InthemeantimetheCourtsofMadridandVersailles，exasperatedandalarmedbythefallofBarcelonaandbytherevoltofthesurroundingcountry，determinedtomakeagreateffort。Alargearmy，nominallycommandedbyPhilip，butreallyundertheordersofMarshalTesse，enteredCatalonia。AfleetundertheCountofToulouse，oneofthenaturalchildrenofLewistheFourteenth，appearedbeforetheportofBarcelona，Thecitywasattackedatoncebyseaandland。ThepersonoftheArchdukewasinconsiderabledanger。Peterborough，attheheadofaboutthreethousandmen，marchedwithgreatrapidityfromValencia。Togivebattle，withsosmallaforce，toagreatregulararmyundertheconductofaMarshalofFrance，wouldhavebeenmadness。TheEarlthereforemadewarafterthefashionoftheMinasandEmpecinadosofourowntime。Hetookhispostontheneighbouringmountains，harassedtheenemywithincessantalarms，cutofftheirstragglers，interceptedtheircommunicationswiththeinterior，andintroducedsupplies，bothofmenandprovisions，intothetown。Hesaw，however，thattheonlyhopeofthebesiegedwasonthesideofthesea。HiscommissionfromtheBritishGovernmentgavehimsupremepower，notonlyoverthearmy，but，wheneverheshouldbeactuallyonboard，overthenavyalso。Heputouttoseaatnightinanopenboat，withoutcommunicatinghisdesigntoanyperson。Hewaspickedupseveralleaguesfromtheshore，byoneoftheshipsoftheEnglishsquadron。Assoonashewasonboard，heannouncedhimselfasfirstincommand，andsentapinnacewithhisorderstotheAdmiral。Hadtheseordersbeengivenafewhoursearlier，itisprobablethatthewholeFrenchfleetwouldhavebeentaken。Asitwas，theCountofToulouseputouttosea。Theportwasopen。Thetownwasrelieved。OnthefollowingnighttheenemyraisedthesiegeandretreatedtoRoussillon。PeterboroughreturnedtoValencia，aplacewhichhepreferredtoeveryotherinSpain;andPhilip，whohadbeensomeweeksabsentfromhiswife，couldendurethemiseryofseparationnolonger，andflewtorejoinheratMadrid。
AtMadrid，however，itwasimpossibleforhimorforhertoremain。ThesplendidsuccesswhichPeterboroughhadobtainedontheeasterncoastofthePeninsulahadinspiredthesluggishGalwaywithemulation。HeadvancedintotheheartofSpain。
Berwickretreated。Alcantara，CiudadRodrigo，andSalamancafell，andtheconquerorsmarchedtowardsthecapital。
PhilipwasearnestlypressedbyhisadviserstoremovetheseatofgovernmenttoBurgos。TheadvanceguardofthealliedarmywasalreadyseenontheheightsaboveMadrid。Itwasknownthatthemainbodywasathand。TheunfortunatePrincefledwithhisQueenandhishousehold。Theroyalwanderers，aftertravellingeightdaysonbadroads，underaburningsun，andsleepingeightnightsinmiserablehovels，oneofwhichfelldownandnearlycrushedthembothtodeath，reachedthemetropolisofOldCastile。InthemeantimetheinvadershadenteredMadridintriumph，andhadproclaimedtheArchdukeinthestreetsoftheimperialcity。
Arragon，everjealousoftheCastilianascendency，followedtheexampleofCatalonia。Saragossarevoltedwithoutseeinganenemy。
ThegovernorwhomPhiliphadsetoverCarthagenabetrayedhistrust，andsurrenderedtotheAlliesthebestarsenalandthelastshipswhichSpainpossessed。
Toledohadbeenforsometimetheretreatoftwoambitious，turbulentandvindicativeintriguers，theQueenDowagerandCardinalPortoCarrero。Theyhadlongbeendeadlyenemies。TheyhadledtheadversefactionsofAustriaandFrance。EachhadinturndomineeredovertheweakanddisorderedmindofthelateKing。Atlengththeimposturesofthepriesthadtriumphedovertheblandishmentsofthewoman;PortoCarrerohadremainedvictorious;andtheQueenhadfledinshameandmortification，fromtheCourtwhereshehadoncebeensupreme。Inherretirementshewassoonjoinedbyhimwhoseartshaddestroyedherinfluence。TheCardinal，havingheldpowerjustlongenoughtoconvinceallpartiesofhisincompetency，hadbeendismissedtohisSee，cursinghisownfollyandtheingratitudeoftheHousewhichhehadservedtoowell。Commoninterestsandcommonenmitiesreconciledthefallenrivals。TheAustriantroopswereadmittedintoToledowithoutopposition。TheQueenDowagerflungoffthatmournfulgarbwhichthewidowofaKingofSpainwearsthroughherwholelife，andblazedforthinjewels。TheCardinalblessedthestandardsoftheinvadersinhismagnificentcathedral，andlighteduphispalaceinhonourofthegreatdeliverance。ItseemedthatthestrugglehadterminatedinfavouroftheArchduke，andthatnothingremainedforPhilipbutapromptflightintothedominionsofhisgrandfather。
SojudgedthosewhowereignorantofthecharacterandhabitsoftheSpanishpeople。ThereisnocountryinEuropewhichitissoeasytooverrunasSpain，thereisnocountryinEuropewhichitismoredifficulttoconquer。NothingcanbemorecontemptiblethantheregularmilitaryresistancewhichSpainofferstoaninvader;nothingmoreformidablethantheenergywhichsheputsforthwhenherregularmilitaryresistancehasbeenbeatendown。
Herarmieshavelongbornetoomuchresemblancetomobs;buthermobshavehad，inanunusualdegree，thespiritofarmies。Thesoldier，ascomparedwithothersoldiers，isdeficientinmilitaryqualities;butthepeasanthasasmuchofthosequalitiesasthesoldier。Innocountryhavesuchstrongfortressesbeentakenbysurprise:innocountryhaveunfortifiedtownsmadesofuriousandobstinatearesistancetogreatarmies。
WarinSpainhas，fromthedaysoftheRomans，hadacharacterofitsown;itisafirewhichcannotberakedout;itburnsfiercelyundertheembers;andlongafterithas，toallseeming，beenextinguished，burstsforthmoreviolentlythanever。Thiswasseeninthelastwar。SpainhadnoarmywhichcouldhavelookedinthefaceanequalnumberofFrenchorPrussiansoldiers;butonedaylaidthePrussianmonarchyinthedust;onedayputthecrownofFranceatthedisposalofinvaders。NoJena，noWaterloo，wouldhaveenabledJosephtoreigninquietatMadrid。
