"Solargeapart，"answersMontesinos，"thattheinterestamounted，duringtheprosperoustimesofagriculture，toasmuchastherentalofallthelandinGreatBritain;andatpresenttotherentalofalllands，allhouses，andallotherfixedpropertyputtogether。"
　　TheGhostandLaureateagreethatitisverydesirablethatthereshouldbesosecureandadvantageousadepositforwealthasthefundsafford。SirThomasthenproceeds:
　　"Anotherandfarmoremomentousbenefitmustnotbeoverlooked;
　　theexpenditureofanannualinterest，equalling，asyouhavestated，thepresentrentalofallfixedproperty。"
　　"Thatexpenditure，"quothMontesinos，"givesemploymenttohalftheindustryinthekingdom，andfeedshalfthemouths。Take，indeed，theweightofthenationaldebtfromthisgreatandcomplicatedsocialmachine，andthewheelsmuststop。"
　　FromthispassageweshouldhavebeeninclinedtothinkthatMr。
　　Southeysupposesthedividendstobeafreegiftperiodicallysentdownfromheaventothefundholders，asquailsandmannaweresenttotheIsraelites;wereitnotthathehasvouchsafed，inthefollowingquestionandanswer，togivethepublicsomeinformationwhich，webelieve，wasverylittleneeded。
　　"Whencecomestheinterest？"saysSirThomas。
　　"Itisraised，"answersMontesinos，"bytaxation。"
　　Now，hasMr。Southeyeverconsideredwhatwouldbedonewiththissumifitwerenotpaidasinteresttothenationalcreditor？Ifhewouldthinkoverthismatterforashorttime，wesuspectthatthe"momentousbenefit"ofwhichhetalkswouldappeartohimtoshrinkstrangelyinamount。Afundholder，wewillsuppose，spendsdividendsamountingtofivehundredpoundsayear;andhistennearestneighbourspayfiftypoundseachtothetax—gatherer，forthepurposeofdischargingtheinterestofthenationaldebt。Ifthedebtwerewipedout，ameasure，beitunderstood，whichwebynomeansrecommend，thefundholderwouldceasetospendhisfivehundredpoundsayear。Hewouldnolongergiveemploymenttoindustry，orputfoodintothemouthsoflabourers。ThisMr。
　　Southeythinksafearfulevil。Butistherenomitigatingcircumstance？Eachofthetenneighboursofourfundholderhasfiftypoundsayearmorethanformerly。Eachofthemwill，asitseemstoourfeebleunderstandings，employmoreindustryandfeedmoremouthsthanformerly。Thesumisexactlythesame。Itisindifferenthands。ButonwhatgroundsdoesMr。Southeycalluponustobelievethatitisinthehandsofmenwhowillspenditlessliberallyorlessjudiciously？Heseemstothinkthatnobodybutafundholdercanemploythepoor;that，ifataxisremitted，thosewhoformerlyusedtopayitproceedimmediatelytodigholesintheearth，andtoburythesumwhichtheGovernmenthadbeenaccustomedtotake;thatnomoneycansetindustryinmotiontillsuchmoneyhasbeentakenbythetax—gathereroutofoneman’spocketandputintoanotherman’spocket。WereallywishthatMr。Southeywouldtrytoprovethisprinciple，whichisindeedthefoundationofhiswholetheoryoffinance:forwethinkitrighttohinttohimthatourhard—heartedandunimaginativegenerationwillexpectsomemoresatisfactoryreasonthantheonlyonewithwhichhehasyetfavouredit，namely，asimilitudetouchingevaporationanddew。
　　Boththetheoryandtheillustration，indeed，areoldfriendsofours。Ineveryseasonofdistresswhichwecanremember，Mr。
　　Southeyhasbeenproclaimingthatitisnotfromeconomy，butfromincreasedtaxation，thatthecountrymustexpectrelief;andhestill，wefind，placestheundoubtingfaithofapoliticalDiafoirus，inhis"Resaignare，repurgare，etreclysterizare。"
　　"Apeople，"hetellsus，"maybetoorich，butagovernmentcannotbeso。"
　　"Astate，"sayshe，"cannothavemorewealthatitscommandthanmaybeemployedforthegeneralgood，aliberalexpenditureinnationalworksbeingoneofthesurestmeansofpromotingnationalprosperity;andthebenefitbeingstillmoreobvious，ofanexpendituredirectedtothepurposesofnationalimprovement。
　　Butapeoplemaybetoorich。"
　　Wefullyadmitthatastatecannothaveatitscommandmorewealththanmaybeemployedforthegeneralgood。Butneithercanindividuals，orbodiesofindividuals，haveattheircommandmorewealththanmaybeemployedforthegeneralgood。Iftherebenolimittothesumwhichmaybeusefullylaidoutinpublicworksandnationalimprovement，thenwealth，whetherinthehandsofprivatemenoroftheGovernment，mayalways，ifthepossessorschoosetospenditusefully，beusefullyspent。Theonlyground，therefore，onwhichMr。Southeycanpossiblymaintainthatagovernmentcannotbetoorich，butthatapeoplemaybetoorich，mustbethis，thatgovernmentsaremorelikelytospendtheirmoneyongoodobjectsthanprivateindividuals。
　　Butwhatisusefulexpenditure？"Aliberalexpenditureinnationalworks，"saysMr。Southey，"isoneofthesurestmeansforpromotingnationalprosperity。"Whatdoeshemeanbynationalprosperity？DoeshemeanthewealthoftheState？Ifso，hisreasoningrunsthus:Themorewealthastatehasthebetter;forthemorewealthastatehasthemorewealthitwillhave。Thisissurelysomethinglikethatfallacy，whichisungallantlytermedalady’sreason。Ifbynationalprosperityhemeansthewealthofthepeople，ofhowgrossacontradictionisMr。Southeyguilty。A
　　people，hetellsus，maybetoorich:agovernmentcannot:foragovernmentcanemployitsrichesinmakingthepeoplericher。Thewealthofthepeopleistobetakenfromthem，becausetheyhavetoomuch，andlaidoutinworks，whichwillyieldthemmore。
　　WearereallyatalosstodeterminewhetherMr。Southey’sreasonforrecommendinglargetaxationisthatitwillmakethepeoplerich，orthatitwillmakethempoor。Butwearesurethat，ifhisobjectistomakethemrich，hetakesthewrongcourse。Therearetwoorthreeprinciplesrespectingpublicworks，which，asanexperienceofvastextentproves，maybetrustedinalmosteverycase。
