butIwillnottroubleyouwithanyremarks。Imay，however，say，thatyoumusthavebeendeceivedbytheFrenchtranslation，asyouinferthatI
believethattheParusandtheNuthatch（orSitta）arerelatedbydirectfiliation。Iwishedonlytoshowbyanimaginaryillustration，howeitherinstinctsorstructuresmightfirstchange。IfyouhadseenCanisMagellanicusaliveyouwouldhaveperceivedhowfoxlikeitsappearanceis，orifyouhadhearditsvoice，Ithinkthatyouwouldneverhavehazardedtheideathatitwasadomesticdogrunwild;butthisdoesnotmuchconcernme。Itiscurioushownationalityinfluencesopinion;aweekhardlypasseswithoutmyhearingofsomenaturalistinGermanywhosupportsmyviews，andoftenputsanexaggeratedvalueonmyworks;whilstinFranceIhavenotheardofasinglezoologist，exceptM。Gaudry（andheonlypartially），whosupportsmyviews。ButImusthaveagoodmanyreadersasmybooksaretranslated，andImusthope，notwithstandingyourstrictures，thatImayinfluencesomeembryonaturalistsinFrance。
Youfrequentlyspeakofmygoodfaith，andnocomplimentcanbemoredelightfultome，butImayreturnyouthecomplimentwithinterest，foreverywordwhichyouwritebearsthestampofyourcordialloveforthetruth。Believeme，dearSir，withsincererespect，Yoursveryfaithfully，CHARLESDARWIN。
CHARLESDARWINTOT。H。HUXLEY。
Down，October14[1869]。
MydearHuxley，IhavebeendelightedtoseeyourreviewofHaeckel（AreviewofHaeckel’s’Schopfungs—Geschichte。’The"Academy"，1869。Reprintedin’CritiquesandAddresses，’page303。），andasusualyoupilehonourshighonmyhead。ButIwritenow（REQUIRINGNOANSWER）togroanalittleoverwhatyouhavesaidaboutrudimentaryorgans。（IndiscussingTeleologyandHaeckel’s"Dysteleology，"Prof。Huxleysays:——"Suchcasesastheexistenceoflateralrudimentsoftoes，inthefootofahorse，placeusinadilemma。Foreithertheserudimentsareofnousetotheanimals，inwhichcase……theysurelyoughttohavedisappeared;ortheyareofsomeusetotheanimal，inwhichcasetheyareofnouseasargumentsagainstTeleology。"——（’CritiquesandAddresses，’page308。）Manyhereticswilltakeadvantageofwhatyouhavesaid。Icannotbutthinkthattheexplanationgivenatpage541ofthelasteditionofthe’Origin’ofthelongretentionofrudimentaryorgansandoftheirgreaterrelativesizeduringearlylife，issatisfactory。Theirfinalandcompleteabortionseemstomeamuchgreaterdifficulty。Dolookinmy’VariationsunderDomestication，’volumeii。
page397，atwhatPangenesissuggestsonthishead，thoughIdidnotdaretoputinthe’Origin。’Thepassagebearsalsoalittleonthestrugglebetweenthemoleculesorgemmules。（"Itisaprobablehypothesis，thatwhattheworldistoorganismsingeneral，eachorganismistothemoleculesofwhichitiscomposed。Multitudesofthesehavingdiversetendencies，arecompetingwithoneanotherforopportunitytoexistandmultiply;andtheorganism，asawhole，isasmuchtheproductofthemoleculeswhicharevictoriousastheFauna，orFlora，ofacountryistheproductofthevictoriousorganicbeingsinit。"——（’CritiquesandAddresses，’page309。）Thereislikewiseawordortwoindirectlybearingonthissubjectatpages394—395。Itwon’ttakeyoufiveminutes，sodolookatthesepassages。IamverygladthatyouhavebeenboldenoughtogiveyourideaaboutNaturalSelectionamongstthemolecules，thoughIcannotquitefollowyou。
1870ANDBEGINNINGOF1871。
[MyfatherwroteinhisDiary:——"Thewholeofthisyear[1870]atworkonthe’DescentofMan。’……WenttoPressAugust30，1870。"
Thelettersareagainofmiscellaneousinterest，dealing，notonlywithhiswork，butalsoservingtoindicatethecourseofhisreading。]
CHARLESDARWINTOE。RAYLANKESTER。
Down，March15[1870]。
MydearSir，Idonotknowwhetheryouwillconsidermeaverytroublesomeman，butI
