeachmentfor，andConvictionof，Treason，Bribery，orotherHighCrimesandMisdemeanors。
　　ArticleIII
　　Section1。ThejudicialPoweroftheUnitedStatesshallbevestedinonesupremeCourt，andinsuchinferiorCourtsastheCongressmayfromtimetotimeordainandestablish。TheJudges，bothoftheSupremeandinferiorCourts，shallholdtheirOfficesduringgoodBehaviour，andshall，atstatedTimes，receivefortheirServices，aCompensation，whichshallnotbediminishedduringtheirContinuanceinOffice。
　　Section2。ThejudicialPowershallextendtoallcases，inLawandEquity，arisingunderthisConstitution，theLawsoftheUnitedStates，andTreatiesmade，orwhichshallbemade，undertheirAuthority;—toallCasesaffectingAmbassadors，otherpublicMinistersandConsuls;—toallcasesofAdmiraltyandmaritimeJurisdiction;toControversiestowhichtheUnitedStatesshallbeaParty;—toControversiesbetweentwoormoreStates;—betweenaStateandCitizensofanotherState;betweenCitizensofdifferentStates，—betweenCitizensofthesameStateclaimingLandsunderGrantsofdifferentStates，andbetweenaState，ortheCitizensthereof，andforeignStates，CitizensorSubjects。
　　InallCasesaffectingAmbassadors，otherpublicMinistersandConsuls，andthoseinwhichaStateshallbeParty，theSupremeCourtshallhaveoriginalJurisdiction。InalltheotherCasesbeforementioned，theSupremeCourtshallhaveappellateJurisdiction，bothastoLawandFact，withsuchExceptionsandundersuchRegulationsastheCongressshallmake。
　　TheTrialofallCrimes，exceptinCasesofImpeachment，shallbebyJury;andsuchTrialshallbeheldintheStatewherethesaidCrimesshallhavebeencommitted;butwhennotcommittedwithinanyState，theTrialshallbeatsuchPlaceorPlacesastheCongressmaybyLawhavedirected。
　　Section3。TreasonagainsttheUnitedStatesshallconsistonlyinlevyingWaragainstthem，orinadheringtotheirEnemies，givingthemAidandComfort。NopersonshallbeconvictedofTreasonunlessontheTestimonyoftwoWitnessestothesameovertAct，oronConfessioninopenCourt。
　　TheCongressshallhavepowertodeclarethePunishmentofTreason，butnoAttainderofTreasonshallworkCorruptionofBloodorForfeitureexceptduringthelifeofthepersonattainted。
　　ArticleIV
　　Section1。FullFaithandCreditshallbegivenineachStatetothePublicActs，Records，andjudicialProceedingsofeveryotherState。AndtheCongressmaybygeneralLawsprescribetheMannerinwhichsuchActs，RecordsandProceedingsshallbeproved，andtheEffectthereof。
　　Section2。TheCitizensofeachStateshallbeentitledtoallPrivilegesandImmunitiesofCitizensintheseveralStates。
　　ApersonchargedinanyStatewithTreason，Felony，orotherCrime，whoshallfleefromJustice，andbefoundinanotherState，shallonDemandoftheexecutiveAuthorityoftheStatefromwhichhefled，bedeliveredup，toberemovedtotheStatehavingJurisdictionoftheCrime。
　　NoPersonheldtoServiceorLabourinoneState，undertheLawsthereof，escapingintoanother，shall，inconsequenceofanyLaworRegulationtherein，bedischargedfromsuchServiceorLabour，butshallbedelivereduponClaimofthePartytowhomsuchServiceorLabourmaybedue。
　　Section3。NewStatesmaybeadmittedbytheCongressintothisUnion;butnonewStateshallbeformedorerectedwithintheJurisdictionofanyotherState;noranyStatebeformedbytheJunctionoftwoormoreStates，orPartsofStates，withouttheConsentoftheLegislaturesoftheStatesconcernedaswellasoftheCongress。
　　TheCongressshallhavePowertodisposeofandmakeallneedfulRulesandRegulationsrespectingtheTerritoryorotherPropertybelongingtotheUnitedStates;andnothinginthisConstitutionshallbesoconstruedastoPrejudiceanyClaimsoftheUnitedStates，orofanyparticularState。
　　Section4。TheUnitedStatesshallguaranteetoeveryStateinthisUnionaRepublicanFormofGovernment，andshallprotecteachofthemagainstInvasion;andonApplicationoftheLegislature，oroftheExecutive（whentheLegislaturecannotbeconvenedagainstdomesticViolence。