　　Itscarcelyeverhappensthatanyprivatemanorbodyofmenwillinvestpropertyinacanal，atunnel，orabridge，butfromanexpectationthattheoutlaywillbeprofitabletothem。Noworkofthissortcanbeprofitabletoprivatespeculators，unlessthepublicbewillingtopayfortheuseofit。Thepublicwillnotpayoftheirownaccordforwhatyieldsnoprofitorconveniencetothem。Thereisthusadirectandobviousconnectionbetweenthemotivewhichinducesindividualstoundertakesuchawork，andtheutilityofthework。
　　Canwefindanysuchconnectioninthecaseofapublicworkexecutedbyagovernment？Ifitisuseful，aretheindividualswhorulethecountryricher？Ifitisuseless，aretheypoorer？A
　　publicmanmaybesolicitousforhiscredit。Butisnothelikelytogainmorecreditbyanuselessdisplayofostentatiousarchitectureinagreattownthanbythebestroadorthebestcanalinsomeremoteprovince？Thefameofpublicworksisamuchlesscertaintestoftheirutilitythantheamountoftollcollectedatthem。Inacorruptage，therewillbedirectembezzlement。Inthepurestage，therewillbeabundanceofjobbing。Neverwerethestatesmenofanycountrymoresensitivetopublicopinion，andmorespotlessinpecuniarytransactions，thanthosewhohaveoflategovernedEngland。YetwehaveonlytolookatthebuildingsrecentlyerectedinLondonforaproofofourrule。Inabadage，thefateofthepublicistoberobbedoutright。Inagoodage，itismerelytohavethedearestandtheworstofeverything。
　　BuildingsforStatepurposestheStatemusterect。Andherewethinkthat，ingeneral，theStateoughttostop。Wefirmlybelievethatfivehundredthousandpoundssubscribedbyindividualsforrail—roadsorcanalswouldproducemoreadvantagetothepublicthanfivemillionsvotedbyParliamentforthesamepurpose。Therearecertainoldsawsaboutthemaster’seyeandabouteverybody’sbusiness，inwhichweplaceverygreatfaith。
　　Thereis，wehavesaid，noconsistencyinMr。Southey’spoliticalsystem。Butiftherebeinhispoliticalsystemanyleadingprinciple，anyoneerrorwhichdivergesmorewidelyandvariouslythananyother，itisthatofwhichhistheoryaboutnationalworksisaramification。Heconceivesthatthebusinessofthemagistrateis，notmerelytoseethatthepersonsandpropertyofthepeoplearesecurefromattack，butthatheoughttobeajack—of—all—trades，architect，engineer，schoolmaster，merchant，theologian，aLadyBountifulineveryparish，aPaulPryineveryhouse，spying，eaves—dropping，relieving，admonishing，spendingourmoneyforus，andchoosingouropinionsforus。Hisprincipleis，ifweunderstanditrightly，thatnomancandoanythingsowellforhimselfashisrulers，betheywhotheymay，candoitforhim，andthatagovernmentapproachesnearerandnearertoperfection，inproportionasitinterferesmoreandmorewiththehabitsandnotionsofindividuals。
　　Heseemstobefullyconvincedthatitisinthepowerofgovernmenttorelieveallthedistressesunderwhichthelowerorderslabour。Nay，heconsidersdoubtonthissubjectasimpious。Wecannotrefrainfromquotinghisargumentonthissubject。Itisaperfectjeweloflogic:
　　"’Manythousandsinyourmetropolis，’saysSirThomasMore，’riseeverymorningwithoutknowinghowtheyaretosubsistduringtheday;asmanyofthem，wheretheyaretolaytheirheadsatnight。
　　Allmen，eventheviciousthemselves，knowthatwickednessleadstomisery:butmany，evenamongthegoodandthewise，haveyettolearnthatmiseryisalmostasoftenthecauseofwickedness。’
　　"’Therearemany，’saysMontesinos，’whoknowthis，butbelievethatitisnotinthepowerofhumaninstitutionstopreventthismisery。Theyseetheeffect，butregardthecausesasinseparablefromtheconditionofhumannature。’
　　"’AssurelyasGodisgood，’repliesSirThomas，’sosurelythereisnosuchthingasnecessaryevil。For，bythereligiousmind，sickness，andpain，anddeath，arenottobeaccountedevils。’"
　　Nowifsickness，pain，anddeath，arenotevils，wecannotunderstandwhyitshouldbeanevilthatthousandsshouldrisewithoutknowinghowtheyaretosubsist。Theonlyevilofhungeristhatitproducesfirstpain，thensickness，andfinallydeath。
　　Ifitdidnotproducethese，itwouldbenocalamity。Ifthesearenotevils，itisnocalamity。Wewillproposeaveryplaindilemma:eitherphysicalpainisanevil，oritisnotanevil。
　　Ifitisanevil，thenthereisnecessaryevilintheuniverse:
　　ifitisnot，whyshouldthepoorbedeliveredfromit？
　　Mr。Southeyentertainsasexaggeratedanotionofthewisdomofgovernmentsasoftheirpower。Hespeakswiththegreatestdisgustoftherespectnowpaidtopublicopinion。Thatopinionis，accordingtohim，tobedistrustedanddreaded;itsusurpationoughttobevigorouslyresisted;andthepracticeofyieldingtoitislikelytoruinthecountry。Tomaintainpoliceis，accordingtohim，onlyoneoftheendsofgovernment。Thedutiesofarulerarepatriarchalandpaternal。Heoughttoconsiderthemoraldisciplineofthepeopleashisfirstobject，toestablishareligion，totrainthewholecommunityinthatreligion，andtoconsideralldissentersashisownenemies。
　　"’Nothing，’saysSirThomas，’ismorecertain，thanthatreligionisthebasisuponwhichcivilgovernmentrests;thatfromreligionpowerderivesitsauthority，lawstheirefficacy，andboththeirzealandsanction;anditisnecessarythatthisreligionbeestablishedasforthesecurityofthestate，andforthewelfareofthepeople，whowouldotherwisebemovedtoandfrowitheverywindofdoctrine。Astateissecureinproportionasthepeopleareattachedtoitsinstitutions;itis，therefore，thefirstandplainestruleofsoundpolicy，thatthepeoplebetrainedupinthewaytheyshouldgo。Thestatethatneglectsthispreparesitsowndestruction;andtheywhotraintheminanyotherwayareunderminingit。Nothinginabstractsciencecanbemorecertainthanthesepositionsare。’
　　"’Allofwhich，’answersMontesinos，’areneverthelessdeniedbyourprofessorsoftheartsBabblativeandScribblative:someintheaudacityofevildesigns，andothersinthegloriousassuranceofimpenetrableignorance。’