havejustfinishedyourbook（’ComparativeLongevity。’），andcannotresisttellingyouhowthewholehasmuchinterestedme。Nodoubt，asyousay，theremustbemuchspeculationonsuchasubject，andcertainresultscannotbereached;butallyourviewsarehighlysuggestive，andtomymindthatishighpraise。IhavebeenallthemoreinterestedasIamnowwritingoncloselyalliedthoughnotquiteidenticalpoints。Iwaspleasedtoseeyourefertomymuchdespisedchild，’Pangenesis，’whoIthinkwillsomeday，undersomebetternurse，turnoutafinestripling。Ithasalsopleasedmetoseehowthoroughlyyouappreciate（andIdonotthinkthatthisisgeneralwiththemenofscience）H。Spencer;IsuspectthathereafterhewillbelookedatasbyfarthegreatestlivingphilosopherinEngland;perhapsequaltoanythathavelived。ButIhavenobusinesstotroubleyouwithmynotions。Withsincerethanksfortheinterestwhichyourworkhasgivenme，Iremain，yoursveryfaithfully，CH。DARWIN。
[ThenextletterreferstoMr。Wallace’s’NaturalSelection’（1870），acollectionofessaysreprintedwithcertainalterationsofwhichalistisgiveninthevolume:]
CHARLESDARWINTOA。R。WALLACE。
Down，April20[1870]。
MydearWallace，Ihavejustreceivedyourbook，andreadthepreface。Thereneverhasbeenpassedonme，orindeedonanyone，ahighereulogiumthanyours。IwishthatIfullydeservedit。Yourmodestyandcandourareveryfarfromnewtome。Ihopeitisasatisfactiontoyoutoreflect——andveryfewthingsinmylifehavebeenmoresatisfactorytome——thatwehaveneverfeltanyjealousytowardseachother，thoughinonesenserivals。IbelievethatI
cansaythisofmyselfwithtruth，andIamabsolutelysurethatitistrueofyou。
YouhavebeenagoodChristiantogivealistofyouradditions，forIwantmuchtoreadthem，andIshouldhardlyhavehadtimejustatpresenttohavegonethroughallyourarticles。OfcourseIshallimmediatelyreadthosethatareneworgreatlyaltered，andIwillendeavourtobeashonestascanreasonablybeexpected。Yourbooklooksremarkablywellgotup。
Believeme，mydearWallace，toremain，Yoursverycordially，CH。DARWIN。
[Herefollowoneortwolettersindicatingtheprogressofthe’DescentofMan;’thewoodcutsreferredtowerebeingpreparedforthatwork:]
CHARLESDARWINTOA。GUNTHER。（Dr。Gunther，KeeperofZoologyintheBritishMuseum。）
March23，[1870？]。
DearGunther，AsIdonotknowMr。Ford’saddress，willyouhandhimthisnote，whichiswrittensolelytoexpressmyunboundedadmirationofthewoodcuts。I
fairlygloatoverthem。Theonlyevilisthattheywillmakealltheotherwoodcutslookverypoor！Theyareallexcellent，andforthefeathersI
declareIthinkitthemostwonderfulwoodcutIeversaw;Icannothelptouchingittomakesurethatitissmooth。HowIwishtoseethetwoother，andevenmoreimportant，onesofthefeathers，andthefour[of]
reptiles，etc。Onceagainacceptmyverysincerethanksforallyourkindness。IamgreatlyindebtedtoMr。Ford。Engravingshavealwayshithertobeenmygreatestmisery，andnowtheyarearealpleasuretome。
Yoursverysincerely，CH。DARWIN。
P。S。——IthoughtIshouldhavebeeninpressbythistime，butmysubjecthasbranchedoffintosub—branches，whichhavecostmeinfinitetime，andheavenknowswhenIshallhaveallmyMS。ready，butIamneveridle。
CHARLESDARWINTOA。GUNTHER。
May15[1870]。