TheconductoftheCastiliansthroughouttheWaroftheSuccessionwasmostcharacteristic。Withalltheoddsofnumberandsituationontheirside，theyhadbeenignominiouslybeaten。
AlltheEuropeandependenciesoftheSpanishcrownwerelost。
Catalonia，Arragon，andValenciahadacknowledgedtheAustrianPrince。Gibraltarhadbeentakenbyafewsailors;Barcelonastormedbyafewdismounteddragoons。TheinvadershadpenetratedintothecentreofthePeninsula，andwerequarteredatMadridandToledo。Whiletheseeventshadbeeninprogress，thenationhadscarcelygivenasignoflife。Therichcouldhardlybeprevailedontogiveortolendforthesupportofwar;thetroopshadshownneitherdisciplinenorcourage;andnowatlast，whenitseemedthatallwaslost，whenitseemedthatthemostsanguinemustrelinquishallhope，thenationalspiritawoke，fierce，proud，andunconquerable。Thepeoplehadbeensluggishwhenthecircumstancesmightwellhaveinspiredhope;theyreservedalltheirenergyforwhatappearedtobeaseasonofdespair。Castile，Leon，Andalusia，Estremadura，roseatonce;
everypeasantprocuredafirelockorapike;theAlliesweremastersonlyofthegroundonwhichtheytrod。Nosoldiercouldwanderahundredyardsfromthemainbodyoftheinvadingarmywithoutimminentriskofbeingponiarded。ThecountrythroughwhichtheconquerorshadpassedtoMadrid，andwhich，astheythought，theyhadsubdued，wasallinarmsbehindthem。TheircommunicationswithPortugalwerecutoff。Inthemeantime，moneybegan，forthefirsttime，toflowrapidlyintothetreasuryofthefugitiveKing。"Thedaybeforeyesterday，"saysthePrincessOrsini，inaletterwrittenatthistime，"thepriestofavillagewhichcontainsonlyahundredandtwentyhousesbroughtahundredandtwentypistolestotheQueen。’Myflock，’saidhe，’areashamedtosendyousolittle;buttheybegyoutobelievethatinthispursethereareahundredandtwentyheartsfaithfuleventothedeath。’Thegoodmanweptashespoke;andindeedwewepttoo。Yesterdayanothersmallvillage，inwhichthereareonlytwentyhouses，sentusfiftypistoles。"
WhiletheCastilianswereeverywherearminginthecauseofPhilip，theAllieswereservingthatcauseaseffectuallybytheirmismanagement。GalwaystaidatMadrid，wherehissoldiersindulgedinsuchboundlesslicentiousnessthatonehalfofthemwereinthehospitals。CharlesremaineddawdlinginCatalonia。
PeterboroughhadtakenRequena，andwishedtomarchfromValenciatowardsMadrid，andtoeffectajunctionwithGalway;buttheArchdukerefusedhisconsenttotheplan。Theindignantgeneralremainedaccordinglyinhisfavouritecity，onthebeautifulshoresoftheMediterranean，readingDonQuixote，givingballsandsuppers，tryinginvaintogetsomegoodsportoutoftheValenciabulls，andmakinglove，notinvain，totheValencianwomen。
AtlengththeArchdukeadvancedintoCastile，andorderedPeterboroughtojoinhim。Butitwastoolate。BerwickhadalreadycompelledGalwaytoevacuateMadrid;and，whenthewholeforceoftheAllieswascollectedatGuadalaxara，itwasfoundtobedecidedlyinferiorinnumberstothatoftheenemy。
Peterboroughformedaplanforregainingpossessionofthecapital。HisplanwasrejectedbyCharles。Thepatienceofthesensitiveandvaingloriousherowaswornout。HehadnoneofthatserenityoftemperwhichenabledMarlboroughtoactinperfectharmonywithEugene，andtoendurethevexatiousinterferenceoftheDutchdeputies。Hedemandedpermissiontoleavethearmy。
Permissionwasreadilygranted;andhesetoutforItaly。Thattheremightbesomepretextforhisdeparture，hewascommissionedbytheArchduketoraisealoaninGenoa，onthecreditoftherevenuesofSpain。
FromthatmomenttotheendofthecampaignthetideoffortuneranstrongagainsttheAustriancause。BerwickhadplacedhisarmybetweentheAlliesandthefrontiersofPortugal。TheyretreatedonValencia，andarrivedinthatProvince，leavingabouttenthousandprisonersinthehandsoftheenemy。
InJanuary1707，PeterborougharrivedatValenciafromItaly，nolongerbearingapubliccharacter，butmerelyasavolunteer。Hisadvicewasasked，anditseemstohavebeenmostjudicious。HegaveitashisdecidedopinionthatnooffensiveoperationsagainstCastileoughttobeundertaken。Itwouldbeeasy，hesaid，todefendArragon，Catalonia，andValencia，againstPhilip。
TheinhabitantsofthosepartsofSpainwereattachedtothecauseoftheArchduke;andthearmiesoftheHouseofBourbonwouldberesistedbythewholepopulation。InashorttimetheenthusiasmoftheCastiliansmightabate。ThegovernmentofPhilipmightcommitunpopularacts。DefeatsintheNetherlandsmightcompelLewistowithdrawthesuccourswhichhehadfurnishedtohisgrandson。Thenwouldbethetimetostrikeadecisiveblow。Thisexcellentadvicewasrejected。Peterborough，whohadnowreceivedformallettersofrecallfromEngland，departedbeforetheopeningofthecampaign;andwithhimdepartedthegoodfortuneoftheAllies。Scarcelyanygeneralhadeverdonesomuchwithmeanssosmall。Scarcelyanygeneralhadeverdisplayedequaloriginalityandboldness。Hepossessed，inthehighestdegree，theartofconciliatingthosewhomhehadsubdued。Buthewasnotequallysuccessfulinwinningtheattachmentofthosewithwhomheacted。HewasadoredbytheCataloniansandValencians;buthewashatedbytheprincewhomhehadallbutmadeagreatking，andbythegeneralswhosefortuneandreputationwerestakedonthesameventurewithhisown。TheEnglishGovernmentcouldnotunderstandhim。Hewassoeccentricthattheygavehimnocreditforthejudgmentwhichhereallypossessed。Onedayhetooktownswithhorse—soldiers;thenagainheturnedsomehundredsofinfantryintocavalryataminute’snotice。Heobtainedhispoliticalintelligencechieflybymeansofloveaffairs，andfilledhisdespatcheswithepigrams。