　　Thegreaterpartofthetwovolumesbeforeusismerelyanamplificationoftheseparagraphs。WhatdoesMr。Southeymeanbysayingthatreligionisdemonstrablythebasisofcivilgovernment？Hecannotsurelymeanthatmenhavenomotivesexceptthosederivedfromreligionforestablishingandsupportingcivilgovernment，thatnotemporaladvantageisderivedfromcivilgovernment，thatmenwouldexperiencenotemporalinconveniencefromlivinginastateofanarchy？Ifheallows，aswethinkhemustallow，thatitisforthegoodofmankindinthisworldtohavecivilgovernment，andthatthegreatmajorityofmankindhavealwaysthoughtitfortheirgoodinthisworldtohavecivilgovernment，wethenhaveabasisforgovernmentquitedistinctfromreligion。ItistruethattheChristianreligionsanctionsgovernment，asitsanctionseverythingwhichpromotesthehappinessandvirtueofourspecies。Butweareatalosstoconceiveinwhatsensereligioncanbesaidtobethebasisofgovernment，inwhichreligionisnotalsothebasisofthepracticesofeating，drinking，andlightingfiresincoldweather。Nothinginhistoryismorecertainthanthatgovernmenthasexisted，hasreceivedsomeobedience，andhasgivensomeprotection，intimesinwhichitderivednosupportfromreligion，intimesinwhichtherewasnoreligionthatinfluencedtheheartsandlivesofmen。ItwasnotfromdreadofTartarus，orfrombeliefintheElysianfields，thatanAthenianwishedtohavesomeinstitutionswhichmightkeepOrestesfromfilchinghiscloak，orMidiasfrombreakinghishead。"Itisfromreligion，"
　　saysMr。Southey，"thatpowerderivesitsauthority，andlawstheirefficacy。"FromwhatreligiondoesourpowerovertheHindoosderiveitsauthority，orthelawinvirtueofwhichwehangBrahminsitsefficacy？Forthousandsofyearscivilgovernmenthasexistedinalmosteverycorneroftheworld，inagesofpriestcraft，inagesoffanaticism，inagesofEpicureanindifference，inagesofenlightenedpiety。Howeverpureorimpurethefaithofthepeoplemightbe，whethertheyadoredabeneficentoramalignantpower，whethertheythoughtthesoulmortalorimmortal，theyhave，assoonastheyceasedtobeabsolutesavages，foundouttheirneedofcivilgovernment，andinstituteditaccordingly。Itisasuniversalasthepracticeofcookery。Yet，itisascertain，saysMr。Southey，asanythinginabstractscience，thatgovernmentisfoundedonreligion。WeshouldliketoknowwhatnotionMr。Southeyhasofthedemonstrationsofabstractscience。Averyvagueone，wesuspect。
　　Theproofproceeds。Asreligionisthebasisofgovernment，andastheStateissecureinproportionasthepeopleareattachedtopublicinstitutions，itistherefore，saysMr。Southey，thefirstruleofpolicy，thatthegovernmentshouldtrainthepeopleinthewayinwhichtheyshouldgo;anditisplainthatthosewhotraintheminanyotherwayareunderminingtheState。
　　Nowitdoesnotappeartoustobethefirstobjectthatpeopleshouldalwaysbelieveintheestablishedreligionandbeattachedtotheestablishedgovernment。Areligionmaybefalse。A
　　governmentmaybeoppressive。Andwhateversupportgovernmentgivestofalsereligions，orreligiontooppressivegovernments，weconsiderasaclearevil。
　　Themaxim，thatgovernmentsoughttotrainthepeopleinthewayinwhichtheyshouldgo，soundswell。Butisthereanyreasonforbelievingthatagovernmentismorelikelytoleadthepeopleintherightwaythanthepeopletofallintotherightwayofthemselves？Havetherenotbeengovernmentswhichwereblindleadersoftheblind？Aretherenotstillsuchgovernments？Canitbelaiddownasageneralrulethatthemovementofpoliticalandreligioustruthisratherdownwardsfromthegovernmenttothepeoplethanupwardsfromthepeopletothegovernment？Thesearequestionswhichitisofimportancetohaveclearlyresolved。
　　Mr。Southeydeclaimsagainstpublicopinion，whichisnow，hetellsus，usurpingsupremepower。Formerly，accordingtohim，thelawsgoverned;nowpublicopiniongoverns。Whatarelawsbutexpressionsoftheopinionofsomeclasswhichhaspowerovertherestofthecommunity？Bywhatwastheworldevergovernedbutbytheopinionofsomepersonorpersons？Bywhatelsecaniteverbegoverned？Whatareallsystems，religious，political，orscientific，butopinionsrestingonevidencemoreorlesssatisfactory？Thequestionisnotbetweenhumanopinionandsomehigherandmorecertainmodeofarrivingattruth，butbetweenopinionandopinion，betweentheopinionsofonemanandanother，orofoneclassandanother，orofonegenerationandanother。
　　Publicopinionisnotinfallible;butcanMr。Southeyconstructanyinstitutionswhichshallsecuretoustheguidanceofaninfallibleopinion？CanMr。Southeyselectanyfamily，anyprofession，anyclass，inshort，distinguishedbyanyplainbadgefromtherestofthecommunity，whoseopinionismorelikelytobejustthanthismuchabusedpublicopinion？Wouldhechoosethepeers，forexample？Orthetwohundredtallestmeninthecountry？OrthepoorKnightsofWindsor？Orchildrenwhoarebornwithcauls？Ortheseventhsonsofseventhsons？
　　Wecannotsupposethathewouldrecommendpopularelection;forthatismerelyanappealtopublicopinion。Andtosaythatsocietyoughttobegovernedbytheopinionofthewisestandbest，thoughtrue，isuseless。Whoseopinionistodecidewhoarethewisestandbest？
　　Mr。Southeyandmanyotherrespectablepeopleseemtothinkthat，whentheyhaveonceprovedthemoralandreligioustrainingofthepeopletobeamostimportantobject，itfollows，ofcourse，thatitisanobjectwhichthegovernmentoughttopursue。Theyforgetthatwehavetoconsider，notmerelythegoodnessoftheend，butalsothefitnessofthemeans。Neitherinthenaturalnorinthepoliticalbodyhaveallmembersthesameoffice。Thereissurelynocontradictioninsayingthatacertainsectionofthecommunitymaybequitecompetenttoprotectthepersonsandpropertyoftherest，yetquiteunfittodirectouropinions，ortosuperintendourprivatehabits。
