RobertMontgomery’slogic。Heinformsusthatlightningisdesignlessandself—created。Ifhecanbelievethis，wecannotconceivewhyhemaynotbelievethatthewholeuniverseisdesignlessandself—created。Afewlinesbefore，hetellsusthatitistheDeitywhobids"thunderrattlefromtheskieydeep。"
Histheoryisthereforethis，thatGodmadethethunder，butthatthelightningmadeitself。
ButMr。RobertMontgomery’smetaphysicsarenotatpresentourgame。HeproceedstosetforththefearfuleffectsofAtheism"Then，blood—stain`dMurder，barethyhideousarmAndthou，Rebellion，welterinthystorm:
Awake，yespiritsofavengingcrime;
Burstfromyourbonds，andbattlewiththetime！"
Mr。RobertMontgomeryisfondofpersonification，andbelongs，weneednotsay，tothatschoolofpoetswhoholdthatnothingmoreisnecessarytoapersonificationinpoetrythantobeginawordwithacapitalletter。Murdermay，withoutimpropriety，bareherarm，asshedidlongago，inMr。Campbell’sPleasuresofHope。
ButwhatpossiblemotiveRebellioncanhaveforwelteringinherstorm，whatavengingcrimemaybe，whoitsspiritsmaybe，whytheyshouldbeburstfromtheirbonds，whattheirbondsmaybe，whytheyshouldbattlewiththetime，whatthetimemaybe，andwhatabattlebetweenthetimeandthespiritsofavengingcrimewouldresemble，wemustconfessourselvesquiteunabletounderstand。
"AndhereletMemoryturnhertearfulglanceOnthedarkhorrorsoftumultuousFrance，Whenbloodandblasphemydefiledherland，AndfierceRebellionshookhersavagehand。"
WhetherRebellionshakesherownhand，shakesthehandofMemory，orshakesthehandofFrance，orwhatanyoneofthesethreemetaphorswouldmean，we，knownomorethanweknowwhatisthesenseofthefollowingpassage"LetthefoulorgiesofinfuriatecrimePicturetheraginghavocofthattime，WhenleaguedRebellionmarch’dtokindleman，Frightinherrear，andMurderinhervan。
Andthou，sweetflowerofAustria，slaughter’dQueen，Whodropp’dnotearuponthedreadfulscene，Whengush’dthelife—bloodfromthineangelform，Andmartyr’dbeautyperish’dinthestorm，Onceworshipp’dparagonofallwhosaw，Thylookobedience，andthysmilealaw。"
Whatisthedistinctionbetweenthefoulorgiesandtheraginghavocwhichthefoulorgiesaretopicture？WhydoesFrightgobehindRebellion，andMurderbefore？WhyshouldnotMurderfallbehindFright？Orwhyshouldnotallthethreewalkabreast？Wehavereadofaherowhohad"Amazementinhisvan，withflightcombined，AndSorrow’sfadedform，andSolitudebehind。"
Gray，wesuspect，couldhavegivenareasonfordisposingtheallegoricalattendantsofEdwardthus。Buttoproceed，"FlowerofAustria"isstolenfromByron。"Dropp’d"isfalseEnglish。
"Perish’dinthestorm"meansnothingatall;and"thylookobedience"meanstheveryreverseofwhatMr。RobertMontgomeryintendstosay。
Ourpoetthenproceedstodemonstratetheimmortalityofthesoul:
"Andshallthesoul，thefountofreason，die，Whendustanddarknessrounditstemplelie？
DidGodbreatheinitnoetherealfire。
Dimlessandquenchless，thoughthebreathexpire？"
Thesoulisafountain;andthereforeitisnottodie，thoughdustanddarknesslierounditstemple，becauseanetherealfirehasbeenbreathedintoit，whichcannotbequenchedthoughitsbreathexpire。Isitthefountain，orthetemple，thatbreathes，andhasfirebreathedintoit？
Mr。Montgomeryapostrophisesthe"Immortalbeacons，——spiritsofthejust，"——
anddescribestheiremploymentsinanotherworld，whicharetobe，itseems，bathinginlight，hearingfierystreamsflow，andridingonlivingcarsoflightning。Thedeathbedofthescepticisdescribedwithwhatwesupposeismeantforenergy。WethenhavethedeathbedofaChristianmadeasridiculousasfalseimageryandfalseEnglishcanmakeit。Butthisisnotenough。
TheDayofJudgmentistobedescribed，andaroaringcataractofnonsenseispouredforthuponthistremendoussubject。Earth，wearetold，isdashedintoEternity。Furnaceblazeswheelroundthehorizon，andburstintobrightwizardphantoms。Racinghurricanesunrollandwhirlquiveringfire—clouds。Thewhitewavesgallop。
Shadowyworldscareeraround。TheredandragingeyeofImaginationisthenforbiddentopryfurther。ButfurtherMr。
RobertMontgomerypersistsinprying。Thestarsboundthroughtheairyroar。Theunbosomeddeepyawnsontheruin。ThebillowsofEternitythenbegintoadvance。Theworldglaresinfieryslumber。Acarcomesforwarddrivenbylivingthunder，"Creationshudderswithsublimedismay，Andinablazingtempestwhirlsaway。"