　　ArticleV
　　TheCongress，whenevertwo—thirdsofbothHousesshalldeemitnecessary，shallproposeAmendmentstothisConstitution，or，ontheApplicationoftheLegislaturesoftwo—thirdsoftheseveralStates，shallcallaConventionforproposingAmendments，which，ineitherCase，shallbevalidtoallIntentsandPurposes，asPartofthisConstitution，whenratifiedbytheLegislaturesofthree—fourthsoftheseveralStates，orbyConventionsinthree—fourthsthereof，astheoneortheotherModeofRatificationmaybeproposedbytheCongress;ProvidedthatnoAmendmentwhichmaybemadepriortotheYearOnethousandeighthundredandeightshallinanyManneraffectthefirstandfourthClausesintheNinthSectionofthefirstArticle;andthatnoState，withoutitsConsent，shallbedeprivedofitsequalSuffrageintheSenate。
　　ArticleVI
　　AllDebtscontractedandEngagementsenteredinto，beforetheAdoptionofthisConstitution，shallbeasvalidagainsttheUnitedStatesunderthisConstitution，asundertheConfederation。
　　ThisConstitution，andtheLawsoftheUnitedStateswhichshallbemadeinPursuancethereof;andallTreatiesmade，orwhichshallbemade，undertheAuthorityoftheUnitedStates，shallbethesupremeLawoftheLand;andtheJudgesineveryStateshallbeboundthereby，anyThingintheConstitutionorLawsofanyStatetothecontrarynotwithstanding。
　　TheSenatorsandRepresentativesbeforementioned，andtheMembersoftheseveralStateLegislatures，andallexecutiveandjudicialOfficers，bothoftheUnitedStatesandoftheseveralStates，shallbeboundbyOathorAffirmationtosupportthisConstitution;butnoreligioustestshalleverberequiredasaQualificationtoanyOfficeorpublicTrustundertheUnitedStates。
　　ArticleVII
　　TheRatificationoftheConventionsofnineStatesshallbesufficientfortheEstablishmentofthisConstitutionbetweentheStatessoratifyingtheSame。
　　DoneinConventionbytheUnanimousConsentoftheStatespresenttheSeventeenthDayofSeptemberintheYearofOurLordOnethousandsevenhundredandeighty—sevenandoftheIndependenceoftheUnitedStatesofAmericatheTwelfth。
　　InwitnesswhereofWehavehereuntosubscribedourNames，Go:WashingtonPresidt。anddeputyfromVirginia。
　　NewHampshireJohnLangdonNicholasGilmanMassachusettsNathanielGorhamRufusKingConnecticutWm。Saml。JohnsonRogerShermanNewYorkAlexanderHamiltonNewJerseyWil:Livingston。
　　DavidBrearley。
　　Wm。Paterson。
　　Jona。DaytonPennsylvaniaBFranklinThomasMifflinRobt。Morris。
　　Geo。ClymerThos。FitzsimonsJaredIngersollJamesWilsonGouvMorrisDelawareGeo:ReadGunningBedfordJunJohnDickinsonRichardBassettJaco:BroomMarylandJamesMcHenryDanofStThos。JeniferDanl。CarrollVirginiaJohnBlair—
　　JamesMadisonJr。
　　NorthCarolinaWm。BlountRichd。DobbsSpaightHuWilliamsonSouthCarolinaJ。RutledgeCharlesCotesworthPinckneyCharlesPinckneyPeirceButler。
　　GeorgiaWilliamFewAbrBaldwinAttestWilliamJackson，SecretaryTheWord’the，’beinginterlinedbetweentheseventhandeighthLinesofthefirstPage，Theword’Thirty’beingpartlywrittenonanErasureinthefifteenthLineofthefirstPage，TheWords’istried’beinginterlinedbetweenthethirty—secondandthirty—thirdLinesofthefirstPage，andtheWord’the’
　　beinginterlinedbetweentheforty—thirdandforty—fourthLinesofthesecondpage。
　　[NotebytheDepartmentofState。—Theforegoingexplanationintheoriginalinstrumentisplacedontheleftoftheparagraphbeginningwiththewords，’DoneinConvention，’andthereforeprecedesthesignatures。Theinterlinedandrewrittenwords，mentionedinit，areinthiseditionprintedintheirproperplacesinthetext。]
　　BillOfRightsInadditionto，andamendmentof，theConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica，proposedbyCongressandratifiedbytheLegislaturesoftheseveralStates，pursuanttotheFifthArticleoftheoriginalConstitutionArticleI