　　Sostrongistheinterestofarulertoprotecthissubjectsagainstalldepredationsandoutragesexcepthisown，soclearandsimplearethemeansbywhichthisendistobeeffected，thatmenareprobablybetteroffundertheworstgovernmentsintheworldthantheywouldbeinastateofanarchy。Evenwhentheappointmentofmagistrateshasbeenlefttochance，asintheItalianRepublics，thingshavegoneonfarbetterthaniftherehadbeennomagistratesatall，andifeverymanhaddonewhatseemedrightinhisowneyes。Butweseenoreasonforthinkingthattheopinionsofthemagistrateonspeculativequestionsaremorelikelytoberightthanthoseofanyotherman。Noneofthemodesbywhichamagistrateisappointed，popularelection，theaccidentofthelot，ortheaccidentofbirth，affords，asfaraswecanperceive，muchsecurityforhisbeingwiserthananyofhisneighbours。Thechanceofhisbeingwiserthanallhisneighbourstogetherisstillsmaller。Nowwecannotunderstandhowitcanbelaiddownthatitisthedutyandtherightofoneclasstodirecttheopinionsofanother，unlessitcanbeprovedthattheformerclassismorelikelytoformjustopinionsthanthelatter。
　　Thedutiesofgovernmentwouldbe，asMr。Southeysaysthattheyare，paternal，ifagovernmentwerenecessarilyasmuchsuperiorinwisdomtoapeopleasthemostfoolishfather，foratime，istothemostintelligentchild，andifagovernmentlovedapeopleasfathersgenerallylovetheirchildren。Butthereisnoreasontobelievethatagovernmentwillhaveeitherthepaternalwarmthofaffectionorthepaternalsuperiorityofintellect。Mr。
　　Southeymightaswellsaythatthedutiesoftheshoemakerarepaternal，andthatitisanusurpationinanymannotofthecrafttosaythathisshoesarebadandtoinsistonhavingbetter。Thedivisionoflabourwouldbenoblessing，ifthosebywhomathingisdoneweretopaynoattentiontotheopinionofthoseforwhomitisdone。Theshoemaker，intheRelapse，tellsLordFoppingtonthathisLordshipismistakeninsupposingthathisshoepinches。"Itdoesnotpinch;itcannotpinch;Iknowmybusiness;andInevermadeabettershoe。"ThisisthewayinwhichMr。Southeywouldhaveagovernmenttreatapeoplewhousurptheprivilegeofthinking。Nay，theshoemakerofVanbrughhastheadvantageinthecomparison。Hecontentedhimselfwithregulatinghiscustomer’sshoes，aboutwhichhehadpeculiarmeansofinformation，anddidnotpresumetodictateaboutthecoatandhat。ButMr。Southeywouldhavetherulersofacountryprescribeopinionstothepeople，notonlyaboutpolitics，butaboutmattersconcerningwhichagovernmenthasnopeculiarsourcesofinformation，andconcerningwhichanymaninthestreetsmayknowasmuchandthinkasjustlyastheKing，namelyreligionandmorals。
　　Menareneversolikelytosettleaquestionrightlyaswhentheydiscussitfreely。Agovernmentcaninterfereindiscussiononlybymakingitlessfreethanitwouldotherwisebe。Menaremostlikelytoformjustopinionswhentheyhavenootherwishthantoknowthetruth，andareexemptfromallinfluence，eitherofhopeorfear。Government，asgovernment，canbringnothingbuttheinfluenceofhopesandfearstosupportitsdoctrines。Itcarriesoncontroversy，notwithreasons，butwiththreatsandbribes。Ifitemploysreasons，itdoesso，notinvirtueofanypowerswhichbelongtoitasagovernment。Thus，insteadofacontestbetweenargumentandargument，wehaveacontestbetweenargumentandforce。Insteadofacontestinwhichtruth，fromthenaturalconstitutionofthehumanmind，hasadecidedadvantageoverfalsehood，wehaveacontestinwhichtruthcanbevictoriousonlybyaccident。
　　Andwhat，afterall，isthesecuritywhichthistraininggivestogovernments？Mr。Southeywouldscarcelyproposethatdiscussionshouldbemoreeffectuallyshackled，thatpublicopinionshouldbemorestrictlydisciplinedintoconformitywithestablishedinstitutions，thaninSpainandItaly。YetweknowthattherestraintswhichexistinSpainandItalyhavenotpreventedatheismfromspreadingamongtheeducatedclasses，andespeciallyamongthosewhoseofficeitistoministeratthealtarsofGod。
　　Allourreadersknowhow，atthetimeoftheFrenchRevolution，priestafterpriestcameforwardtodeclarethathisdoctrine，hisministry，hiswholelife，hadbeenalie，amummeryduringwhichhecouldscarcelycomposehiscountenancesufficientlytocarryontheimposture。Thiswasthecaseofafalse，oratleastofagrosslycorruptedreligion。LetustakethenthecaseofallothersmostfavourabletoMr。Southey’sargument。Letustakethatformofreligionwhichheholdstobethepurest，thesystemoftheArminianpartoftheChurchofEngland。Letustaketheformofgovernmentwhichhemostadmiresandregrets，thegovernmentofEnglandinthetimeofCharlestheFirst。WouldhewishtoseeacloserconnectionbetweenChurchandStatethanthenexisted？Wouldhewishformorepowerfulecclesiasticaltribunals？foramorezealousKing？foramoreactiveprimate？
　　WouldhewishtoseeamorecompletemonopolyofpublicinstructiongiventotheEstablishedChurch？Couldanygovernmentdomoretotrainthepeopleinthewayinwhichhewouldhavethemgo？Andinwhatdidallthistrainingend？TheReportofthestateoftheProvinceofCanterbury，deliveredbyLaudtohismasteratthecloseof1639，representstheChurchofEnglandasinthehighestandmostpalmystate。SoeffectuallyhadtheGovernmentpursuedthatpolicywhichMr。Southeywishestoseerevivedthattherewasscarcelytheleastappearanceofdissent。
　　Mostofthebishopsstatedthatallwaswellamongtheirflocks。