MydearDr。Gunther，Sincerethanks。Youranswersarewonderfullyclearandcomplete。Ihavesomeanalogousquestionsonreptiles，etc。，whichIwillsendinafewdays，andthenIthinkIshallcausenomoretrouble。Iwillgetthebooksyourefermeto。ThecaseoftheSolenostoma（InmostoftheLophobranchiithemalehasamarsupialsackinwhichtheeggsarehatched，andinthesespeciesthemaleisslightlybrightercolouredthanthefemale。ButinSolenostomathefemaleisthehatcher，andisalsothemorebrightlycoloured。——’DescentofMan，’ii。21。）ismagnificent，soexactlyanalogoustothatofthosebirdsinwhichthefemaleisthemoregay，buttentimesbetterforme，assheistheincubator。AsIcrawlonwiththesuccessiveclassesIamastonishedtofindhowsimilartherulesareaboutthenuptialor"weddingdress"ofallanimals。Thesubjecthasbeguntointerestmeinanextraordinarydegree;butImusttrynottofallintomycommonerrorofbeingtoospeculative。Butadrunkardmightaswellsayhewoulddrinkalittleandnottoomuch！Myessay，asfarasfishes，batrachiansandreptilesareconcerned，willbeinfactyours，onlywrittenbyme。Withheartythanks。
Yoursverysincerely，CH。DARWIN。
[Thefollowingletterisofinterest，asshowingtheexcessivecareandpainswhichmyfathertookinforminghisopiniononadifficultpoint:]
CHARLESDARWINTOA。R。WALLACE。
Down，September23[undated]。
MydearWallace，Iamverymuchobligedforallyourtroubleinwritingmeyourlongletter，whichIwillkeepbymeandponderover。Toansweritwouldrequireatleast200foliopages！IfyoucouldseehowoftenIhavere—writtensomepagesyouwouldknowhowanxiousIamtoarriveasnearasIcantothetruth。IlaygreatstressonwhatIknowtakesplaceunderdomestication;
Ithinkwestartwithdifferentfundamentalnotionsoninheritance。Ifinditismostdifficult，butnotIthinkimpossible，toseehow，forinstance，afewredfeathersappearingontheheadofamalebird，andwhichAREAT
FIRSTTRANSMITTEDTOBOTHSEXES，couldcometobetransmittedtomalesalone。Itisnotenoughthatfemalesshouldbeproducedfromthemaleswithredfeathers，whichshouldbedestituteofredfeathers;butthesefemalesmusthaveaLATENTTENDENCYtoproducesuchfeathers，otherwisetheywouldcausedeteriorationintheredhead—feathersoftheirmaleoffspring。Suchlatenttendencywouldbeshownbytheirproducingtheredfeatherswhenold，ordiseasedintheirovaria。ButIhavenodifficultyinmakingthewholeheadredifthefewredfeathersinthemalefromthefirsttendedtobesexuallytransmitted。Iamquitewillingtoadmitthatthefemalemayhavebeenmodified，eitheratthesametimeorsubsequently，forprotectionbytheaccumulationofvariationslimitedintheirtransmissiontothefemalesex。Iowetoyourwritingstheconsiderationofthislatterpoint。ButIcannotyetpersuademyselfthatfemalesALONE
haveoftenbeenmodifiedforprotection。Shouldyougrudgethetroublebrieflytotellmewhetheryoubelievethattheplainerheadandlessbrightcoloursofafemalechaffinch，thelessredontheheadandlesscleancoloursofthefemalegoldfinch，themuchlessredonthebreastofthefemalebull—finch，thepalercrestofgolden—crestedwren，etc。，havebeenacquiredbythemforprotection。IcannotthinksoanymorethanI
canthattheconsiderabledifferencesbetweenfemaleandmalehousesparrow，ormuchgreaterbrightnessofthemaleParuscoeruleus（bothofwhichbuildundercover）thanofthefemaleParus，arerelatedtoprotection。Ievenmis—doubtmuchwhetherthelessblacknessofthefemaleblackbirdisforprotection。
Again，canyougivemereasonsforbelievingthatthemoderatedifferencesbetweenthefemalepheasant，thefemaleGallusbankiva，thefemaleblackgrouse，thepea—hen，thefemalepartridge，[andtheirrespectivemales，]
haveallspecialreferencestoprotectionunderslightlydifferentconditions？I，ofcourse，admitthattheyareallprotectedbydullcolours，derived，asIthink，fromsomedull—groundprogenitor;andI
accountpartlyfortheirdifferencebypartialtransferenceofcolourfromthemaleandbyothermeanstoolongtospecify;butIearnestlywishtoseereasontobelievethateachisspeciallyadaptedforconcealmenttoitsenvironment。