Andthisisfinepoetry！Thisiswhatranksitswriterwiththemaster—spiritsoftheage！Thisiswhathasbeendescribed，overandoveragain，intermswhichwouldrequiresomequalificationifusedrespectingParadiseLost！Itistoomuchthatthispatchwork，madebystitchingtogetheroldoddsandendsofwhat，whennew，wasbuttawdryfrippery，istobepickedoffthedunghillonwhichitoughttorot，andtobehelduptoadmirationasaninestimablespecimenofart。Andwhatmustwethinkofasystembymeansofwhichverseslikethosewhichwehavequoted，versesfitonlyforthepoet’scorneroftheMorningPost，canproduceemolumentandfame？Thecirculationofthiswriter’spoetryhasbeengreaterthanthatofSouthey’sRoderick，andbeyondallcomparisongreaterthanthatofCary’sDanteorofthebestworksofColeridge。Thusencouraged，Mr。RobertMontgomeryhasfavouredthepublicwithvolumeaftervolume。WehavegivensomuchspacetotheexaminationofhisfirstandmostpopularperformancethatwehavenonetospareforhisUniversalPrayer，andhissmallerpoems，which，asthepuffingjournalstellus，wouldaloneconstituteasufficienttitletoliteraryimmortality。Weshallpassatoncetohislastpublication，entitledSatan。
Thispoemwasusheredintotheworldwiththeusualroarofacclamation。Butthethingwasnowpastajoke。Pretensionssounfounded，soimpudent，andsosuccessful，hadarousedaspiritofresistance。Inseveralmagazinesandreviews，accordingly，Satanhasbeenhandledsomewhatroughly，andtheartsofthepuffershavebeenexposedwithgoodsenseandspirit。Weshall，therefore，beveryconcise。
OfthetwopoemsweratherpreferthatontheOmnipresenceoftheDeity，forthesamereasonwhichinducedSirThomasMoretorankonebadbookaboveanother。"Marry，thisissomewhat。Thisisrhyme。Buttheotherisneitherrhymenorreason。"Satanisalongsoliloquy，whichtheDevilpronouncesinfiveorsixthousandlinesofbadblankverse，concerninggeography，politics，newspapers，fashionablesociety，theatricalamusements，SirWalterScott’snovels，LordByron’spoetry，andMr。Martin’spictures。ThenewdesignsforMiltonhave，aswasnatural，particularlyattractedtheattentionofapersonagewhooccupiessoconspicuousaplaceinthem。Mr。Martinmustbepleasedtolearnthat，whatevermaybethoughtofthoseperformancesonearth，theygivefullsatisfactioninPandaemonium，andthatheistherethoughttohavehitoffthelikenessesofthevariousThronesandDominationsveryhappily。
ThemottotothepoemofSatanistakenfromtheBookofJob:
"Whencecomestthou？Fromgoingtoandfrointheearth，andwalkingupanddowninit。"AndcertainlyMr。RobertMontgomeryhasnotfailedtomakehisherogotoandfro，andwalkupanddown。Withtheexception，however，ofthispropensitytolocomotion，SatanhasnotoneSatanicquality。MadTomhadtoldusthat"theprinceofdarknessisagentleman";butwehadyettolearnthatheisarespectableandpiousgentleman，whoseprincipalfaultisthatheissomethingofatwaddleandfartooliberalofhisgoodadvice。ThathappychangeinhischaracterwhichOrigenanticipated，andofwhichTillotsondidnotdespair，seemstoberapidlytakingplace。Badhabitsarenoteradicatedinamoment。Itisnotstrange，therefore，thatsooldanoffendershouldnowandthenrelapseforashorttimeintowrongdispositions。Buttogivehimhisdue，astheproverbrecommends，wemustsaythathealwaysreturns，aftertwoorthreelinesofimpiety，tohispreachingstyle。WewouldseriouslyadviseMr。
Montgomerytoomitoralteraboutahundredlinesindifferentpartsofthislargevolume，andtorepublishitunderthenameofGabriel。Thereflectionsofwhichitconsistswouldcomelessabsurdly，asfarasthereisamoreandalessinextremeabsurdity，fromagoodthanfromabadangel。
Wecanaffordroomonlyforasinglequotation。Wegiveonetakenatrandom，neitherworsenorbetter，asfaraswecanperceive，thananyotherequalnumberoflinesinthebook。TheDevilgoestotheplay，andmoralisesthereonasfollows:
"MusicandPomptheirminglingspiritshedAroundme:beautiesintheircloud—likerobesShineforth，——ascenicparadise，itglaresIntoxicationthroughthereelingsenseOfflush’denjoyment。InthemotleyhostThreeprimegradationsmayberank’d:thefirst，TomountuponthewingsofShakspeare’smind，AndwinaflashofhisPrometheanthought，Tosmileandweep，toshudder，andachieveAroundofpassionateomnipotence，Attend:thesecond，areasensualtribe，Convenedtohearromanticharlotssing，Onformstobanquetalasciviousgaze，WhilethebrightperfidyofwantoneyesThroughbrainandspiritdartsdeliciousfireThelast，athrongmostpitiful！whoseem，Withtheircorrodedfigures，raylessglance，Anddeath—likestruggleofdecayingage，LikepaintedskeletonsincharnelpompSetforthtosatirisethehumankind！
Howfineaprospectfordemoniacview！
’Creatureswhosesoulsoutbalanceworldsawake！’
MethinksIhearapityingangelcry。"