　　SevenoreightpersonsinthedioceseofPeterboroughhadseemedrefractorytotheChurch，buthadmadeamplesubmission。InNorfolkandSuffolkallwhomtherehadbeenreasontosuspecthadmadeprofessionofconformity，andappearedtoobserveitstrictly。ItisconfessedthattherewasalittledifficultyinbringingsomeofthevulgarinSuffolktotakethesacramentattherailsinthechancel。ThiswastheonlyopeninstanceofnonconformitywhichthevigilanteyeofLaudcoulddetectinallthediocesesofhistwenty—onesuffragans，ontheveryeveofarevolutioninwhichprimate，andChurch，andmonarch，andmonarchyweretoperishtogether。
　　AtwhichtimewouldMr。Southeypronouncetheconstitutionmoresecure:in1639，whenLaudpresentedthisReporttoCharles;ornow，whenthousandsofmeetingsopenlycollectmillionsofdissenters，whendesignsagainstthetithesareopenlyavowed，whenbooksattackingnotonlytheEstablishment，butthefirstprinciplesofChristianity，areopenlysoldinthestreets？Thesignsofdiscontent，hetellsus，arestrongerinEnglandnowthaninFrancewhentheStates—Generalmet:andhencehewouldhaveusinferthatarevolutionlikethatofFrancemaybeathand。Doeshenotknowthatthedangerofstatesistobeestimated，notbywhatbreaksoutofthepublicmind，butbywhatstaysinit？Canheconceiveanythingmoreterriblethanthesituationofagovernmentwhichruleswithoutapprehensionoverapeopleofhypocrites，whichisflatteredbythepressandcursedintheinnerchambers，whichexultsintheattachmentandobedienceofitssubjects，andknowsnotthatthosesubjectsareleaguedagainstitinafree—masonryofhatred，thesignofwhichiseverydayconveyedintheglanceoftenthousandeyes，thepressureoftenthousandhands，andthetoneoftenthousandvoices？Profoundandingeniouspolicy！Insteadofcuringthedisease，toremovethosesymptomsbywhichaloneitsnaturecanbeknown！Toleavetheserpenthisdeadlysting，anddeprivehimonlyofhiswarningrattle！
　　WhenthepeoplewhomCharleshadsoassiduouslytrainedinthegoodwayhadrewardedhispaternalcarebycuttingoffhishead，anewkindoftrainingcameintofashion。Anothergovernmentarosewhich，liketheformer，consideredreligionasitssurestbasis，andthereligiousdisciplineofthepeopleasitsfirstduty。Sanguinarylawswereenactedagainstlibertinism;profanepictureswereburned;draperywasputonindecorousstatues;thetheatreswereshutup;fast—dayswerenumerous;andtheParliamentresolvedthatnopersonshouldbeadmittedintoanypublicemployment，unlesstheHouseshouldbefirstsatisfiedofhisvitalgodliness。Weknowwhatwastheendofthistraining。
　　Weknowthatitendedinimpietyinfilthyandheartlesssensuality，inthedissolutionofalltiesofhonourandmorality。Weknowthatatthisverydayscripturalphrases，scripturalnames，perhapssomescripturaldoctrinesexcitedisgustandridicule，solelybecausetheyareassociatedwiththeausterityofthatperiod。
　　ThushastheexperimentoftrainingthepeopleinestablishedformsofreligionbeentwicetriedinEnglandonalargescale，oncebyCharlesandLaud，andoncebythePuritans。TheHighToriesofourtimestillentertainmanyofthefeelingsandopinionsofCharlesandLaud，thoughinamitigatedform;norisitdifficulttoseethattheheirsofthePuritansarestillamongstus。Itwouldbedesirablethateachofthesepartiesshouldrememberhowlittleadvantageorhonouritformerlyderivedfromtheclosestalliancewithpower，thatitfallbythesupportofrulersandrosebytheiropposition，thatofthetwosystemsthatinwhichthepeoplewereatanytimedrilledwasalwaysatthattimetheunpopularsystem，thatthetrainingoftheHighChurchendedinthereignofthePuritans，andthatthetrainingofthePuritansendedinthereignoftheharlots。
　　Thiswasquitenatural。Nothingissogallingtoapeoplenotbrokeninfromthebirthasapaternal，or，inotherwords，ameddlinggovernment，agovernmentwhichtellsthemwhattoread，andsay，andeat，anddrink，andwear。Ourfatherscouldnotbearittwohundredyearago;andwearenotmorepatientthanthey。
　　Mr。SoutheythinksthattheyokeoftheChurchisdroppingoffbecauseitisloose。Wefeelconvincedthatitisborneonlybecauseitiseasy，andthat，intheinstantinwhichanattemptismadetotightenit，itwillbeflungaway。ItwillbeneitherthefirstnorthestrongestyokethathasbeenbrokenasunderandtrampledunderfootinthedayofthevengeanceofEngland。
　　HowfarMr。SoutheywouldhavetheGovernmentcarryitsmeasuresfortrainingthepeopleinthedoctrinesoftheChurch，weareunabletodiscover。InonepassageSirThomasMoreaskswithgreatvehemence，"Isitpossiblethatyourlawsshouldsuffertheunbelieverstoexistasaparty？Vetitumestadeoscelerisnihil？"
　　Montesinosanswers:"Theyavowthemselvesindefianceofthelaws。Thefashionabledoctrinewhichthepressatthistimemaintainsis，thatthisisamatterinwhichthelawsoughtnottointerfere，everymanhavingaright，bothtoformwhatopinionhepleasesuponreligioussubjects，andtopromulgatethatopinion。"
　　Itisclear，therefore，thatMr。Southeywouldnotgivefullandperfecttolerationtoinfidelity。Inanotherpassage，however，heobserveswithsometruth，thoughtoosweepingly，that"anydegreeofintoleranceshortofthatfullextentwhichthePapalChurchexerciseswhereithasthepower，actsupontheopinionswhichitisintendedtosuppress，likepruninguponvigorousplants;theygrowthestrongerforit。"Thesetwopassages，puttogether，wouldleadustotheconclusionthat，inMr。Southey’sopinion，theutmostseverityeveremployedbytheRomanCatholicChurchinthedaysofitsgreatestpoweroughttobeemployedagainstunbelieversinEngland;inplainwords，thatCarlileandhisshopmenoughttobeburnedinSmithfield，andthateverypersonwho，whencalledupon，shoulddeclinetomakeasolemnprofessionofChristianityoughttosufferthesamefate。Wedonot，however，believethatMr。Southeywouldrecommendsuchacourse，thoughhislanguagewould，accordingtoalltherulesoflogic，justifyusinsupposingthistobehismeaning。Hisopinionsformnosystematall。Heneversees，atoneglance，moreofaquestionthanwillfurnishmatterforoneflowingandwell—turnedsentence;sothatitwouldbetheheightofunfairnesstochargehimpersonallywithholdingadoctrinemerelybecausethatdoctrineisdeducible，thoughbytheclosestandmostaccuratereasoning，fromthepremiseswhichhehaslaiddown。Weare，therefore，leftcompletelyinthedarkastoMr。Southey’sopinionsabouttoleration。ImmediatelyaftercensuringtheGovernmentfornotpunishinginfidels，heproceedstodiscussthequestionoftheCatholicdisabilities，now，thankGod，removed，anddefendsthemonthegroundthattheCatholicdoctrinestendtopersecution，andthattheCatholicspersecutedwhentheyhadpower。