　　Congressshallmakenolawrespectinganestablishmentofreligion，orprohibitingthefreeexercisethereof;orabridgingthefreedomofspeech，orofthepress;ortherightofthepeplepeaceablytoassemble，andtopetitiontheGovernmentforaredressofgrievances。
　　ArticleII
　　AwellregulatedMilitiabeingnecessarytothesecurityofafreeState，therightofthepeopletokeepandbearArmsshallnotbeinfringed。
　　ArticleIII
　　NoSoldiershallintimeofpeacebequarteredinanyhousewithouttheconsentoftheOwner，norintimeofwar，butinamannertobeprescribedbylaw。
　　ArticleIV
　　Therightofthepeopletobesecureintheirpersons，houses，papers，andeffects，againstunreasonablesearchesandseizures，shallnotbeviolated，andnowarrantsshallissue，butuponprobablecause，supportedbyOathorAffirmation，andparticularlydescribingtheplacetobesearched，andthepersonsorthingstobeseized。
　　ArticleV
　　Nopersonshallbeheldtoanswerforacapital，orotherwiseinfamouscrime，unlessonapresentmentorindictmentofaGrandJury，exceptincasesarisinginthelandornavalforces，orintheMilitia，wheninactualserviceintimeofWarorpublicdanger;norshallanypersonbesubjectforthesameoffencetobetwiceputinjeopardyoflifeorlimb;norshallbecompelledinanyCriminalCasetobeawitnessagainsthimself，norbedeprivedoflife，liberty，orproperty，withoutdueprocessoflaw;norshallprivatepropertybetakenforpublicuse，withoutjustcompensation。
　　ArticleVI
　　Inallcriminalprosecutions，theaccusedshallenjoytherighttoaspeedyandpublictrial，byanimpartialjuryoftheStateanddistrictwhereinthecrimeshallhavebeencommitted，whichdistrictshallhavebeenpreviouslyascertainedbylaw，andtobeinformedofthenatureandcauseoftheaccusation;tobeconfrontedwiththewitnessesagainsthim;tohavecompulsoryprocessforobtainingwitnessesinhisfavour，andtohavetheAssistanceofCounselforhisdefence。
　　ArticleVII
　　Insuitsatcommonlaw，wherethevalueincontroversyshallexceedtwentydollars，therightoftrialbyjuryshallbepreserved，andnofacttriedbyajuryshallbeotherwisere—
　　examinedinanyCourtoftheUnitedStates，thanaccordingtotherulesofthecommonlaw。
　　ArticleVIII
　　Excessivebailshallnotberequired，norexcessivefinesimposed，norcruelandunusualpunishmentsinflicted。
　　ArticleIX
　　TheenumerationintheConstitution，ofcertainrights，shallnotbeconstruedtodenyordisparageothersretainedbythepeople。
　　ArticleX
　　ThepowersnotdelegatedtotheUnitedStatesbytheConstitution，norprohibitedbyittotheStates，arereservedtotheStatesrespectively，ortothepeople。
　　ArticleXI
　　TheJudicialpoweroftheUnitedStatesshallnotbeconstruedtoextendtoanysuitinlaworequity，commencedorprosecutedagainstoneoftheUnitedStatesbyCitizensofanotherState，orbyCitizensorSubjectsofanyForeignState。
　　ArticleXII
　　TheelectorsshallmeetintheirrespectiveStates，andvotebyballotforPresidentandVice—President，oneofwhom，atleast，shallnotbeaninhabitantofthesameStatewiththemselves;theyshallnameintheirballotsthepersonvotedforasPresident;andindistinctballotsthepersonvotedforasVice—President;andtheyshallmakedistinctlistsofallpersonsvotedforasPresident，andofallpersonsvotedforasVicePresident，andofthenumberofvotesforeach，whichliststheyshallsignandcertify，andtransmitsealedtotheseatofthegovernmentoftheUnitedStates，directedtothePresidentoftheSenate;—ThePresidentoftheSenateshall，inthepresenceoftheSenateandHouseofRepresentatives，openallthecertificatesandthevotesshallthenbecounted;—ThepersonhavingthegreatestnumberofvotesforPresident，shallbethePresident，ifsuchnumberbeamajorityofthewholenumberofElectorsappointed;andifnopersonhavesuchmajority，thenfromthepersonshavingthehighestnumbersnotexceedingthreeonthelistofhosevotedforasPresident，theHouseofRepresentativesshallchooseimmediately，byballot，thePresident。ButinchoosingthePresident，thevotesshallbetakenbyStates，therepresentationfromeachStatehavingonevote;aquorumforthispurposeshallconsistofamemberormembersfromtwo—thirdsoftheStates，andamajorityofalltheStatesshallbenecessarytoachoice。