Hereweconclude。IfourremarksgivepaintoMr。RobertMontgomery，wearesorryforit。But，atwhatevercostofpaintoindividuals，literaturemustbepurifiedfromthistaint。And，toshowthatwearenotactuatedbyanyfeelingofpersonalenmitytowardshim，weherebygivenoticethat，assoonasanybookshall，bymeansofpuffing，reachasecondedition，ourintentionistodountothewriterofitaswehavedoneuntoMr。RobertMontgomery。
INDEXANDGLOSSARYOFALLUSIONS
ABSOLUTE，SirAnthony，aleadingcharacterinSheridan’splayofTheRivalsAdarkerandfiercerspirit，JonathanSwift，thegreatTorywriter（1667—1745）
AgbarusorAbgarus，theallegedauthorofaspuriouslettertoJesusChrist。EdessaisinMesopotamia。
Alboin，KingoftheLombards，561—573，heinvadedItalyasfarastheTiberAlcina，thepersonificationofcarnalpleasureintheOrlandoFuriosoAldus，thefamousVenetianprinter（1447—1515），whoissuedtheAldineeditionsoftheclassicsandinventeditalictypeAlfieri，Italiandramatist，andoneofthepioneersoftherevoltagainsteighteenth—centuryliteraryandsocietymodels（1749—
1803）
Algarotti，Francesco，alitterateur，friendofVoltaire。Fredericmadehimacount（1764）
Alnaschar，see"TheHistoryoftheBarber’sFifthBrother，"
intheArabianNightsAlva，Dukeof，theinfamousgovernoroftheNetherlands（1508—
82）
Amadeus，Victor，"thefaithlessrulerofSavoy，"whoforabribedesertedAustria，whosetroopshewascommander—inchiefofforFrance，in1692
Arbuthnot，Dr。，authoroftheHistoryofJohnBull，friendofSwiftandPope（1679—1735）
Arminius，aGermanwho，asahostage，enteredtheRomanarmy，butafterwardsrevoltedandledhiscountrymenagainstRome（d。23
A。D。）
Armorica，FrancebetweentheSeineandtheLoire，BrittanyArtevelde，Von。，Jacobv。A。andPhilip，hisson，ledthepeopleofFlandersintheirrevoltagainstCountLouisandhisFrenchsupporters（fourteenthcentury）
Ascham，Roger，andAylmer，John，tutorsofQueenElizabethandLadyJaneGreyrespectivelyAthalie，Saul，Cinna，dramasbyRacineAlfieri，andCorneillerespectivelyAtticus，Sporus，i。e。AddisonandLordJohnHervey，satirizedinPope’sEpistletoDr。ArbuthnotAttila，KingoftheHuns，the"ScourgeofGod"whooverrantheRomanEmpirebutwasfinallybeatenbythealliedGothsandRomans（d。453）
Aubrey，John，aneminentantiquarywholostanumberofinheritedestatesbylawsuitsandbadmanagement（1624—97）
BADAJOZandSt。Sebastian，townsinSpaincapturedfromtheFrenchduringthePeninsularWarBastiani，wasatfirstoneofthebigPotsdamgrenadiers;
FredericmadehimAbbotofSilesiaBayes，Miss，withreferencetothenameusedinTheRehearsal，byGeorgeVilliers，DukeofBuckingham，tosatirizeDryden，thepoet—laureateBayle，Pierre，authorofthefamousDictionnaireHistoriqueetCritique;professorofphilosophyatPaduaandatRotterdam（1647—1706）
Beauclerk，Topham，Johnson’sfriend，"thechivalrousT。B。，withhissharpwitandgallant，courtlyways"（Carlyle），（1739—80）
Beaumarchais，seeCarlyle’sFrenchRevolution。AsacomicdramatistherankssecondonlytoMoliere。HesupportedtheRevolutionwithhismoneyandhisversatilepowersofspeechandwriting。HeeditedaneditiondeluxeofVoltaire’sworks（1732—
99）
Behn，Afra，thelicentiousnovelistandmistressofCharles11。
（1640—89），who，asaspyinHolland，discoveredtheDutchplansforburningtheThamesshippingBelle—Isle，Frenchmarshal;foughtintheAustriancampaignof1740andrepelledtheAustrianinvasionof1744（d。1761）
BeloeWilliam，amiscellaneouswriter，whoseversionofHerodotus，sofarfrombeingflat，is，while"infinitelybelowthemodernstandardinpointofaccuracy，muchabovemodernperformanceinpointofreadableness"（Dr。Garnett），（1756—1817）
Bender，80milesN。W。fromOdessa，inS。RussiaBentley，Richard，masterofTrinityCollege，Cambridge，andaneminentphilologist（1662—1742）
Bettesworth，anIrishman，lampoonedinSwift’sMiscellaniesBettyCareless，oneofMacaulay’sinventionswhichsufficientlyexplainsitselfBetty，Master，aboy—actor，knownastheInfantRoscius。Havingacquiredafortunehelivedinretirement（1791—1874）
BlackFrank，Johnson’snegroservant，FrankBarberBlackmore，SirRichard，awordypoetaster（d。1729），whowasthebuttofallcontemporarywitsBlair，Dr。Hugh，Scotchdivineancritic，encouragedMacphersontopublishtheOssianpoetry（1718—1800）
Blatantcast，the，doesnotreallydie。SeetheendofFaeryQueenvi。
BobadilandBeseus，PistolandParolles，braggartcharactersinJonson’sEveryManinHisHumour，BeaumontandFletcher’sKingandnoKing，Shakespeare’sHenryV。，andAll’sWellthatEndsWell，respectivelyBoileau，Nicholas，thegreatFrenchcritic，whoseArtofPoetrylongconstitutedthecanonsofFrenchandEnglishliteraryart（1636—1711）
BoltCourt，ontheN。sideofFleetStreet。JohnsonlivedatNo。
8from1777tillhisdeathin1784
Borodino，70mileswestfromMoscow，wheretheRussiansmadeastandagainstNapoleon，1812