　　"Theymustpersecute，"sayshe，"iftheybelievetheirowncreed，forconscience—sake;andiftheydonotbelieveit，theymustpersecuteforpolicy;becauseitisonlybyintolerancethatsocorruptandinjuriousasystemcanbeupheld。"
　　Thatunbelieversshouldnotbepersecutedisaninstanceofnationaldepravityatwhichtheglorifiedspiritsstandaghast。
　　YetasectofChristiansistobeexcludedfrompower，becausethosewhoformerlyheldthesameopinionswereguiltyofpersecution。WehavesaidthatwedonotverywellknowwhatMr。
　　Southey’sopinionabouttolerationis。But，onthewhole，wetakeittobethis，thateverybodyistotoleratehim，andthatheistotoleratenobody。
　　Wewillnotbedeterredbyanyfearofmisrepresentationfromexpressingourheartyapprobationofthemild，wise，andeminentlyChristianmannerinwhichtheChurchandtheGovernmenthavelatelyactedwithrespecttoblasphemouspublications。Wepraisethemfornothavingthoughtitnecessarytoencircleareligionpure，merciful，andphilosophical，areligiontotheevidenceofwhichthehighestintellectshaveyielded，withthedefencesofafalseandbloodysuperstition。ThearkofGodwasnevertakentillitwassurroundedbythearmsofearthlydefenders。Incaptivity，itssanctitywassufficienttovindicateitfrominsult，andtolaythehostilefiendprostrateonthethresholdofhisowntemple。TherealsecurityofChristianityistobefoundinitsbenevolentmorality，initsexquisiteadaptationtothehumanheart，inthefacilitywithwhichitsschemeaccommodatesitselftothecapacityofeveryhumanintellect，intheconsolationwhichitbearstothehouseofmourning，inthelightwithwhichitbrightensthegreatmysteryofthegrave。Tosuchasystemitcanbringnoadditionofdignityorofstrength，thatitispartandparcelofthecommonlaw。Itisnotnowforthefirsttimelefttorelyontheforceofitsownevidencesandtheattractionsofitsownbeauty。ItssublimetheologyconfoundedtheGrecianschoolsinthefairconflictofreasonwithreason。ThebravestandwisestoftheCaesarsfoundtheirarmsandtheirpolicyunavailing，whenopposedtotheweaponsthatwerenotcarnalandthekingdomthatwasnotofthisworld。ThevictorywhichPorphyryandDiocletianfailedtogainisnot，toallappearance，reservedforanyofthosewhohaveinthisage，directedtheirattacksagainstthelastrestraintofthepowerfulandthelasthopeofthewretched。
　　ThewholehistoryofChristianityshows，thatsheisinfargreaterdangerofbeingcorruptedbytheallianceofpower，thanofbeingcrushedbyitsopposition。Thosewhothrusttemporalsovereigntyuponhertreatherastheirprototypestreatedherauthor。Theybowtheknee，andspituponher;theycry"Hail！"
　　andsmiteheronthecheek;theyputasceptreinherhand，butitisafragilereed;theycrownher，butitiswiththorns;theycoverwithpurplethewoundswhichtheirownhandshaveinflictedonher;andinscribemagnificenttitlesoverthecrossonwhichtheyhavefixedhertoperishinignominyandpain。
　　ThegeneralviewwhichMr。Southeytakesoftheprospectsofsocietyisverygloomy;butwecomfortourselveswiththeconsiderationthatMr。Southeyisnoprophet。Heforetold，weremember，ontheveryeveoftheabolitionoftheTestandCorporationActs，thatthesehatefullawswereimmortal，andthatpiousmindswouldlongbegratifiedbyseeingthemostsolemnreligiousriteoftheChurchprofanedforthepurposeofupholdingherpoliticalsupremacy。Inthebookbeforeus，hesaysthatCatholicscannotpossiblybeadmittedintoParliamentuntilthosewhomJohnsoncalled"thebottomlessWhigs"comeintopower。
　　Whilethebookwasinthepress，theprophecywasfalsified;andaToryoftheTories，Mr。Southey’sownfavouritehero，wonandworethatnoblestwreath，"Obcivesservatos。"
　　Thesignsofthetimes，Mr。Southeytellsus，areverythreatening。Hisfearsforthecountrywoulddecidedlypreponderateoverhishopes，butforafirmrelianceonthemercyofGod。Now，asweknowthatGodhasoncesufferedthecivilisedworldtobeoverrunbysavages，andtheChristianreligiontobecorruptedbydoctrineswhichmadeit，forsomeages，almostasbadasPaganism，wecannotthinkitinconsistentwithhisattributesthatsimilarcalamitiesshouldagainbefalmankind。
　　Welook，however，onthestateoftheworld，andofthiskingdominparticular，withmuchgreatersatisfactionandwithbetterhopes。Mr。Southeyspeakswithcontemptofthosewhothinkthesavagestatehappierthanthesocial。Onthissubject，hesays，Rousseauneverimposedonhimeveninhisyouth。Butheconceivesthatacommunitywhichhasadvancedalittlewayincivilisationishappierthanonewhichhasmadegreaterprogress。TheBritonsinthetimeofCaesarwerehappier，hesuspects，thantheEnglishofthenineteenthcentury。Onthewhole，heselectsthegenerationwhichprecededtheReformationasthatinwhichthepeopleofthiscountrywerebetteroffthanatanytimebeforeorsince。
　　Thisopinionrestsonnothing，asfaraswecansee，excepthisownindividualassociations。Heisamanofletters;andalifedestituteofliterarypleasuresseemsinsipidtohim。Heabhorsthespiritofthepresentgeneration，theseverityofitsstudies，theboldnessofitsinquiries，andthedisdainwithwhichitregardssomeoldprejudicesbywhichhisownmindisheldinbondage。Hedislikesanutterlyunenlightenedage;hedislikesaninvestigatingandreformingage。Thefirsttwentyyearsofthesixteenthcenturywouldhaveexactlysuitedhim。