Igrievetodifferfromyou，anditactuallyterrifiesmeandmakesmeconstantlydistrustmyself。Ifearweshallneverquiteunderstandeachother。Ivaluethecasesofbright—coloured，incubatingmalefishes，andbrilliantfemalebutterflies，solelyasshowingthatonesexmaybemadebrilliantwithoutanynecessarytransferenceofbeautytotheothersex;
forinthesecasesIcannotsupposethatbeautyintheothersexwascheckedbyselection。
Ifearthisletterwilltroubleyoutoreadit。Averyshortansweraboutyourbeliefinregardtothefemalefinchesandgallinaceaewouldsuffice。
Believeme，mydearWallace，Yoursverysincerely，CH。DARWIN。
CHARLESDARWINTOJ。D。HOOKER。
Down，May25[1870]……LastFridayweallwenttotheBullHotelatCambridgetoseetheboys，andforalittlerestandenjoyment。ThebacksoftheCollegesaresimplyparadisaical。OnMondayIsawSedgwick，whowasmostcordialandkind;inthemorningIthoughthisbrainwasenfeebled;intheeveninghewasbrilliantandquitehimself。Hisaffectionandkindnesscharmedusall。
Myvisittohimwasinonewayunfortunate;forafteralongsitheproposedtotakemetothemuseum，andIcouldnotrefuse，andinconsequenceheutterlyprostratedme;sothatweleftCambridgenextmorning，andIhavenotrecoveredtheexhaustionyet。Isitnothumiliatingtobethuskilledbyamanofeighty—six，whoevidentlyneverdreamedthathewaskillingme？Ashesaidtome，"Oh，Iconsideryouasamerebabytome！"IsawNewtonseveraltimes，andseveralnicefriendsofF。’s。ButCambridgewithoutdearHenslowwasnotitself;Itriedtogettothetwooldhouses，butitwastoofarforme……
CHARLESDARWINTOB。J。SULIVAN。（AdmiralSirJamesSulivanwasalieutenantonboardthe"Beagle"。）
Down，June30[1870]。
MydearSulivan，Itwasverygoodofyoutowritetomesolongaletter，tellingmemuchaboutyourselfandyourchildren，whichIwasextremelygladtohear。
ThinkwhatabenightedwretchIam，seeingnooneandreadingbutlittleinthenewspapers，forIdidnotknow（untilseeingthepaperofyourNaturalHistorySociety）thatyouwereaK。C。B。MostheartilygladIamthattheGovernmenthaveatlastappreciatedyourmostjustclaimforthishighdistinction。Ontheotherhand，Iamsorrytohearsopooranaccountofyourhealth;butyouweresurelyveryrashtodoallthatyoudidandthenpassthroughsoexcitingasceneasaballatthePalace。Itwasenoughtohavetiredamaninrobusthealth。Completerestwill，however，Ihope，quitesetyouupagain。Asformyself，Ihavebeenratherbetteroflate，andifnothingdisturbsmeIcandosomehours’workeveryday。Ishallthisautumnpublishanotherbookpartlyonman，whichIdaresaymanywilldecryasverywicked。IcouldhavetravelledtoOxford，butcouldnomorehavewithstoodtheexcitementofacommemoration（ThisreferstoaninvitationtoreceivethehonorarydegreeofD。C。L。HewasoneofthosenominatedforthedegreebyLordSalisburyonassumingtheofficeofChancelloroftheUniversityofOxford。Thefactthatthehonourwasdeclinedonthescoreofill—healthwaspublishedinthe"OxfordUniversityGazette"，June17，1870。）thanIcouldaballatBuckinghamPalace。Manythanksforyourkindremarksaboutmyboys。ThankGod，allgivemecompletesatisfaction;myfourthstandssecondatWoolwich，andwillbeanEngineerOfficeratChristmas。MywifedesirestobeverykindlyrememberedtoLadySulivan，inwhichIverysincerelyjoin，andincongratulationaboutyourdaughter’smarriage。Weareatpresentsolitary，forallouryoungerchildrenaregoneatourinSwitzerland。IhadneverheardawordaboutthesuccessoftheT。delFuegomission。Itismostwonderful，andshamesme，asIalwaysprophesiedutterfailure。Itisagrandsuccess。IshallfeelproudifyourCommitteethinkfittoelectmeanhonorarymemberofyoursociety。Withallgoodwishesandaffectionateremembrancesofancientdays，Believeme，mydearSulivan，Yoursincerefriend，CH。DARWIN。