Boscan，aSpanishimitatorofPetrarchAlva’stutor;servedinItaly（1485—1533）
Bourne，Vincent，anusheratWestminsterSchool，mentionedearlyinthe"EssayonWarrenHastings，"
Boyle，Hon。Charles，editedtheLettersofPhalariswhichgaverisetothefamouscontroversywithBentley，forwhich，seetheessayonSirWilliamTemple（vol。iii。ofthisedition）
Bradamante，inAriosto’sOrlandoFurioso，aChristianladywholovestheSaracenknight，RuggieroBrothers，Richard，afanaticwhoheldthattheEnglishwerethelosttentribesofIsrael（1757—1824）
Brownrigg，Mrs。，executedatTyburn（1767）forabusingandmurderingherapprenticesBruhl，Count，thefavouriteofAugustusIII。ofSaxonywhoenrichedhimselfattheriskofruininghismasterandhiscountry。
Bucer，Martin，aGermanreformerwhomediatedbetweenLutherandZwingli，andbecameProfessorofDivinityatCambridge（1491~1551）
Buchanan，George，Scottishscholarandhumanist;tutortoMaryQueenofScotsandJamesVI。（1506—82）
Burn，Richard，anEnglishvicarcompiledseverallawdigestsamongthemtheJusticeofthePeace，（1709—85）
Burnet，Gilbert，bishopofSalisbury，supportedtheclaimsofWilliamofOrangetotheEnglishthrone，andwrotetheHistoryofmyOwnTimes（1643—1715）
Button’s，onthesouthsideofRussellStreet，CovertGardensucceededWill’sasthewits’resortButts，Dr。physician—in—ordinarytoHenryVIII。（d。1545）andoneofthecharactersinShakespeare’sHenryVIII。
CACUS，themythologicalgiantwhostoletheoxenofHerculesCamaldoli，Orderof，foundedbySt。Romauld，aBenedictine（eleventhcentury）intheValeofCamaldoliamongtheTuscanApenninesCambray，Confederatesof，thepope，theemperor。FranceandSpainwhobytheLeagueofCambraycombinedtoattackVeniceCampbell，Dr。John，amiscellaneouspoliticalandhistoricalwriter（1708~75）
Capreae，orCapri，asmallislandnineteenmilessouthfromNaples，thefavouriteresidenceofAugustusandTiberius，andthesceneofthelatter’slicentiousorgiesCapuchins，abranchofthemonasticorderoftheFranciscansCarlile，Richard，adiscipleofTomPaine’swhowasrepeatedlyimprisonedforhisradicalism。HeworkedespeciallyforthefreedomofthePress（1790—1843）
Carter，Mrs。，adistinguishedlinguistandtranslatorofEpictetusCasaubon，Isaac，ProfessorofGreekatGenevaCuratoroftheRoyalLibraryatParis，PrebendaryofCanterbury:afamoussixteenth—centuryscholar（1559—1614），Catinat，Frenchmarshalinchargeofthe1701ItaliancampaignagainstMarlborough’sally，PrinceEugeneofSavoyCave，Edward，printer，editor，publisher，andproprietoroftheGentleman’sMagazine（1691—1754）
Chatelet，Madamedu，Voltaire’smistress，c1733—47（d。1749）
Chaulieu，Guillaume，awittybutnegligentpoetaster（1639—1720）
Chaumette，Pierre，aviolentextremistintheFrenchRevolutionwhoprovokedevenRobespierre’sdisgust;guillotined，1794
Childs，theclergycoffee—houseinSt。Paul’s。St。James’s（ib。）
inthestreetofthatname，wastheresortofbeauxandstatesmenandanotoriousgamblinghouseChillingworth，William，anableEnglishcontroversialdivine;
sufferedatthehandsofthePuritansasanadherentofCharlesI。（1602—43）
Churchill，Charles，aclergymanandsatiricalPoetwhoattackedJohnsoninTheGhost（1731—64）
Clootz，aFrenchRevolutionaryandoneofthefoundersofthe"WorshipofReason:"guillotined1794
Colburn，（Zerah），b。atVermont，U。S。A。，in1804，andnotedinyouthforhisextraordinarypowersofcalculation（d。1840）
Coligni，Gaspardde，FrenchadmiralandleaderoftheHuguenots;
massacredonSt。Bartholomew’sEve，1572
Colle，Charles，dramatistandsong—writer（d。1777）;youngCrebillon（d。1777）wrotefictionCondorcet，aFrenchMarquis（1743—94）ofmoderateRevolutionarytendencies，whofellavictimtotheExtremistsHewroteextensivelyandclearly，butwithoutgeniusConstituentAssembly，theNationalAssemblyofFrancefrom1789
to1792
Corderius，afamoussixteenth—centuryteacher——Calvinwasapupilofhis——inFranceandSwitzerland（d。1564）whopublishedseveralschool—booksCortes，conquerorofMexico（1485—1547）;theSpanishParliamentCotta，Caius，afamousRomanorator，partlycontemporarywithCicero，whomentionshimwithhonourCourland，aprovinceontheBalticoncebelongingtoPolandsince1795toRussiaCoventry，Solicitor—GeneralofEnglandin1616，Attorney—Generalin1620andLordKeeperin1625
Cradock，Joseph，aversatilewriterandactorwhoseramblingLiteraryandMiscellaneousMemoirscontainseveralanecdotesofJohnsonandhiscircle（1742—1826）
CurllandOsborne，twonotoriousbooksellerswhoowetheirimmortalitytoPope’sDunciadCurtius，thenobleRomanyouthwholeapedintothechasmintheForumandsocloseditbythesacrificeofRome’smostpreciouspossession——agoodcitizenDACIER，Andrew，aFrenchscholarwhoeditedthe"Delphin"editionoftheclassicsfortheDauphin，andtranslatedmanyofthem（1651—1722）