TheministersthoughtthatitwouldbehighlyimpolitictointrusttheconductoftheSpanishwartosovolatileandromanticaperson。TheythereforegavethecommandtoLordGalway，anexperiencedveteran，amanwhowasinwarwhatMoliere’sdoctorswereinmedicine，whothoughtitmuchmorehonourabletofailaccordingtorule，thantosucceedbyinnovation，andwhowouldhavebeenverymuchashamedofhimselfifhehadtakenMonjuichbymeanssostrangeasthosewhichPeterboroughemployed。Thisgreatcommanderconductedthecampaignof1707inthemostscientificmanner。OntheplainofAlmanzaheencounteredthearmyoftheBourbons。Hedrewuphistroopsaccordingtothemethodsprescribedbythebestwriters，andinafewhourslosteighteenthousandmen，ahundredandtwentystandards，allhisbaggageandallhisartillery。ValenciaandArragonwereinstantlyconqueredbytheFrench，and，atthecloseoftheyear，themountainousprovinceofCataloniawastheonlypartofSpainwhichstilladheredtoCharles。
"Doyouremember，child，"saysthefoolishwomanintheSpectatortoherhusband，"thatthepigeon—housefelltheveryafternoonthatourcarelesswenchspiltthesaltuponthetable？""Yes，mydear，"repliesthegentleman，"andthenextpostbroughtusanaccountofthebattleofAlmanza。"TheapproachofdisasterinSpainhadbeenforsometimeindicatedbyomensmuchclearerthanthemishapofthesalt—cellar;anungratefulprince，anundisciplinedarmy，adividedcouncil，envytriumphantovermerit，amanofgeniusrecalled，apedantandasluggardintrustedwithsupremecommand。ThebattleofAlmanzadecidedthefateofSpain。ThelosswassuchasMarlboroughorEugenecouldscarcelyhaveretrieved，andwascertainlynottoberetrievedbyStanhopeandStaremberg。
Stanhope，whotookthecommandoftheEnglisharmyinCatalonia，wasamanofrespectableabilities，bothinmilitaryandcivilaffairs，butfitter，weconceive，forasecondthanforafirstplace。LordMahon，withhisusualcandour，tellsus，whatwebelievewasnotknownbefore，thathisancestor’smostdistinguishedexploit，theconquestofMinorca，wassuggestedbyMarlborough。Staremberg，amethodicaltacticianoftheGermanschool，wassentbytheemperortocommandinSpain。Twolanguidcampaignsfollowed，duringwhichneitherofthehostilearmiesdidanythingmemorable，butduringwhichbothwerenearlystarved。
Atlength，in1710，thechiefsoftheAlliedforcesresolvedtoventureonboldermeasures。Theybeganthecampaignwithadaringmove，pushedintoArragon，defeatedthetroopsofPhilipatAlmenara，defeatedthemagainatSaragossa，andadvancedtoMadrid。TheKingwasagainafugitive。TheCastilianssprangtoarmswiththesameenthusiasmwhichtheyhaddisplayedin1706。
Theconquerorsfoundthecapitaladesert。Thepeopleshutthemselvesupintheirhouses，andrefusedtopayanymarkofrespecttotheAustrianprince。Itwasnecessarytohireafewchildrentoshoutbeforehiminthestreets。Meanwhile，theCourtofPhilipatValladolidwasthrongedbynoblesandprelates。
ThirtythousandpeoplefollowedtheirKingfromMadridtohisnewresidence。Womenofrank，ratherthanremainbehind，performedthejourneyonfoot。Thepeasantsenlistedbythousands。Money，arms，andprovisions，weresuppliedinabundancebythezealofthepeople。ThecountryroundMadridwasinfestedbysmallpartiesofirregularhorse。TheAlliescouldnotsendoffadespatchtoArragon，orintroduceasupplyofprovisionsintothecapital。ItwasunsafefortheArchduketohuntintheimmediatevicinityofthepalacewhichheoccupied。
ThewishofStanhopewastowinterinCastile。Buthestoodaloneinthecouncilofwar;and，indeeditisnoteasytounderstandhowtheAlliescouldhavemaintainedthemselves，throughsounpropitiousaseason，inthemidstofsohostileapopulation。
Charles，whosepersonalsafetywasthefirstobjectofthegenerals，wassentwithanescortofcavalrytoCataloniainNovember;andinDecemberthearmycommenceditsretreattowardsArragon。
ButtheAllieshadtodowithamaster—spirit。TheKingofFrancehadlatelysenttheDukeofVendometocommandinSpain。Thismanwasdistinguishedbythefilthinessofhisperson，bythebrutalityofhisdemeanour，bythegrossbuffooneryofhisconversation，andbytheimpudencewithwhichheabandonedhimselftothemostnauseousofallvices。Hissluggishnesswasalmostincredible。Evenwhenengagedinacampaign，heoftenpassedwholedaysinhisbed。HisstrangetorpidityhadbeenthecauseofsomeofthemostseriousdisasterswhichthearmiesoftheHouseofBourbonhadsustained。Butwhenhewasrousedbyanygreatemergency，hisresources，hisenergy，andhispresenceofmind，weresuchashadbeenfoundinnoFrenchgeneralsincethedeathofLuxembourg。
Atthiscrisis，Vendomewasallhimself。HesetoutfromTalaverawithhistroops，andpursuedtheretreatingarmyoftheAllieswithaspeedperhapsneverequalled，insuchaseason，andinsuchacountry。Hemarchednightandday。Heswam，attheheadofhiscavalry，thefloodedstreamofHenares，and，inafewdays，overtookStanhope，whowasatBrihuegawiththeleftwingoftheAlliedarmy。"Nobodywithme，"saystheEnglishgeneral，imaginedthattheyhadanyfootwithinsomedays’marchofusandourmisfortuneisowingtotheincrediblediligencewhichtheirarmymade。"Stanhopehadbutjusttimetosendoffamessengertothecentreofthearmy，whichwassomeleaguesfromBrihuega，beforeVendomewasuponhim。Thetownwasinvestedoneveryside。Thewallswerebatteredwithcannon。Aminewassprungunderoneofthegates。TheEnglishkeptupaterriblefiretilltheirpowderwasspent。Theythenfoughtdesperatelywiththebayonetagainstoverwhelmingodds。Theyburnedthehouseswhichtheassailantshadtaken。Butallwastonopurpose。TheBritishgeneralsawthatresistancecouldproduceonlyauselesscarnage。Heconcludedacapitulation;andhisgallantlittlearmybecameprisonersofwaronhonourableterms。
ScarcelyhadVendomesignedthecapitulation，whenhelearnedthatStarembergwasmarchingtothereliefofStanhope。