[Myfather’sconnectionwiththeSouthAmericanMission，whichisreferredtointheaboveletter，hasgivenrisetosomepubliccomment，andhasbeentosomeextentmisunderstood。TheArchbishopofCanterbury，speakingattheannualmeetingoftheSouthAmericanMissionarySociety，April21st，1885（Iquotea’Leaflet，’publishedbytheSociety。），saidthattheSociety"drewtheattentionofCharlesDarwin，andmadehim，inhispursuitofthewondersofthekingdomofnature，realisethattherewasanotherkingdomjustaswonderfulandmorelasting。"Somediscussiononthesubjectappearedinthe"DailyNews"ofApril23rd，24th，29th，1885，andfinallyAdmiralSirJamesSulivan，onApril24th，wrotetothesamejournal，givingaclearaccountofmyfather’sconnectionwiththeSociety:——
"Yourarticleinthe"DailyNews"ofyesterdayinducesmetogiveyouacorrectstatementoftheconnectionbetweentheSouthAmericanMissionarySocietyandMr。CharlesDarwin，myoldfriendandshipmateforfiveyears。
IhavebeencloselyconnectedwiththeSocietyfromthetimeofCaptainAllenGardiner’sdeath，andMr。DarwinhasoftenexpressedtomehisconvictionthatitwasutterlyuselesstosendMissionariestosuchasetofsavagesastheFuegians，probablytheverylowestofthehumanrace。I
hadalwaysrepliedthatIdidnotbelieveanyhumanbeingsexistedtoolowtocomprehendthesimplemessageoftheGospelofChrist。Aftermanyyears，Ithinkabout1869（Itseemstohavebeenin1867。），butIcannotfindtheletter，hewrotetomethattherecentaccountsoftheMissionprovedtohimthathehadbeenwrongandIrightinourestimatesofthenativecharacter，andthepossibilityofdoingthemgoodthroughMissionaries;andherequestedmetoforwardtotheSocietyanenclosedchequefor5pounds，asatestimonyoftheinteresthetookintheirgoodwork。OnJune6th，1874，hewrote:’IamverygladtohearsogoodanaccountoftheFuegians，anditiswonderful。’OnJune10th，1879:’TheprogressoftheFuegiansiswonderful，andhaditnotoccurredwouldhavebeentomequiteincredible。’OnJanuary3rd，1880:’Yourextracts’[fromajournal]’abouttheFuegiansareextremelycurious，andhaveinterestedmemuch。IhaveoftensaidthattheprogressofJapanwasthegreatestwonderintheworld，butIdeclarethattheprogressofFuegiaisalmostequallywonderful。OnMarch20th，1881:’TheaccountoftheFuegiansinterestednotonlyme，butallmyfamily。ItistrulywonderfulwhatyouhaveheardfromMr。Bridgesabouttheirhonestyandtheirlanguage。I
certainlyshouldhavepredictedthatnotalltheMissionariesintheworldcouldhavedonewhathasbeendone。’OnDecember1st，1881，sendingmehisannualsubscriptiontotheOrphanageattheMissionStation，hewrote:
’Judgingfromthe"MissionaryJournal"，theMissioninTierradelFuegoseemsgoingonquitewonderfullywell。’"]
CHARLESDARWINTOJOHNLUBBOCK。
Down，July17，1870。
MydearLubbock，AsIhearthattheCensuswillbebroughtbeforetheHouseto—morrow，I
writetosayhowmuchIhopethatyouwillexpressyouropiniononthedesirabilityofqueriesinrelationtoconsanguineousmarriagesbeinginserted。Asyouareaware，Ihavemadeexperimentsonthesubjectduringseveralyears;ANDITISMYCLEARCONVICTIONTHATTHEREISNOWAMPLE
EVIDENCEOFTHEEXISTENCEOFAGREATPHYSIOLOGICALLAW，RENDERINGAN
ENQUIRYWITHREFERENCETOMANKINDOFMUCHIMPORTANCE。INENGLANDANDMANY
PARTSOFEUROPETHEMARRIAGESOFCOUSINSAREOBJECTEDTOFROMTHEIR
SUPPOSEDINJURIOUSCONSEQUENCES;BUTTHISBELIEFRESTSONNODIRECT
EVIDENCE。ITISTHEREFOREMANIFESTLYDESIRABLETHATTHEBELIEFSHOULD
EITHERBEPROVEDFALSE，ORSHOULDBECONFIRMED，sothatinthislattercasethemarriagesofcousinsmightbediscouraged。Iftheproperqueriesareinserted，thereturnswouldshowwhethermarriedcousinshaveintheirhouseholdsonthenightofthecensusasmanychildrenashaveparentsofwhoarenotrelated;andshouldthenumberprovefewer，wemightsafelyinfereitherlessenedfertilityintheparents，orwhichismoreprobable，lessenedvitalityintheoffspring。