　　Theyfurnishedjustthequantityofintellectualexcitementwhichherequires。Thelearnedfewreadandwrotelargely。Ascholarwasheldinhighestimation。Buttherabbledidnotpresumetothink;andeventhemostinquiringandindependentoftheeducatedclassespaidmorereverencetoauthority，andlesstoreason，thanisusualinourtime。ThisisastateofthingsinwhichMr。Southeywouldhavefoundhimselfquitecomfortable;
　　and，accordingly，hepronouncesitthehappieststateofthingseverknownintheworld。
　　Thesavageswerewretched，saysMr。Southey;butthepeopleinthetimeofSirThomasMorewerehappierthaneithertheyorwe。
　　NowwethinkitquitecertainthatwehavetheadvantageoverthecontemporariesofSirThomasMore，ineverypointinwhichtheyhadanyadvantageoversavages。
　　Mr。Southeydoesnotevenpretendtomaintainthatthepeopleinthesixteenthcenturywerebetterlodgedorclothedthanatpresent。Heseemstoadmitthatintheserespectstherehasbeensomelittleimprovement。Itisindeedamatteraboutwhichscarcelyanydoubtcanexistinthemostperversemindthattheimprovementsofmachineryhaveloweredthepriceofmanufacturedarticles，andhavebroughtwithinthereachofthepoorestsomeconvenienceswhichSirThomasMoreorhismastercouldnothaveobtainedatanyprice。
　　Thelabouringclasses，however，were，accordingtoMr。Southey，betterfedthreehundredyearsagothanatpresent。Webelievethatheiscompletelyinerroronthispoint。Theconditionofservantsinnobleandwealthyfamilies，andofscholarsattheUniversities，mustsurelyhavebeenbetterinthosetimesthanthatofday—labourers;andwearesurethatitwasnotbetterthanthatofourworkhousepaupers。FromthehouseholdbookoftheNorthumberlandfamily，wefindthatinoneofthegreatestestablishmentsofthekingdomtheservantslivedverymuchascommonsailorslivenow。InthereignofEdwardtheSixththestateofthestudentsatCambridgeisdescribedtous，ontheverybestauthority，asmostwretched。Manyofthemdinedonpottagemadeofafarthing’sworthofbeefwithalittlesaltandoatmeal，andliterallynothingelse。ThisaccountwehavefromacontemporarymasterofSt。John’s。Ourparishpoornoweatwheatenbread。Inthesixteenthcenturythelabourerwasgladtogetbarley，andwasoftenforcedtocontenthimselfwithpoorerfare。InHarrison’sintroductiontoHolinshedwehaveanaccountofthestateofourworkingpopulationinthe"goldendays，"asMr。Southeycallsthem，"ofgoodQueenBess。""Thegentilitie，"sayshe，"commonlyprovidethemselvessufficientlyofwheatfortheirowntables，whylesttheirhouseholdandpooreneighboursinsomeshiresareinforcedtocontentthemselveswithryeorbarleie;yea，andintimeofdearth，manywithbreadmadeeytherofbeanes，peason，orotes，orofaltogether，andsomeaccruesamong。Iwillnotsaythatthisextremityisoftsowelltobeseenintimeofplentieasofdearth;butifIshouldIcouldeasilybringmytrial:foralbeittherebemuchmoregroundecarednowealmostineveryeplacethenbathebeeneoflateyeares，yetsuchapriceofcornecontinuethineachetowneandmarkete，withoutanyjustcause，thattheartificerandpoorelabouringmanisnotabletoreachuntoit，butisdriventocontenthimselfwithhorse—corne。"WeshouldliketoseewhattheeffectwouldbeofputtinganyparishinEnglandnowonallowanceof"horse—corne。"ThehelotryofMammonarenot，inourday，soeasilyenforcedtocontentthemselvesasthepeasantryofthathappyperiod，asMr。Southeyconsidersit，whichelapsedbetweenthefallofthefeudalandtheriseofthecommercialtyranny。
　　"Thepeople，"saysMr。Southey，"areworsefedthanwhentheywerefishers。"Andyetinanotherplacehecomplainsthattheywillnoteatfish。"Theyhavecontracted，"sayshe，"Iknownothow，someobstinateprejudiceagainstakindoffoodatoncewholesomeanddelicate，andeverywheretobeobtainedcheaplyandinabundance，werethedemandforitasgeneralasitoughttobe。"Itistruethatthelowerordershaveanobstinateprejudiceagainstfish。Buthungerhasnosuchobstinateprejudices。Ifwhatwasformerlyacommondietisnoweatenonlyintimesofseverepressure，theinferenceisplain。Thepeoplemustbefedwithwhattheyatleastthinkbetterfoodthanthatoftheirancestors。
　　Theadviceandmedicinewhichthepoorestlabourercannowobtain，indisease，orafteranaccident，isfarsuperiortowhatHenrytheEighthcouldhavecommanded。Scarcelyanypartofthecountryisoutofthereachofpractitioners，whoareprobablynotsofarinferiortoSirHenryHalfordastheyaresuperiortoDr。Butts。Thattherehasbeenagreatimprovementinthisrespect，Mr。Southeyallows。Indeedhecouldnotwellhavedeniedit。"But，"sayshe，"theevilsforwhichthesesciencesarethepalliative，haveincreasedsincethetimeoftheDruids，inaproportionthatheavilyoverweighsthebenefitofimprovedtherapeutics。"WeknownothingeitherofthediseasesortheremediesoftheDruids。Butwearequitesurethattheimprovementofmedicinehasfarmorethankeptpacewiththeincreaseofdiseaseduringthelastthreecenturies。Thisisprovedbythebestpossibleevidence。ThetermofhumanlifeisdecidedlylongerinEnglandthaninanyformerage，respectingwhichwepossessanyinformationonwhichwecanrely。AlltherantsintheworldaboutpicturesquecottagesandtemplesofMammonwillnotshakethisargument。Notestofthephysicalwell—beingofsocietycanbenamedsodecisiveasthatwhichisfurnishedbybillsofmortality。Thatthelivesofthepeopleofthiscountryhavebeengraduallylengtheningduringthecourseofseveralgenerations，isascertainasanyfactinstatistics;andthatthelivesofmenshouldbecomelongerandlonger，whiletheirbodilyconditionduringlifeisbecomingworseandworse，isutterlyincredible。