Dangerfield，Thomas，Popishplotdiscovererandfalsewitness（1650？—1685）
Davies，Tom，theactor—booksellerwhowrotetheMemoirsofDavidGarrick，andwasoneofJohnson’scircle（1712—85）。"Thefamousdogmaoftheoldphysiologists"is"corruptiouniusgeneratioestalterius"（NotesandQueries，Ser。8，vol。ix。，p。56）
Davila，afamousFrenchsoldierandhistorianwhoservedunderHenryofNavarre;wrotethefamousHistoryoftheCivilWarinFrance（1576—1631）
DellaCrusca，thesignatureofRobertMerry（1755—98），theleaderofamutual—admirationbandofpoetasters，whohadtheirhead—
quartersatFlorence，andhencecalledthemselvestheDellaCruscans。Gifford（q。v。）pulverisedtheminhisBaviadandMerviadDentatus，theold—typeRomanwho，aftermanyvictoriesandtakingimmensebooty，retiredtoasmallfarmwhichhehimselftilledDesfontaines，aJesuitwhoputoutapiratededitionofVoltaire’sLaLigueDessaix，adistinguished，upright，andchivalrousFrenchgeneralunderNapoleon，whofellatMarengo（1800）
Diafoirus，thenameoftwopedanticcharactersinMoliere’sMaladeImaginaireDiatessaron，aharmonyofthegospels，theearliestexamplebeingthatcompiledbyTatianc。170A。D。
Digby，Lord，oneoftheRoyalistleadersandatypicalCavalierDiodorusauthorofauniversalhistoryofwhichfifteenbooksstillremain（50B。C。—13A。D。）
DistressedMother，byAmbrosePhillipps，modelledonRacine’sAndromaqueDomdaniel，ahallundertherootsoftheocean，wheregnomesmagicians，andevilspiritsholdcouncil（seeSouthey’sThalaba）
Domenichino，acelebratedItalianpainterofsacredsubjects;
persecutedandpossiblypoisonedbyhisrivals（1581—1641）
Douw，Gerard，distinguishedDutchpainter，oneofRembrandt’spupils;hisworksarefamedfortheirperfectfinishanddelicacy（1613—75）
Dubois，Guillaume，cardinalandprimeministerofFrance，notedforhisabilityandhisdebauchery（1656—1723）
D’Urfey，Tom，afacetiouscomedianandsong—writer，favouredbyCharlesII。Knownforhiscollectionofsonnets，PillstoPurgeMelancholy（1628—1703）
ECLIPSE，afamouschestnutrace—horsewhobetween3rdMay，1769
and4thOctober，1770，hadamostsuccessfulrecordEncyclopaedia，thefamousworkwhich，editedbyD’AlembertandDiderot，andcontributedtobythemosteminentsavantsofFrance，wasissued1751—77，andcontributednotalittletofantheflameofRevolution。ThePhilosophicalDictionarywasasimilarproductionEssex，QueenElizabeth’sfavouritecourtierwhotookCadizin1596
EupheliaandRhodoclea……Comelia……Tranquilla，signaturestolettersintheRambler（Nos。42，46;62;51;10，119）
Exons，i。e。"ExemptsoftheGuards，""officerswhocommandedwhenthelieutenantorensignwasabsent，andwhohadchargeofthenightwatch，"
Eylau，20milessouthfromKonigsbergvictoryofNapoleon，1807
FAIRFAX，Edward，oneofthe"improvers"ofEnglishversification。
TranslatedTassointhesamestanzasastheoriginal，andwroteonDemonology（d。c。1632）
Farnese，Alexander，DukeofParma，GovernoroftheNetherlandsunderPhilipII。andthefirstcommanderofhisageFaunus，grandsonofSaturnandgodoffieldsandshepherds，lateridentifiedwiththeGreekPanFaustina，Empress，（i）wifeofAntoninusPius;（ii）daughterof（i）
andwifeofMarcusAurelius。BothwereequallylicentiousFavorinus，arhetoricianandsophist，whoflourishedinGaul，c。
125A。D。
Felton，John，whoassassinatedtheDukeofBuckinghamin1628
Ferguson，SirAdam，M。P。forAyrshire，1774—80
Filmer，SirRobert，advocatedthedoctrineofabsoluteregalpowerinhisPatriarcha，1680，FlecknoeandSettle，synonymsforvilenessinpoetry（cp。MoeviusandBairusamongtheRomans）。FlecknoewasanIrishpriestwhoprintedahostofworthlessmatter。Settlewasaplaywright，whodegeneratedintoa"city—poetandapuppet—show"keeper;bothweresatirizedbyDrydenFleury，Frenchcardinalandstatesman，tutorandadviserofLouisXV。（1653—1743）
Florimel。（seeSpenser’sFaeryQueen，booksiii。andiv。）
Fox，George，andNaylor，James，contemporariesofBunyan，andearlyleadersoftheSocietyofFriendsor"Quakers，"
Fracastorius，Italianphilosopher，mathematician，andpoetrankedbyScaligerasnexttoVirgilFraguier，Pere，aneminentmanofletters，sometimeaJesuit。AnelegantLatinversifier，especiallyonphilosophicalthemes（1666—1728）
FrancdePompignan，Advocate—GeneralofFrance，anAcademicianandanopponentofEncyclopaedists，inconsequenceofwhichVoltairelampoonedhim（1709—84）
FrancheComte，thatpartofFrancewhichliessouthofLorraineandwestofSwitzerlandFreron，tooksideswiththeChurchagainsttheattacksofVoltaire;hadsomereputationasacritic（d。1776）