Itis，moreover，muchtobewishedthatthetruthoftheoftenrepeatedassertionthatconsanguineousmarriagesleadtodeafness，anddumbness，blindness，etc。，shouldbeascertained;andallsuchassertionscouldbeeasilytestedbythereturnsfromasinglecensus。
Believeme，Yoursverysincerely，CHARLESDARWIN。
[WhentheCensusActwaspassingthroughtheHouseofCommons，SirJohnLubbockandDr。Playfairattemptedtocarryoutthissuggestion。Thequestioncametoadivision，whichwaslost，butnotbymanyvotes。
Thesubjectofcousinmarriageswasafterwardsinvestigatedbymybrother。
（"MarriagesbetweenFirstCousinsinEngland，andtheirEffects。’ByGeorgeDarwin。’JournaloftheStatisticalSociety，’June，1875。）Theresultsofthislaboriouspieceofworkwerenegative;theauthorsumsupinthesentence:——
"Mypaperisfarfromgivinganythinglikeasatisfactorysolutionofthequestionastotheeffectsofconsanguineousmarriages，butitdoes，I
think，showthattheassertionthatthisquestionhasalreadybeensetatrest，cannotbesubstantiated。"]
CHAPTER2。VII。
PUBLICATIONOFTHE’DESCENTOFMAN。’
WORKON’EXPRESSION。’
1871—1873。
[Thelastreviseofthe’DescentofMan’wascorrectedonJanuary15th，1871，sothatthebookoccupiedhimforaboutthreeyears。HewrotetoSirJ。Hooker:"Ifinishedthelastproofsofmybookafewdaysago，theworkhalf—killedme，andIhavenotthemostremoteideawhetherthebookisworthpublishing。"
HealsowrotetoDr。Gray:——
"Ihavefinishedmybookonthe’DescentofMan，’etc。，anditspublicationisdelayedonlybytheIndex:whenpublished，Iwillsendyouacopy，butIdonotknowthatyouwillcareaboutit。Parts，asonthemoralsense，will，Idaresay，aggravateyou，andifIhearfromyou，Ishallprobablyreceiveafewstabsfromyourpolishedstilettoofapen。"
ThebookwaspublishedonFebruary24，1871。2500copieswereprintedatfirst，and5000morebeforetheendoftheyear。Myfathernotesthathereceivedforthisedition1470pounds。Thelettersgiveninthepresentchapterdealwithitsreception，andalsowiththeprogressoftheworkonExpression。Thelettersaregiven，approximately，inchronologicalorder，anarrangementwhichnecessarilyseparateslettersofkindredsubject—
matter，butgivesperhapsatruerpictureofthemingledinterestsandlaboursofmyfather’slife。
Nothingcangiveabetteridea（insmallcompass）ofthegrowthofEvolutionismanditspositionatthistime，thanaquotationfromMr。
Huxley（’ContemporaryReview，’1871。）:——
"Thegraduallapseoftimehasnowseparatedusbymorethanadecadefromthedateofthepublicationofthe’OriginofSpecies;’andwhatevermaybethoughtorsaidaboutMr。Darwin’sdoctrines，orthemannerinwhichhehaspropoundedthem，thismuchiscertain，thatinadozenyearsthe’OriginofSpecies’hasworkedascompletearevolutioninBiologicalScienceasthe’Principia’didinAstronomy;"andithasdoneso，"because，inthewordsofHelmholtz，itcontains’anessentiallynewcreativethought。’And，astimehasslippedby，ahappychangehascomeoverMr。Darwin’scritics。
Themixtureofignoranceandinsolencewhichatfirstcharacterisedalargeproportionoftheattackswithwhichhewasassailed，isnolongerthesaddistinctionofanti—Darwiniancriticism。"
ApassageintheIntroductiontothe’DescentofMan’showsthattheauthorrecognisedclearlythisimprovementinthepositionofEvolution。"WhenanaturalistlikeCarlVogtventurestosayinhisaddress，asPresidentoftheNationalInstitutionofGeneva（1869），’personneenEuropeaumoins，n’oseplussoutenirlacreationindependanteetdetoutespieces，desespeces，’itismanifestthatatleastalargenumberofnaturalistsmustadmitthatspeciesarethemodifieddescendantsofotherspecies;andthisespeciallyholdsgoodwiththeyoungerandrisingnaturalists……Oftheolderandhonouredchiefsinnaturalscience，many，unfortunately，arestillopposedtoEvolutionineveryform。"