AndiftheHouseofRepresentativesshallnotchooseaPresidentwhenevertherightofchoiceshalldevolveuponthem，beforethefourthdayofMarchnextfollowing，thentheVice—PresidentshallactasPresident，asinthecaseofthedeathorotherconstitutionaldisabilityofthePresident。ThepersonhavingthegreatestnumberofvotesasVice—President，shallbetheVice—President，ifsuchanumberbeamajorityofthewholenumberofElectorsappointed，andifnopersonhaveamajority，thenfromthetwohighestnumbersonthelist，theSenateshallchoosetheVice—President;aquorumforthepurposeshallconsistoftwo—thirdsofthewholenumberofSenators，andamajorityofthewholenumbershallbenecessarytoachoice。ButnopersonconstitutionallyineligibletotheofficeofPresidentshallbeeligibletothatofVice—PresidentoftheUnitedStates。
　　ArticleXIII
　　Section1。Neitherslaverynorinvoluntaryservitude，exceptasapunishmentforcrimewhereofthepartyshallhavebeendulyconvicted，shallexistwithintheUnitedStates，oranyplacesubjecttotheirjurisdiction。
　　Section2。Congressshallhavepowertoenforcethisarticlebyappropriatelegislation。
　　ArticleXIV
　　Section1。AllpersonsbornornaturalizedintheUnitedStates，andsubjecttothejurisdictionthereof，arecitizensoftheUnitedStatesandoftheStatewhereintheyreside。NoStateshallmakeorenforceanylawwhichshallabridgetheprivilegesorimmunitiesofcitizensoftheUnitedStates;norshallanyStatedepriveanypersonoflife，liberty，orproperty，withoutdueprocessoflaw;nordenytoanypersonwithinitsjurisdictiontheequalprotectionofthelaws。
　　Section2。RepresentativesshallbeapportionedamongtheseveralStatesaccordingtotheirrespectivenumbers，countingthewholenumberofpersonsineachState，excludingIndiansnottaxed。ButwhentherighttovoteatanyelectionforthechoiceofelectorsforPresidentandVice—PresidentoftheUnitedStates，RepresentativesinCongress，theExecutiveandJudicialofficersofaState，orthemembersoftheLegislaturethereof，isdeniedtoanyofthemaleinhabitantsofsuchState，beingtwenty—oneyearsofage，andcitizensoftheUnitedStates，orinanywayabridged，exceptforparticipationinrebellion，orothercrime，thebasisofrepresentationthereinshallbereducedintheproportionwhichthenumberofsuchmalecitizensshallbeartothewholenumberofmalecitizenstwenty—oneyearsofageinsuchState。
　　Section3。NopersonshallbeaSenatororRepresentativeinCongress，orelectorofPresidentandVice—President，orholdanyoffice，civilormilitary，undertheUnitedStates，orunderanyState，who，havingpreviouslytakenanoath，asamemberofCongress，orasanofficeroftheUnitedStates，orasamemberofanyStatelegislature，orasanexecutiveorjudicialofficerofanyState，tosupporttheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates，shallhaveengagedininsurrectionorrebellionagainstthesame，orgivenaidorcomforttotheenemiesthereof。ButCongressmaybyavoteoftwo—thirdsofeachHouse，removesuchdisability。
　　Section4。ThevalidityofthepublicdebtoftheUnitedStates，authorizedbylaw，includingdebtsincurredforpaymentofpensionsandbountiesforservicesinsuppressinginsurrectionorrebellion，shallnotbequestioned。ButneithertheUnitedStatesnoranyStateshallassumeorpayanydebtorobligationincurredinaidofinsurrectionorrebellionagainsttheUnitedStates，oranyclaimforthelossoremancipationofanyslave;
　　butallsuchdebts，obligationsandclaimsshallbeheldillegalandvoid。
　　Section5。TheCongressshallhavepowertoenforce，byappropriatelegislation，theprovisionsofthisarticle。
　　ArticleXV
　　Section1。TherightofcitizensoftheUnitedStatestovoteshallnotbedeniedorabridgedbytheUnitedStatesorbyanyStateonaccountofrace，colour，orpreviousconditionofservitude。
　　Section2。TheCongressshallhavepowertoenforcethisarticlebyappropriatelegislation。