Preparationswereinstantlymadeforageneralaction。OnthedayfollowingthatonwhichtheEnglishhaddelivereduptheirarms，wasfoughttheobstinateandbloodyfightofVillaViciosa。
Starembergremainedmasterofthefield。Vendomereapedallthefruitsofthebattle。TheAlliesspikedtheircannon，andretiredtowardsArragon。ButeveninArragontheyfoundnoplacetorest。
Vendomewasbehindthem。Theguerillapartieswerearoundthem。
TheyfledtoCatalonia;butCataloniawasinvadedbyaFrencharmyfromRoussillon。AtlengththeAustriangeneral，withsixthousandharassedanddispiritedmen，theremainsofagreatandvictoriousarmy，tookrefugeinBarcelona，almosttheonlyplaceinSpainwhichstillrecognisedtheauthorityofCharles。
PhilipwasnowmuchsaferatMadridthanhisgrandfatheratParis。AllhopeofconqueringSpaininSpainwasatanend。ButinotherquarterstheHouseofBourbonwasreducedtothelastextremity。TheFrencharmieshadundergoneaseriesofdefeatsinGermany，inItaly，andintheNetherlands。Animmenseforce，flushedwithvictory，andcommandedbythegreatestgeneralsoftheage，wasonthebordersofFrance。Lewishadbeenforcedtohumblehimselfbeforetheconquerors。Hehadevenofferedtoabandonthecauseofhisgrandson;andhisofferhadbeenrejected。Butagreatturninaffairswasapproaching。
TheEnglishadministrationwhichhadcommencedthewaragainsttheHouseofBourbonwasanadministrationcomposedofTories。
ButthewarwasaWhigwar。ItwasthefavouriteschemeofWilliam，theWhigKing。Lewishadprovokeditbyrecognising，assovereignofEngland，aprincepeculiarlyhatefultotheWhigs。
IthadplacedEnglandinapositionofmarkedhostilitytothatpowerfromwhichalonethePretendercouldexpectefficientsuccour。IthadjoinedEnglandintheclosestuniontoaProtestantandrepublicanState，toaStatewhichhadassistedinbringingabouttheRevolution，andwhichwaswillingtoguaranteetheexecutionoftheActofSettlement。MarlboroughandGodolphinfoundthattheyweremorezealouslysupportedbytheiroldopponentsthanbytheiroldassociates。ThoseministerswhowerezealousforthewarweregraduallyconvertedtoWhiggism。Therestdroppedoff，andweresucceededbyWhigs。CowperbecameChancellor。Sunderland，inspiteoftheveryjustantipathyofAnne，wasmadeSecretaryofState。OnthedeathofthePrinceofDenmarkamoreextensivechangetookplace。WhartonbecameLordLieutenantofIreland，andSomers，PresidentoftheCouncil。AtlengththeadministrationwaswhollyinthehandsoftheLowChurchparty。
Intheyear1710aviolentchangetookplace。TheQueenhadalwaysbeenaToryatheart。HerreligiousfeelingswereallonthesideoftheEstablishedChurch。Herfamilyfeelingspleadedinfavourofherexiledbrother。Herselfishfeelingsdisposedhertofavourthezealotsofprerogative。TheaffectionwhichshefeltfortheDuchessofMarlboroughwasthegreatsecurityoftheWhigs。Thataffectionhadatlengthturnedtodeadlyaversion。
WhilethegreatpartywhichhadlongswayedthedestiniesofEuropewasunderminedbybedchamberwomenatSt。James’s，aviolentstormgatheredinthecountry。AfoolishparsonhadpreachedafoolishsermonagainsttheprinciplesoftheRevolution。ThewisestmembersoftheGovernmentwereforlettingthemanalone。ButGodolphin，inflamedwithallthezealofanew—madeWhig，andexasperatedbyanicknamewhichwasappliedtohiminthisunfortunatediscourse，insistedthatthepreachershouldbeimpeached。TheexhortationsofthemildandsagaciousSomersweredisregarded。Theimpeachmentwasbrought;thedoctorwasconvicted;andtheaccuserswereruined。Theclergycametotherescueofthepersecutedclergyman。Thecountrygentlemencametotherescueoftheclergy。AdisplayofToryfeelings，suchasEnglandhadnotwitnessedsincetheclosingyearsofCharlestheSecond’sreign，appalledtheministersandgaveboldnesstotheQueen。SheturnedouttheWhigs，calledHarleyandSt。Johntopower，anddissolvedtheParliament。TheelectionswentstronglyagainstthelateGovernment。Stanhope，whohadinhisabsence，beenputinnominationforWestminster，wasdefeatedbyaTorycandidate。Thenewministers，findingthemselvesmastersofthenewParliament，wereinducedbythestrongestmotivestoconcludeapeacewithFrance。ThewholesystemofallianceinwhichthecountrywasengagedwasaWhigsystem。ThegeneralbywhomtheEnglisharmieshadconstantlybeenledtovictory，andforwhomitwasimpossibletofindasubstitute，wasnowwhateverhemightformerlyhavebeen，aWhiggeneral。IfMarlboroughwerediscardeditwasprobablethatsomegreatdisasterwouldfollow。Yetifheweretoretainhiscommand，everygreatactionwhichhemightperformwouldraisethecreditofthepartyinopposition。
ApeacewasthereforeconcludedbetweenEnglandandthePrincesoftheHouseofBourbon。OfthatpeaceLordMahonspeaksintermsoftheseverestreprehension。Heis，indeed，anexcellentWhigofthetimeofthefirstLordStanhope。"Icannotbutpauseforamoment，"sayshe，"toobservehowmuchthecourseofacenturyhasinvertedthemeaningofourpartynicknames，howmuchamodernToryresemblesaWhigofQueenAnne’sreign，andaToryofQueenAnne’sreignamodernWhig。"
WegrantonehalfofLordMahon’sproposition:fromtheotherhalfwealtogetherdissent。WeallowthatamodernToryresembles，inmanythings，aWhigofQueenAnne’sreign。Itisnaturalthatsuchshouldbethecase。Theworstthingsofoneageoftenresemblethebestthingsofanother。Amodernshopkeeper’shouseisaswellfurnishedasthehouseofaconsiderablemerchantinAnne’sreign。VeryplainpeoplenowwearfinercloththanBeauFieldingorBeauEdgeworthcouldhaveprocuredinQueenAnne’sreign。WewouldrathertrusttotheapothecaryofamodernvillagethantothephysicianofalargetowninAnne’sreign。A
modernboarding—schoolmisscouldtellthemostlearnedprofessorofAnne’sreignsomethingsingeography，astronomy，andchemistry，whichwouldsurprisehim。