　　Letourreadersthinkoverthesecircumstances。Letthemtakeintotheaccountthesweatingsicknessandtheplague。LetthemtakeintotheaccountthatfearfuldiseasewhichfirstmadeitsappearanceinthegenerationtowhichMr。Southeyassignsthepalmoffelicity，andragedthroughEuropewithafuryatwhichthephysicianstoodaghast，andbeforewhichthepeopleweresweptawaybymyriads。Letthemconsiderthestateofthenortherncounties，constantlythesceneofrobberies，rapes，massacres，andconflagrations。Letthemaddtoallthisthefactthatseventy—twothousandpersonssuffereddeathbythehandsoftheexecutionerduringthereignofHenrytheEighth，andjudgebetweenthenineteenthandthesixteenthcentury。
　　WedonotsaythatthelowerordersinEnglanddonotsufferseverehardships。But，inspiteofMr。Southey’sassertions，andinspiteoftheassertionsofaclassofpoliticians，who，differingfromMr。Southeyineveryotherpoint，agreewithhiminthis，weareinclinedtodoubtwhetherthelabouringclassesherereallysuffergreaterphysicaldistressthanthelabouringclassesofthemostflourishingcountriesoftheContinent。
　　ItwillscarcelybemaintainedthatthelazzaroniwhosleepundertheporticoesofNaples，orthebeggarswhobesiegetheconventsofSpain，areinahappiersituationthantheEnglishcommonalty。
　　ThedistresswhichhaslatelybeenexperiencedinthenorthernpartofGermany，oneofthebestgovernedandmostprosperousregionsofEurope，surpasses，ifwehavebeencorrectlyinformed，anythingwhichhasoflateyearsbeenknownamongus。InNorwayandSwedenthepeasantryareconstantlycompelledtomixbark。
　　withtheirbread;andeventhisexpedienthasnotalwayspreservedwholefamiliesandneighbourhoodsfromperishingtogetheroffamine。AnexperimenthaslatelybeentriedinthekingdomoftheNetherlands，whichhasbeencitedtoprovethepossibilityofestablishingagriculturalcoloniesonthewastelandsofEngland，butwhichprovestoourmindsnothingsoclearlyasthis，thattherateofsubsistencetowhichthelabouringclassesarereducedintheNetherlandsismiserablylow，andveryfarinferiortothatoftheEnglishpaupers。NodistresswhichthepeopleherehaveenduredforcenturiesapproachestothatwhichhasbeenfeltbytheFrenchinourowntime。Thebeginningoftheyear1817wasatimeofgreatdistressinthisisland。ButthestateofthelowestclassesherewasluxurycomparedwiththatofthepeopleofFrance。WefindinMagendie’sJournaldePhysiologieExperimentaleapaperonapointofphysiologyconnectedwiththedistressofthatseason。
　　Itappearsthattheinhabitantsofsixdepartments，Aix，Jura，Doubs，HauteSaone，Vosges，andSaone—et—Loire，werereducedfirsttooatmealandpotatoes，andatlasttonettles，beanstalks，andotherkindsofherbagefitonlyforcattle;thatwhenthenextharvestenabledthemtoeatbarley—bread，manyofthemdiedfromintemperateindulgenceinwhattheythoughtanexquisiterepast;andthatadropsyofapeculiardescriptionwasproducedbythehardfareoftheyear。Deadbodieswerefoundontheroadsandinthefields。Asinglesurgeondissectedsixofthese，andfoundthestomachshrunk，andfilledwiththeunwholesomealimentswhichhungerhaddrivenmentosharewithbeasts。SuchextremityofdistressasthisisneverheardofinEngland，oreveninIreland。Weare，onthewhole，inclinedtothink，thoughwewouldspeakwithdiffidenceonapointonwhichitwouldberashtopronounceapositivejudgmentwithoutamuchlongerandcloserinvestigationthanwehavebestoweduponit，thatthelabouringclassesofthisisland，thoughtheyhavetheirgrievancesanddistresses，someproducedbytheirownimprovidence，somebytheerrorsoftheirrulers，areonthewholebetteroffastophysicalcomfortsthantheinhabitantsofanequallyextensivedistrictoftheoldworld。Forthisveryreason，sufferingismoreacutelyfeltandmoreloudlybewailedherethanelsewhere。Wemusttakeintotheaccountthelibertyofdiscussion，andthestronginterestwhichtheopponentsofaministryalwayshave，toexaggeratetheextentofthepublicdisasters。TherearecountriesinwhichthepeoplequietlyenduredistressthatherewouldshakethefoundationsoftheState，countriesinwhichtheinhabitantsofawholeprovinceturnouttoeatgrasswithlessclamourthanoneSpitalfieldsweaverwouldmakehere，iftheoverseersweretoputhimonbarley—bread。Inthosenewcommonwealthsinwhichacivilisedpopulationhasatitscommandaboundlessextentoftherichestsoil，theconditionofthelabourerisprobablyhappierthaninanysocietywhichhaslastedformanycenturies。Butintheoldworldwemustconfessourselvesunabletofindanysatisfactoryrecordofanygreatnation，pastorpresent，inwhichtheworkingclasseshavebeeninamorecomfortablesituationthaninEnglandduringthelastthirtyyears。Whenthisislandwasthinlypeopled，itwasbarbarous:therewaslittlecapital;andthatlittlewasinsecure。Itisnowtherichestandmosthighlycivilisedspotintheworld;butthepopulationisdense。ThuswehaveneverknownthatgoldenagewhichthelowerordersintheUnitedStatesarenowenjoying。Wehaveneverknownanageofliberty，oforder，andofeducation，anageinwhichthemechanicalscienceswerecarriedtoagreatheight，yetinwhichthepeoplewerenotsufficientlynumeroustocultivateeventhemostfertilevalleys。
　　But，whenwecompareourownconditionwiththatofourancestors，wethinkitclearthattheadvantagesarisingfromtheprogressofcivilisationhavefarmorethancounterbalancedthedisadvantagesarisingfromtheprogressofpopulation。Whileournumbershaveincreasedtenfold，ourwealthhasincreasedahundredfold。Thoughtherearesomanymorepeopletosharethewealthnowexistinginthecountrythantherewereinthesixteenthcentury，itseemscertainthatagreatersharefallstoalmosteveryindividualthanfelltotheshareofanyofthecorrespondingclassinthesixteenthcentury。TheKingkeepsamoresplendidcourt。Theestablishmentsofthenoblesaremoremagnificent。Theesquiresarericher;themerchantsarericher;