InMr。JamesHague’spleasantlywrittenarticle，"AReminiscenceofMr。
Darwin"（’Harper’sMagazine，’October1884），hedescribesavisittomyfather"earlyin1871"（itmusthavebeenattheendofFebruary，withinaweekafterthepublicationofthebook。），shortlyafterthepublicationofthe’DescentofMan。’Mr。Haguerepresentsmyfatheras"muchimpressedbythegeneralassentwithwhichhisviewshadbeenreceived，"andasremarkingthat"everybodyistalkingaboutitwithoutbeingshocked。"
Laterintheyearthereceptionofthebookisdescribedindifferentlanguageinthe’EdinburghReview’（July1871。Anadversecriticism。Thereviewersumsupbysayingthat:"Neverperhapsinthehistoryofphilosophyhavesuchwidegeneralisationsbeenderivedfromsuchasmallbasisoffact。"）:"Oneverysideitisraisingastormofmingledwrath，wonder，andadmiration。"
Withregardtothesubsequentreceptionofthe’DescentofMan，’myfatherwrotetoDr。Dohrn，February3，1872:——
"Ididnotknowuntilreadingyourarticle（In’DasAusland。’），thatmy’DescentofMan’hadexcitedsomuchfuroreinGermany。IthashadanimmensecirculationinthiscountryandinAmerica，buthasmettheapprovalofhardlyanynaturalistsasfarasIknow。ThereforeIsupposeitwasamistakeonmyparttopublishit;but，anyhow，itwillpavethewayforsomebetterwork。"
Thebookonthe’ExpressionoftheEmotions’wasbegunonJanuary17th，1871，thelastproofofthe’DescentofMan’havingbeenfinishedonJanuary15th。TheroughcopywasfinishedbyApril27th，andshortlyafterthis（inJune）theworkwasinterruptedbythepreparationofasixtheditionofthe’Origin。’InNovemberandDecembertheproofsofthe’Expression’bookweretakeninhand，andoccupiedhimuntilthefollowingyear，whenthebookwaspublished。
SomereferencestotheworkonExpressionhaveoccurredinlettersalreadygiven，showingthatthefoundationofthebookwas，tosomeextent，laiddownforsomeyearsbeforehebegantowriteit。ThushewrotetoDr。AsaGray，April15，1867:——
"IhavebeenlatelygettingupandlookingovermyoldnotesonExpression，andfearthatIshallnotmakesomuchofmyhobby—horseasIthoughtI
could;nevertheless，itseemstomeacurioussubjectwhichhasbeenstrangelyneglected。"
Itshould，however，berememberedthatthesubjecthadbeenbeforehismind，moreorless，from1837or1838，asIjudgefromentriesinhisearlynote—books。ItwasinDecember，1839，thathebegantomakeobservationsonchildren。
Theworkrequiredmuchcorrespondence，notonlywithmissionariesandotherslivingamongsavages，towhomhesenthisprintedqueries，butamongphysiologistsandphysicians。HeobtainedmuchinformationfromProfessorDonders，SirW。Bowman，SirJamesPaget，Dr。W。Ogle，Dr。CrichtonBrowne，aswellasfromotherobservers。
Thefirstletterreferstothe’DescentofMan。’]
CHARLESDARWINTOA。R。WALLACE。
Down，January30[1871]。
MydearWallace，（Inthenotereferredto，datedJanuary27，Mr。Wallacewrote:——
"ManythanksforyourfirstvolumewhichIhavejustfinishedreadingthroughwiththegreatestpleasureandinterest;andIhavealsotothankyouforthegreattendernesswithwhichyouhavetreatedmeandmyheresies。"
Theheresyisthelimitationofnaturalselectionasappliedtoman。Myfatherwrote（’DescentofMan，’i。page137）:——"IcannotthereforeunderstandhowitisthatMr。Wallacemaintainsthat’naturalselectioncouldonlyhaveendowedthesavagewithabrainalittlesuperiortothatofanape。’"IntheabovequotedletterMr。Wallacewrote:——"Yourchapterson’Man’areofintenseinterest，butastouchingmyspecialheresynotasyetaltogetherconvincing，thoughofcourseIfullyagreewitheverywordandeveryargumentwhichgoestoprovetheevolutionordevelopmentofmanoutofalowerform。"）