Thescienceofgovernmentisanexperimentalscience;andthereforeitis，likeallotherexperimentalsciences，aprogressivescience。LordMahonwouldhavebeenaverygoodWhiginthedaysofHarley。ButHarley，whomLordMahoncensuressoseverely，wasveryWhiggishwhencomparedevenwithClarendon;
andClarendonwasquiteademocratwhencomparedwithLordBurleigh。IfLordMahonlives，aswehopehewill，fiftyyearslonger，wehavenodoubtthat，ashenowboastsoftheresemblancewhichtheToriesofourtimebeartotheWhigsoftheRevolution，hewillthenboastoftheresemblancebornebytheToriesof1882tothoseimmortalpatriots，theWhigsoftheReformBill。
Society，webelieve，isconstantlyadvancinginknowledge。Thetailisnowwheretheheadwassomegenerationsago。Buttheheadandthetailstillkeeptheirdistance。AnurseofthiscenturyisaswiseasajusticeofthequorumandcustaloruminShallow’stime。ThewoodenspoonofthisyearwouldpuzzleaseniorwranglerofthereignofGeorgetheSecond。AboyfromtheNationalSchoolreadsandspellsbetterthanhalftheknightsoftheshireintheOctoberClub。Butthereisstillaswideadifferenceaseverbetweenjusticesandnurses，seniorwranglersandwoodenspoons，membersofParliamentandchildrenatcharityschools。Inthesameway，thoughaTorymaynowbeverylikewhataWhigwasahundredandtwentyyearsago，theWhigisasmuchinadvanceoftheToryasever。Thestag，intheTreatiseontheBathos，who"fearedhishindfeetwouldo’ertakethefore，"wasnotmoremistakenthanLordMahon，ifhethinksthathehasreallycomeupwiththeWhigs。Theabsolutepositionofthepartieshasbeenaltered;therelativepositionremainsunchanged。Throughthewholeofthatgreatmovement，whichbeganbeforetheseparty—namesexisted，andwhichwillcontinueaftertheyhavebecomeobsolete，throughthewholeofthatgreatmovementofwhichtheCharterofJohn，theinstitutionoftheHouseofCommons，theextinctionofVillanage，theseparationfromtheseeofRome，theexpulsionoftheStuarts，thereformoftheRepresentativeSystem，aresuccessivestages，therehavebeen，undersomenameorother，twosetsofmen，thosewhowerebeforetheirage，andthosewhowerebehindit，thosewhowerethewisestamongtheircontemporaries，andthosewhogloriedinbeingnowiserthantheirgreat—grandfathers。Itisdreadfultothink，that，induetime，thelastofthosewhostraggleintherearofthegreatmarchwilloccupytheplacenowoccupiedbytheadvancedguard。TheToryParliamentof1710wouldhavepassedforamostliberalParliamentinthedaysofElizabeth;andthereareatpresentfewmembersoftheConservativeClubwhowouldnothavebeenfullyqualifiedtositwithHalifaxandSomersattheKit—cat。
Though，therefore，weadmitthatamodernTorybearssomeresemblancetoaWhigofQueenAnne’sreign，wecanbynomeansadmitthataToryofAnne’sreignresembledamodernWhig。HavethemodernWhigspassedlawsforthepurposeofclosingtheentranceoftheHouseofCommonsagainstthenewinterestscreatedbytrade？DothemodernWhigsholdthedoctrineofdivineright？HavethemodernWhigslabouredtoexcludeallDissentersfromofficeandpower？ThemodernWhigsare，indeed，atthepresentmoment，liketheToriesof1712，desirousofpeace，andofcloseunionwithFrance。ButistherenodifferencebetweentheFranceof1712andtheFranceof1832？IsFrancenowthestrongholdofthe"Popishtyranny"andthe"arbitrarypower"
againstwhichourancestorsfoughtandprayed？LordMahonwillfind，wethink，thathisparallelis，inallessentialcircumstances，asincorrectasthatwhichFluellendrewbetweenMacedonandMonmouth，orasthatwhichaningeniousTorylatelydiscoveredbetweenArchbishopWilliamsandArchbishopVernon。
WeagreewithLordMahoninthinkinghighlyoftheWhigsofQueenAnne’sreign。Butthatpartoftheirconductwhichheselectsforespecialpraiseispreciselythepartwhichwethinkmostobjectionable。Wereverethemasthegreatchampionsofpoliticalandofintellectualliberty。Itistruethat，whenraisedtopower，theywerenotexemptfromthefaultswhichpowernaturallyengenders。Itistruethattheyweremenbornintheseventeenthcentury，andthattheywerethereforeignorantofmanytruthswhicharefamiliartothemenofthenineteenthcentury。Buttheywere，whatthereformersoftheChurchwerebeforethem，andwhatthereformersoftheHouseofCommonshavebeensince，theleadersoftheirspeciesinarightdirection。Itistruethattheydidnotallowtopoliticaldiscussionthatlatitudewhichtousappearsreasonableandsafe;buttothemweowetheremovaloftheCensorship。Itistruethattheydidnotcarrytheprincipleofreligiouslibertytoitsfullextent;buttothemweowetheTolerationAct。
Though，however，wethinkthattheWhigsofAnne’sreignwere，asabody，farsuperiorinwisdomandpublicvirtuetotheircontemporariestheTories，webynomeansholdourselvesboundtodefendallthemeasuresofourfavouriteparty。Alifeofaction，ifitistobeuseful，mustbealifeofcompromise。Butspeculationadmitsofnocompromise。Apublicmanisoftenunderthenecessityofconsentingtomeasureswhichhedislikes，lestheshouldendangerthesuccessofmeasureswhichhethinksofvitalimportance。Butthehistorianliesundernosuchnecessity。
Onthecontrary，itisoneofhismostsacreddutiestopointoutclearlytheerrorsofthosewhosegeneralconductheadmires。
Itseemstous，then，that，onthegreatquestionwhichdividedEnglandduringthelastfouryearsofAnne’sreign，theTorieswereintheright，andtheWhigsinthewrong。Thatquestionwas，whetherEnglandoughttoconcludepeacewithoutexactingfromPhiliparesignationoftheSpanishcrown？
Noparliamentarystruggle，fromthetimeoftheExclusionBilltothetimeoftheReformBill，hasbeensoviolentasthatwhichtookplacebetweentheauthorsoftheTreatyofUtrechtandtheWarParty。TheCommonswereforpeace;theLordswereforvigoroushostilities。TheQueenwascompelledtochoosewhichofhertwohighestprerogativesshewouldexercise，whethershewouldcreatePeers，ordissolvetheParliament。