GALLIENUSandHonorius，lateRomanemperorswhosufferedfrombarbaricinvasionsGalt，JohnScotchcustom—houseofficerandnovelist，wroteTheAyrshireLegatees，TheProvost，SirAndrewWylie，etc。
Galway，Lord（MacaulayisnotquitesosevereonhiminhisHistoryofEngland）
Ganganelli，whoasClementXIV。heldthepapacy，1769—74，andsuppressedtheJesuitsGeorgeofTrebizond，acelebratedhumanist（1396—1486），professorofGreekatVenicein1428andpapalsecretaryatRome，C。1450
Gibby，Sir，SirGilbertHeathcoteGifford，editoroftheAnti—JacobinandafterwardsoftheQuarterlyReview，inwhichheattackedWordsworth，Shelley，andKeats。Hissatires，theBaviadandtheMaviad，hadsomereputationintheirday（1757—1826）
Gilpin，Rev。JoshuaG。，rectorofWrockwardine，whosenewandcorrectededitionofthePilgrim’sProgressappearedin1811
GodfreyofBouillon，aleaderoftheFirstCrusade;hetookJerusalemin1099
Goldoni，"thefounderofItalianComedy"（1707—93），whosepiecessupplantedtheolderItalianfarcesandburlesquesGondomar，Countof，theSpanishambassadoratthecourtofJamesI。whoruinedRaleigh，andnegotiatedtheproposedmarriageofCharlesI。withtheInfantaGonsalvodeCordova，thegreatcaptainwhotookGranadafromtheMoors，ZantefromtheTurks，andNaplesfromtheFrench（1443—
1515）
Grecian，the，theresortofthelearnedinDevereuxStreetStrandGrotius，acelebratedDutchscholar，equallyfamedforhisknowledgeoftheology，history，andlaw（d。1645）
Gwynn，Nell，anorangegirlwhobecamemistressofCharlesII。
andtheancestressoftheDukesofSt。AlbansHAILES，Lord，DavidDalrymple，authoroftheAnnalsofScotland（1726—92）
Hale，SirMatthew，ChiefJusticeoftheKing’sBenchunderCharlesII，andauthorofseveralreligiousandmoralworksHalford，SirHenry，oneoftheleadingphysiciansinMacaulay’sday（1766—1844）
Hamilton，Gerard，M。P。forPetersfield，andofasomewhatdespicablecharacter。Thenicknamewas"Single—speechHamilton，"
Harpagon，themiserinMoliere’sL’AvareHawkins，SirJohn。aclubcompanionofJohnson’s（d。1780），whoseLifeandWorksofJohnson（IIvols。，1787—89）wasacarelesspieceofwork，soonsupersededbyBoswell’sHayley，William，Cowper’sfriendandbiographer（1745—1820）。
ByronridiculedhisTriumphsofTemperandTriumphsofMusic，andSoutheysaideverythingwasgoodabouthimexcepthispoetryHenriade，Voltaire’sLaLigue，ouHenrileGrandHierocles，aneo—Platonicphilosopher（c。450A。D。），whoafterlonglabourcollectedabookoftwenty—eightjests，atranslationofwhich（Gentleman’sMagazine，1741）hasbeenattributedtoJohnsonHill，Aaron，playwright，stage—manager，andprojectorofbubbleschemes（1685—1750）。SeePope’sDunciad，ii。295ff。
Hippocrene，"thefountainoftheMuses，formedbythehoofofPegasus"
Holbach，Baron，aFrench"philosophe"whoentertainedathishospitableboardinParisalltheEncyclopaedia（q。v。）writers;amaterialist，butaphilanthropist（1723—89）
Holofernes，thepedanticschool—masterinLove’sLabour’sLastHome，John，aministeroftheScottishChurch（1724—1808），whosetragedyofDouglaswasproducedinEdinburghin1756
Hoole，John，aclerkintheIndiaHouse，whoworkedattranslations，e。g。ofTassoandAriosto，andoriginalliteratureinhissparehoursHotelofRambouillet，theintellectualsalonwhichcentredroundtheItalianMarquisedeR。（1588—1665），anddegeneratedintothepedantrywhichMolieresatirizedinLesPreceiusesRidiculesHughes，John，apoetandessayist，whocontributedfrequentlytotheTatler，andGuardian（1677—1720）
Hume，Mr。Joseph，Englishpolitician，reformer，andphilanthropist（1777—1855）
Hurd，Richard，BishopinsuccessionofLichfield，Coventry，andWorcester;editedin1798withfulsomepraisetheworksofhisfellowbishopWarburtonofGloucesterHutchinson，Mrs。，wifeofColonelHutchinson，thegovernorofNottinghamCastleintheCivilWar，whoseMemoirs（published1806）shewroteHutten，Ulrichvon，Germanhumanistandreformer（1488—1523）
IMLAC（seeJohnson’sRasselas，Ch。viiixii。）
Ireland’sVortigern，aplayrepresentedbyW。H。IrelandasShakespeare’sautograph;failedwhenSheridanproduceditin1796，andafterwardsadmittedaforgeryIvimey，Mr。，Baptistdivineandhistorianoftheearlynineteenthcentury，whocompiledalifeofBunyanJANSENIANCONTROVERSY，aroseearlyintheseventeenthcenturyovertheAugustinianprincipleofthesovereignandtheirresistiblenatureofdivinegrace，deniedbytheJesuits。InconnectionwiththiscontroversyPascalwrotehisProvincialLettersJeanieDeans（seeScott’sTheHeartOfMidlothian）
Jedwoodjustice;thelittletownofJedburghwasprominentinborder—warfare，anditsjusticewasproverbiallysummary，theexecutionoftheaccusedusuallyprecedinghistrialJonathan’sandGarraway’s，Coffee—housesinCornhillandExchangeAlleyrespectively，speciallyresortedtobybrokersandmerchantsJortin，John，aneminentandscholarlydivine，whowroteontheTruth，ChristianReligionandonHistory（1698—1770）