Yournotehasgivenmeverygreatpleasure，chieflybecauseIwassoanxiousnottotreatyouwiththeleastdisrespect，anditissodifficulttospeakfairlywhendifferingfromanyone。IfIhadoffendedyou，itwouldhavegrievedmemorethanyouwillreadilybelieve。Secondly，IamgreatlypleasedtohearthatVolumeI。interestsyou;IhavegotsosickofthewholesubjectthatIfeltinutterdoubtaboutthevalueofanypart。
Iintended，whenspeakingoffemalesnothavingbeenspeciallymodifiedforprotection，toincludethepreventionofcharactersacquiredbythemalebeingtransmittedtothefemale;butInowseeitwouldhavebeenbettertohavesaid"speciallyactedon，"orsomesuchterm。PossiblymyintentionmaybeclearerinVolumeII。Letmesaythatmyconclusionsarechieflyfoundedontheconsiderationofallanimalstakeninabody，bearinginmindhowcommontherulesofsexualdifferencesappeartobeinallclasses。ThefirstcopyofthechapteronLepidopteraagreedprettycloselywithyou。Ithenworkedon，camebacktoLepidoptera，andthoughtmyselfcompelledtoalterit——finishedSexualSelectionandforthelasttimewentoverLepidoptera，andagainIfeltforcedtoalterit。IhopetoGodtherewillbenothingdisagreeabletoyouinVolumeII。，andthatI
havespokenfairlyofyourviews;Iamfearfulonthishead，becauseIhavejustread（butnotwithsufficientcare）Mivart’sbook（’TheGenesisofSpecies，’bySt。G。Mivart，1871。），andIfeelABSOLUTELYCERTAINthathemeanttobefair（buthewasstimulatedbytheologicalfervour）;yetIdonotthinkhehasbeenquitefair……Thepartwhich，Ithink，willhavemostinfluenceiswherehegivesthewholeseriesofcaseslikethatofthewhalebone，inwhichwecannotexplainthegradationalsteps;butsuchcaseshavenoweightonmymind——ifafewfishwereextinct，whoonearthwouldhaveventuredeventoconjecturethatlungshadoriginatedinaswim—
bladder？InsuchacaseastheThylacine，Ithinkhewasboundtosaythattheresemblanceofthejawtothatofthedogissuperficial;thenumberandcorrespondenceanddevelopmentofteethbeingwidelydifferent。I
thinkagainwhenspeakingofthenecessityofalteringanumberofcharacterstogether，heoughttohavethoughtofmanhavingpowerbyselectiontomodifysimultaneouslyoralmostsimultaneouslymanypoints，asinmakingagreyhoundorracehorse——asenlargeduponinmy’DomesticAnimals。’Mivartissavageorcontemptuousaboutmy"moralsense，"andsoprobablywillyoube。Iamextremelypleasedthatheagreeswithmyposition，ASFARASANIMALNATUREISCONCERNED，ofmanintheseries;orifanything，thinksIhaveerredinmakinghimtoodistinct。
Forgivemeforscribblingatsuchlength。Youhaveputmequiteingoodspirits;Ididsodreadhavingbeenunintentionallyunfairtowardsyourviews。Ihopeearnestlythesecondvolumewillescapeaswell。Icarenowverylittlewhatotherssay。Asforournotquiteagreeing，reallyinsuchcomplexsubjects，itisalmostimpossiblefortwomenwhoarriveindependentlyattheirconclusionstoagreefully，itwouldbeunnaturalforthemtodoso。
Yoursever，verysincerely，CH。DARWIN。
[ProfessorHaeckelseemstohavebeenoneofthefirsttowritetomyfatheraboutthe’DescentofMan。’Iquotefromhisreply:——
"Imustsendyouafewwordstothankyouforyourinteresting，andImaytrulysay，charmingletter。Iamdelightedthatyouapproveofmybook，asfarasyouhavereadit。IfeltverygreatdifficultyanddoubthowoftenIoughttoalludetowhatyouhavepublished;strictlyspeakingeveryidea，althoughoccurringindependentlytome，ifpublishedbyyoupreviouslyoughttohaveappearedasiftakenfromyourworks，butthiswouldhavemademybookverydullreading;andIhopedthatafullacknowledgmentatthebeginningwouldsuffice。（Intheintroductiontothe’DescentofMan’