Thetiesofpartysupersededthetiesofneighbourhoodandofblood。Themembersofthehostilefactionswouldscarcelyspeaktoeachother，orbowtoeachother。Thewomenappearedatthetheatresbearingthebadgesoftheirpoliticalsect。TheschismextendedtothemostremotecountiesofEngland。Talents，suchashadseldombeforebeendisplayedinpoliticalcontroversy，wereenlistedintheserviceofthehostileparties。OnonesidewasSteele，gay，lively，drunkwithanimalspiritsandwithfactiousanimosity，andAddison，withhispolishedsatire，hisinexhaustiblefertilityoffancy，andhisgracefulsimplicityofstyle。Inthefrontoftheoppositeranksappearedadarkerandfiercerspirit，theapostatepolitician，theribaldpriest，theperjuredlover，aheartburningwithhatredagainstthewholehumanrace，amindrichlystoredwithimagesfromthedung—hillandthelazar—house。Theministerstriumphed，andthepeacewasconcluded。Thencamethereaction。Anewsovereignascendedthethrone。TheWhigsenjoyedtheconfidenceoftheKingandoftheParliament。TheunjustseveritywithwhichtheTorieshadtreatedMarlboroughandWalpolewasmorethanretaliated。HarleyandPriorwerethrownintoprison;BolingbrokeandOrmondwerecompelledtotakerefugeinaforeignland。Thewoundsinflictedinthisdesperateconflictcontinuedtorankleformanyyears。ItwaslongbeforethemembersofeitherpartycoulddiscussthequestionofthepeaceofUtrechtwithcalmnessandimpartiality。
ThattheWhigministershadsoldustotheDutch;thattheToryministershadsoldustotheFrench;thatthewarhadbeencarriedononlytofillthepocketsofMarlborough;thatthepeacehadbeenconcludedonlytofacilitatethereturnofthePretender;theseimputationsandmanyothers，utterlyungrounded，orgrosslyexaggerated，werehurledbackwardandforwardbythepoliticaldisputantsofthelastcentury。Inourtimethequestionmaybediscussedwithoutirritation。Wewillstate，asconciselyaspossible，thereasonswhichhaveledustotheconclusionatwhichwehavearrived。
Thedangerswhichweretobeapprehendedfromthepeaceweretwo;
first，thedangerthatPhilipmightbeinduced，byfeelingsofprivateaffection，toactinstrictconcertwiththeelderbranchofhishouse，tofavourtheFrenchtradeattheexpenseofEngland，andtosidewiththeFrenchGovernmentinfuturewars;
secondly，thedangerthattheposterityoftheDukeofBurgundymightbecomeextinct，thatPhilipmightbecomeheirbybloodtotheFrenchcrown，andthatthustwogreatmonarchiesmightbeunitedunderonesovereign。
Thefirstdangerappearstousaltogetherchimerical。Familyaffectionhasseldomproducedmucheffectonthepolicyofprinces。ThestateofEuropeatthetimeofthepeaceofUtrechtprovedthatinpoliticsthetiesofinterestaremuchstrongerthanthoseofconsanguinityoraffinity。TheElectorofBavariahadbeendrivenfromhisdominionsbyhisfather—in—law;VictorAmadeuswasinarmsagainsthissons—in—law;Annewasseatedonathronefromwhichshehadassistedtopushamostindulgentfather。ItistruethatPhiliphadbeenaccustomedfromchildhoodtoregardhisgrandfatherwithprofoundveneration。Itwasprobable，therefore，thattheinfluenceofLewisatMadridwouldbeverygreat。ButLewiswasmorethanseventyyearsold;hecouldnotlivelong;hisheirwasaninfantinthecradle。TherewassurelynoreasontothinkthatthepolicyoftheKingofSpainwouldbeswayedbyhisregardforanephewwhomhehadneverseen。
Infact，soonafterthepeace，thetwobranchesoftheHouseofBourbonbegantoquarrel。AclosealliancewasformedbetweenPhilipandCharles，latelycompetitorsfortheCastiliancrown。A
Spanishprincess，betrothedtotheKingofFrance，wassentbackinthemostinsultingmannertohernativecountry;andadecreewasputforthbytheCourtofMadridcommandingeveryFrenchmantoleaveSpain。Itistruethat，fiftyyearsafterthepeaceofUtrecht，anallianceofpeculiarstrictnesswasformedbetweentheFrenchandSpanishGovernments。ButbothGovernmentswereactuatedonthatoccasion，notbydomesticaffection，butbycommoninterestsandcommonenmities。Theircompact，thoughcalledtheFamilyCompact，wasaspurelyapoliticalcompactastheleagueofCambraiortheleagueofPilnitz。
TheseconddangerwasthatPhilipmighthavesucceededtothecrownofhisnativecountry。Thisdidnothappen;butitmighthavehappened;andatonetimeitseemedverylikelytohappen。A
sicklychildalonestoodbetweentheKingofSpainandtheheritageofLewistheFourteenth。Philip，itistrue，solemnlyrenouncedhisclaimtotheFrenchcrown。ButthemannerinwhichhehadobtainedpossessionoftheSpanishcrownhadprovedtheinefficacyofsuchrenunciations。TheFrenchlawyersdeclaredPhilip’srenunciationnull，asbeinginconsistentwiththefundamentallawoftherealm。TheFrenchpeoplewouldprobablyhavesidedwithhimwhomtheywouldhaveconsideredastherightfulheir。SaintSimon，thoughmuchlesszealousforhereditarymonarchythanmostofhiscountrymen，andthoughstronglyattachedtotheRegent，declared，inthepresenceofthatprince，thatheneverwouldsupporttheclaimsoftheHouseofOrleansagainstthoseoftheKingofSpain。"Ifsuch，"hesaid，"bemyfeelings，whatmustbethefeelingsofothers？"
Bolingbroke，itiscertain，wasfullyconvincedthattherenunciationwasworthnomorethanthepaperonwhichitwaswritten，anddemandeditonlyforthepurposeofblindingtheEnglishParliamentandpeople。