Julius，thesecondpope（1502—13）ofthatname，whosemilitaryzealoutranhispriestlyinclination。HefoughtagainsttheVenetians，andtheFrenchJustiza，MMayor，"amagistrateappointedbyKingandtheCorteswhoactedasmediatorbetweentheKingandthepeople。"PhilipII。abolishedtheoffice）
KENRICK，William，ahackwriter，whointheMonthlyReviewin1765，attackedJohnson’sShakespearewith"acertaincoarsesmartness"（1725？—79）
KitcatClub，foundedc。1700bythirty—nineHanoverianstatesmenandauthorsonthebasisofanearliersociety（seeSpectatorNo。9）
LABRUYERE，Johnde，tutortotheDukeofBurgundyandamemberoftheAcademy;authorofCharactersafterthemannerofTheophrastus（1644~96）
LaClos，authorofLiaisonsDangereuses，amasterpieceofimmorality（1741—1803）
Lambert，Daniel，weighed739lbs。，andmeasured3yds。4ins。
roundthewaist（1770—1809）
Langton，Bennet，aclassicalscholarandcontributortoTheIdler。EnteredJohnson’scirclein1752（1737—1801）
LeagueofCambray，theunionin1508ofAustria，France，SpainandthePapacyagainstVeniceLeagueofPilnitz，betweenAustria，Prussia，andothers（1791）
fortherestorationofLouisXVI。
Lee，Nathaniel，aplay—writerwhohelpedDrydeninhisDukeofGuise（1655—92）
LemanLake，LakeofGenevaLopedeVega，Spain’sgreatest，andtheworld’smostprolificdramatist。SecretarytotheInquisition（1562—1635）
Lunsford，anotoriousbullyandprofligate;aspecimenoftheworsttypeoftheroyalistcaptainsMACLEOD，Colonel（seeTourtotheHebrides，Sept。23）
Mainwaring，Arthur，editoroftheMedley，andWhigpamphleteer（1668—1712）
Malbranche，Nicholas，triedtoadoptandexplainthephilosophyofDescartesintheinterestsoftheology（d。1715）
Mallet，David，aliteraryadventurerwhocollaboratedwithThomsoninwritingthemasqueAlfredinwhichthesong"RuleBritannia"wasproduced（1703—65）
Malone，Edmund，aneminentShakesperianscholar，whoalsowroteaLifeofReynoldsandaLifeofDryden（1741—1812）
Manfred，KingoftheTwoSicilieswhostruggledforhisbirthrightagainstthreepopes，whoexcommunicatedhimandgavehiskingdomtoCharlesofAnjou，fightingagainstwhomhefellin1266
Manichees，thesectfoundedbyMani（whodeclaredhimselftobetheParaclete）whichheldablendofMagian，Buddhist，andChristianprinciplesManlius，theRomanherowhoinB。C。390savedRomefromtheGauls，andwhowaslaterputtodeathonachargeoftreasonMarat，JeanPaul，afanaticaldemocratwhoseonefixedideawaswholesaleslaughterofthearistocracy;assassinatedbyCharlotteCorday（1743—93）
Markland，Jeremiahafamousclassicalscholarandcritic（1693—
1776）
Marli，aroyal（nowpresidential）country—housetenmileswestfromParisMarsilioFicino，aneminentItalianPlatonist，notedforhispurityoflifeandforhisaidtotheRenaissance（1433—99）
MasonWilliam，friendandbiographerofGray;wroteCaractacusandsomeodes（1725—97）
Massillon，JeanBaptiste，famousFrenchpreacher，BishopofClermont，amasterofstyleandpersuasiveeloquence。（1663—
1742）
MasteroftheSentences，PeterLombard，adiscipleofAbelardandoneofthemostfamousofthe"Schoolmen"ofthetwelfthcenturyMaximin，surnamedThrax——"theTracian。"RomanEmperor，235—38。
HiscrueltyrannyledtoarevoltinwhichhewasmurderedbyhisownsoldiersMeillerie，ontheLakeofGeneva，immortalisedbyJ。J。RousseauMerovingians，adynastyofFrankishkingsinthesixthandseventhcenturiesA。D。
Metastasio，PietroTrapassi，anItalianpoet（1698—1782）
Mina，afamousguerillachiefinthePeninsularwar，and（in1834）againstDonCarlo（1781—1834）。Empecinado（="coveredwithpitch"）anick—namegiventoJuanMatinDiaz，anearlycomradeofMinaMirabelandMillamont，theBenedickandBeatriceofBeaumontandFletcher’sWildgooseChaseMithridates，kingofPontus（B。C。120—63），famousforhisstruggleagainstRome，andthegeneralvigourandabilityofhisintellectMoliere’sdoctors（seeL’AmourMedecin（II。iii。），LeMaladeImaginaire，andLeMedicinmalgrelui）
Mompesson，SirGiles，oneoftheCommissionersforthegrantingofmonopolylicensesMonksandGiants，"ThesestanzasarefromapoembyHookhamFrere，reallyentitledProspectusandspecimenofanintenedednationalWork……relatingtoKingArthurandhisRoundTable，"
MonmouthStreet，nowcalledDudleyStreetMorganteMaggiore，aserio—comicromanceinverse，byPulciofFlorence（1494）
Morone，anItaliancardinalanddiplomatist（1509—80）
Murillo，Spain’sgreatestpainter（1618—82）
Murphy，Arthur，anactor—author，who，besideswritingsomeplays，editedFielding，andpublishedanEssayontheLifeandGeniusofSamuelJohnson（1727—1815）