Yet，thoughitwasatonetimeprobablethattheposterityoftheDukeofBurgundywouldbecomeextinct，andthoughitisalmostcertainthat，iftheposterityoftheDukeofBurgundyhadbecomeextinct，PhilipwouldhavesuccessfullypreferredhisclaimtothecrownofFrance，westilldefendtheprincipleoftheTreatyofUtrecht。Inthefirstplace，Charleshad，soonafterthebattleofVilla—Viciosa，inherited，bythedeathofhiselderbrother，allthedominionsoftheHouseofAustria。Surely，iftothesedominionshehadaddedthewholemonarchyofSpain，thebalanceofpowerwouldhavebeenseriouslyendangered。TheunionoftheAustriandominionsandSpainwouldnot，itistrue，havebeensoalarminganeventastheunionofFranceandSpain。ButCharleswasactuallyEmperor。Philipwasnot，andnevermightbe，KingofFrance。Thecertaintyofthelessevilmightwellbesetagainstthechanceofthegreaterevil。
But，infact，wedonotbelievethatSpainwouldlonghaveremainedunderthegovernmenteitherofanEmperororofaKingofFrance。ThecharacteroftheSpanishpeoplewasabettersecuritytothenationsofEuropethananywill，anyinstrumentofrenunciation，oranytreaty。ThesameenergywhichthepeopleofCastilehadputforthwhenMadridwasoccupiedbytheAlliedarmies，theywouldhaveagainputforthassoonasitappearedthattheircountrywasabouttobecomeaFrenchprovince。Thoughtheywerenolongermastersabroad，theywerebynomeansdisposedtoseeforeignerssetoverthemathome。IfPhiliphadattemptedtogovernSpainbymandatesfromVersailles，asecondGrandAlliancewouldeasilyhaveeffectedwhatthefirsthadfailedtoaccomplish。TheSpanishnationwouldhaveralliedagainsthimaszealouslyasithadbeforeralliedroundhim。Andofthisheseemstohavebeenfullyaware。Formanyyearsthefavouritehopeofhisheartwasthathemightascendthethroneofhisgrandfather;butheseemsnevertohavethoughtitpossiblethathecouldreignatonceinthecountryofhisadoptionandinthecountryofhisbirth。
Thesewerethedangersofthepeace;andtheyseemtoustobeofnoveryformidablekind。Againstthesedangersaretobesetofftheevilsofwarandtheriskoffailure。Theevilsofthewar，thewasteoflife，thesuspensionoftrade，theexpenditureofwealth，theaccumulationofdebt，requirenoillustration。Thechancesoffailureitisdifficultatthisdistanceoftimetocalculatewithaccuracy。Butwethinkthatanestimateapproximatingtothetruthmay，withoutmuchdifficulty，beformed。TheAllieshadbeenvictoriousinGermany，Italy，andFlanders。ItwasbynomeansimprobablethattheymightfighttheirwayintotheveryheartofFrance。Butatnotimesincethecommencementofthewarhadtheirprospectsbeensodarkinthatcountrywhichwastheveryobjectofthestruggle。InSpaintheyheldonlyafewsquareleagues。Thetemperofthegreatmajorityofthenationwasdecidedlyhostiletothem。Iftheyhadpersisted，iftheyhadobtainedsuccessequaltotheirhighestexpectations，iftheyhadgainedaseriesofvictoriesassplendidasthoseofBlenheimandRamilies，ifParishadfallen，ifLewishadbeenaprisoner，westilldoubtwhethertheywouldhaveaccomplishedtheirobject。Theywouldstillhavehadtocarryoninterminablehostilitiesagainstthewholepopulationofacountrywhichaffordspeculiarfacilitiestoirregularwarfare，andinwhichinvadingarmiessuffermorefromfaminethanfromthesword。
Weare，therefore，forthepeaceofUtrecht。Weareindeednoadmirersofthestatesmenwhoconcludedthatpeace。Harley，webelieve，wasasolemntrifler，St。Johnabrilliantknave。Thegreatbodyoftheirfollowersconsistedofthecountryclergyandthecountrygentry;twoclassesofmenwhoweretheninferiorinintelligencetodecentshopkeepersorfarmersofourtime。ParsonBarnabas，ParsonTrulliber，SirWilfulWitwould，SirFrancisWronghead，SquireWestern，SquireSullen，suchwerethepeoplewhocomposedthemainstrengthoftheTorypartyduringthesixtyyearswhichfollowedtheRevolution。ItistruethatthemeansbywhichtheToriescameintopowerin1710weremostdisreputable。
Itistruethatthemannerinwhichtheyusedtheirpowerwasoftenunjustandcruel。Itistruethat，inordertobringabouttheirfavouriteprojectofpeace，theyresortedtoslanderanddeception，withouttheslightestscruple。ItistruethattheypassedoffontheBritishnationarenunciationwhichtheyknewtobeinvalid。ItistruethattheygaveuptheCatalanstothevengeanceofPhilip，inamannerinconsistentwithhumanityandnationalhonour。ButonthegreatquestionofPeaceorWar，wecannotbutthinkthat，thoughtheirmotivesmayhavebeenselfishandmalevolent，theirdecisionwasbeneficialtotheState。
Butwehavealreadyexceededourlimits。ItremainsonlyforustobidLordMahonheartilyfarewell，andtoassurehimthat，whateverdislikewemayfeelforhispoliticalopinions，weshallalwaysmeethimwithpleasureontheneutralgroundofliterature。
FREDERICTHEGREAT
（April1842）
FrederictheGreatandhisTimes。Edited，withanIntroduction，ByTHOMASCAMPBELL，Esq。2vols。8vo。London:1842。
THISwork，whichhasthehighhonourofbeingintroducedtotheworldbytheauthorofLochielandHohenlinden，isnotwhollyunworthyofsodistinguishedachaperon。Itprofesses，indeed，tobenomorethanacompilation;butitisanexceedinglyamusingcompilation，andweshallbegladtohavemoreofit。ThenarrativecomesdownatpresentonlytothecommencementoftheSevenYears’War，andthereforedoesnotcomprisethemostinterestingportionofFrederic’sreign。
Itmaynotbeunacceptabletoourreadersthatweshouldtakethisopportunityofpresentingthemwithaslightsketchofthelifeofthegreatestkingthathas，inmoderntimes，succeededbyrightofbirthtoathrone。Itmay，wefear，beimpossibletocompresssolongandeventfulastorywithinthelimitswhichwemustprescribetoourselves。Shouldwebecompelledtobreakoff，wemayperhaps，whenthecontinuationofthisworkappears，returntothesubject。
ThePrussianmonarchy，theyoungestofthegreatEuropean，states，butinpopulationandrevenuethefifthamongthem，andinart，science，andcivilisationentitledtothethird，ifnottothesecondplace，sprangfromahumbleorigin。Aboutthebeginningofthefifteenthcentury，themarquisateofBrandenburgwasbestowedbytheEmperorSigismundonthenoblefamilyofHohenzollern。InthesixteenthcenturythatfamilyembracedtheLutherandoctrines。ItobtainedfromtheKingofPoland，earlyintheseventeenthcentury，theinvestitureoftheduchyofPrussia。