Murray，Lindley，thePennsylvaniagrammarian（1745—1826），whosettlednearYork，andthereproducedhisGrammaroftheEnglishLanguageNARSEStheRomangeneral（d。573）whodrovetheGothsoutofRome。InhisyouthhehadbeenaslaveNephelococcygia，i。e。"Cuckootowninthecloud"——afictitiouscityreferredtointheBirdsofAristophanes，NewdigateandSeatonianpoetry，versewrittenincompetitionforprizesfoundedbySirR……NewdigateandRev。Thos。SeatonatOxfordandCambridgerespectively，Dodsley（ib。）wasanhonestpublisherandauthorwhobroughtoutPoemsbySeveralHandsin1748，Nugent，Dr。，oneoftheoriginalmembersandaregularattendantatthemeetingsoftheLiteraryClubOCTOBERCLUB，aHighChurchToryClubofQueenAnne’stime，whichmetattheBellTavern，WestminsteroDaphnisK。T。L。，"Daphniswentintothewaters;theeddiesswirledoverthemanwhomtheMuseslovedandthenymphshelddear"（Theocritus，Idylls，i。）。AnallusiontoShelley’sdeathOdoacer，aHun，whobecameemperor，andwasassassinatedbyhiscolleagueTheodorictheOstrogothin493
Oldmixon，John，adullandinsipidhistorian（1673—1742），roughlyhandledbyPopeintheDunciad（ii。283）
OrlandoFurioso，Ariosto’s（1471—1533）greatpoemofchivalrysuggestedbytheOrlandoInnamoratoofBoiardo（c。1430—94）。
AlcinaisakindofCirceintheOrlandoFuriosoOrtiz，eighteenth—centuryhistorian，authorofCompendiodelaHistoriadeEspanaOsborn，John，anotoriousbooksellerwho"sweated"PopeandJohnsonamongotherauthors（d。1767）
Otho，Romanemperor（69A。D。）Theonlybrasscoinsbearinghisnamewerestruckintheprovinces，andareveryrarePADALON，theHinduabodeofdepartedSpiritsPaestum，ancientPosidonia，mod。Pesto，22milesS。E。fromSalerno，471
Pantheon，acirculartempleinRome，erectedbyAgrippa，son—in—
lawofAugustus，anddedicatedtothegodsingeneral:nowachurchandplaceofburialfortheillustriousItaliandeadPaoli，theCorsicangeneral（1796—1807）who，failingagainstthemightofFrance，madehishomeinEngland，andwaschaperonedbyBoswellParnell，Thomas，ArchdeaconofClogher，satiristandtranslator。
Hewasasweetandeasypoetwithahighmoraltone;friendofAddisonandSwift（1679—1718）
ParsonBarnabas，ParsonTrulliber（seeFielding’sJosephAndrews）
Pasquin，Antony，afifteenth—centuryItaliantailor，notedforhiscausticwitPaulicianTheologyoriginatedinArmenia，andflourishedc。660—
970A。D。BesidescertainManicheeelementsitdeniedthedeityofJesusandabjuredMariolatryandthesacramentsPescara，Marquisof，anItaliangeneralwhobetrayedtotheemperor，CharlesV。，theplotofFrancescoSforzafordrivingtheSpaniardsandGermansoutofItalyPeterMartyr，anamebornebythreepersonages。ThereferencehereistotheItalianProtestantreformerwhomadehishomesuccessivelyinSwitzerland，England，Strasburg，andZurich（d。
1562）
Phidias，Athens’sgreatestsculptor。AcontemporaryofPericles（d。432B。C。）
Philips，John，bestrememberedbyTheSplendidShilling，agoodburlesqueinimitationofMilton（1676—1708）
Pilpay，theIndianAesop。ForthepedigreeofthePilpayliterature，seeJacobs:FablesofBidpai（1888），641
PisistratusandGelon，twoableGreciantyrantswhoruledbeneficiallyatAthens（541—527B。C。），andatSyracuse（484—473
B。C。），respectivelyPococurante，onewhocareslittleandknowsless:adabblerPorridgeIsland，theslangnameofanalleynearSt。Martin’s—in—
the—Fields，whichwaspulleddownc。1830
Politian，adistinguishedpoetandscholarinthetimeoftheItalianRenaissance;professorofGreekandLatinatFlorence（1454—94）
Pompadour，Madamede，mistressofLouisXV。，andvirtuallyrulerofFrancefrom1745tillherdeathin1764
Prior，Matthew，awitandpoetoftheearlyeighteenthcenturywhoselyricswerepronouncedbyThackeraytobe"amongsttheeasiest，therichest，themostcharminglyhumorous"intheEnglishlanguage，Pudding，Jack，aclownwhoswallowsblackpuddings，etc。Cp。
Germ。HansWorst，Fr。Jean—potagePulci，aFlorentinepoet（notedforhishumorousSonnets），andfriendofLorenzode’Medici（1432—84）
Pye——theimmediate——Cibber——moreremote——predecessorofSoutheyintheLaureateshipPyrgopolynices，abraggartcharacterinPlautus’sMilesGloriosusPyrrho，"thefatheroftheGreeksceptics，"contemporarywithAristotle。Like，Carneades（ib。），hedeniedthattherewasanycriterionofcertaintyinthenaturalorthemoralworldQUEDLINBURGH，anoldtowninSaxonyatthefootoftheHarz，longafavouriteresidenceofthemediaevalemperorsRALPHO，theclerkandsquireofHudibrasinSamuelButler’ssatireofthatnameRambouillet，themarchionessofthisnamewasawealthypatronofartandliterature，andgatheredroundheraselectsalonofintellectualpeople，whichdegeneratedintopedantry，wasridiculed，anddissolvedatherdeathin1665