Evenafterthisaccessionofterritory，thechiefsofthehouseofHohenzollernhardlyrankedwiththeElectorsofSaxonyandBavaria。ThesoilofBrandenburgwasforthemostpartsterile。
EvenroundBerlin，thecapitaloftheprovince，androundPotsdam，thefavouriteresidenceoftheMargraves，thecountrywasadesert。Insomeplaces，thedeepsandcouldwithdifficultybeforcedbyassiduoustillagetoyieldthincropsofryeandoats。Inotherplaces，theancientforests，whichtheconquerorsoftheRomanEmpirehaddescendedontheDanube，remaineduntouchedbythehandofman。Wherethesoilwasrichitwasgenerallymarshy，anditsinsalubrityrepelledthecultivatorswhomitsfertilityattracted。FredericWilliam，calledtheGreatElector，wastheprincetowhosepolicyhissuccessorshaveagreedtoascribetheirgreatness。HeacquiredbythepeaceofWestphaliaseveralvaluablepossessions，andamongthemtherichcityanddistrictofMagdeburg;andhelefttohissonFredericaprincipalityasconsiderableasanywhichwasnotcalledakingdom。
Fredericaspiredtothestyleofroyalty。Ostentatiousandprofuse，negligentofhistrueinterestsandofhishighduties，insatiablyeagerforfrivolousdistinctions，headdednothingtotherealweightofthestatewhichhegoverned;perhapshetransmittedhisinheritancetohischildrenimpairedratherthanaugmentedinvalue;buthesucceededingainingthegreatobjectofhislife，thetitleofKing。Intheyear1700heassumedthisnewdignity。Hehadonthatoccasiontoundergoallthemortificationswhichfalltothelotofambitiousupstarts。
ComparedwiththeothercrownedheadsofEurope，hemadeafigureresemblingthatwhichaNaboboraCommissary，whohadboughtatitle，wouldmakeintheCompanyofPeerswhoseancestorshadbeenattaintedfortreasonagainstthePlantagenets。TheenvyoftheclasswhichFredericquitted，andthecivilscornoftheclassintowhichheintrudedhimself，weremarkedinverysignificantways。TheElectorofSaxonyatfirstrefusedtoacknowledgethenewMajesty。LewistheFourteenthlookeddownonhisbrotherKingwithanairnotunlikethatwithwhichtheCountinMoliere’splayregardsMonsieurJourdain，justfreshfromthemummeryofbeingmadeagentleman。Austriaexactedlargesacrificesinreturnforherrecognition，andatlastgaveitungraciously。
Fredericwassucceededbyhisson，FredericWilliam，aprincewhomustbeallowedtohavepossessedsometalentsforadministration，butwhosecharacterwasdisfiguredbyodiousvices，andwhoseeccentricitiesweresuchashadneverbeforebeenseenoutofamadhouse。Hewasexactanddiligentinthetransactingofbusiness;andhewasthefirstwhoformedthedesignofobtainingforPrussiaaplaceamongtheEuropeanpowers，altogetheroutofproportiontoherextentandpopulationbymeansofastrongmilitaryorganisation。Stricteconomyenabledhimtokeepupapeaceestablishmentofsixtythousandtroops。Thesetroopsweredisciplinedinsuchamanner，that，placedbesidethem，thehouseholdregimentsofVersaillesandSt。
James’swouldhaveappearedanawkwardsquad。Themasterofsuchaforcecouldnotbutberegardedbyallhisneighboursasaformidableenemyandavaluableally。
ButthemindofFredericWilliamwassoillregulated，thatallhisinclinationsbecamepassions，andallhispassionspartookofthecharacterofmoralandintellectualdisease。Hisparsimonydegeneratedintosordidavarice。Histasteformilitarypompandorderbecameamania，likethatofaDutchburgomasterfortulips，orthatofamemberoftheRoxburgheClubforCaxtons。
WhiletheenvoysoftheCourtofBerlinwereinastateofsuchsqualidpovertyasmovedthelaughterofforeigncapitals，whilethefoodplacedbeforetheprincesandprincessesoftheblood—
royalofPrussiawastooscantytoappeasehunger，andsobadthatevenhungerloathedit，nopricewasthoughttooextravagantfortallrecruits。TheambitionoftheKingwastoformabrigadeofgiants，andeverycountrywasransackedbyhisagentsformenabovetheordinarystature。TheseresearcheswerenotconfinedtoEurope。NoheadthattoweredabovethecrowdinthebazaarsofAleppo，ofCairo，orofSurat，couldescapethecrimpsofFredericWilliam。OneIrishmanmorethansevenfeethigh，whowaspickedupinLondonbythePrussianambassador，receivedabountyofnearthirteenhundredpoundssterling，verymuchmorethantheambassador’ssalary。Thisextravagancewasthemoreabsurd，becauseastoutyouthoffivefeeteight，whomighthavebeenprocuredforafewdollars，wouldinallprobabilityhavebeenamuchmorevaluablesoldier。ButtoFredericWilliam，thishugeIrishmanwaswhatabrassOtho，oraVinegarBible，istoacollectorofadifferentkind。
Itisremarkable，thatthoughthemainendofFredericWilliam’sadministrationwastohaveagreatmilitaryforce，thoughhisreignformsanimportantepochinthehistoryofmilitarydiscipline，andthoughhisdominantpassionwastheloveofmilitarydisplayhewasyetoneofthemostpacificofprinces。
Weareafraidthathisaversiontowarwasnottheeffectofhumanity，butwasmerelyoneofhisthousandwhims。Hisfeelingabouthistroopsseemstohaveresembledamiser’sfeelingabouthismoney。Helovedtocollectthem，tocountthem，toseethemincrease;buthecouldnotfinditinhishearttobreakinupontheprecioushoard。HelookedforwardtosomefuturetimewhenhisPatagonianbattalionsweretodrivehostileinfantrybeforethemlikesheep;butthisfuturetimewasalwaysreceding;anditisprobablethat，ifhislifehadbeenprolongedthirtyyears，hissuperbarmywouldneverhaveseenanyharderservicethanashamfightinthefieldsnearBerlin。Butthegreatmilitarymeanswhichhehadcollectedweredestinedtobeemployedbyaspiritfarmoredaringandinventivethanhisown。