Thevoicediffersslightly,asIaminformedbyMr。Dixon,inalmosteverybreed。TheMalays(7/66。Fergusonon’PrizePoultry’page87。)havealoud,deep,somewhatprolongedcrow,butwithconsiderableindividualdifference。
ColonelSykesremarksthatthedomesticKulmcockinIndiahasnottheshrillclearpipeoftheEnglishbird,and"hisscaleofnotesappearsmorelimited。"Dr。Hookerwasstruckwiththe"prolongedhowlingscreech"ofthecocksinSikhim。(7/67。Col。Sykesin’Proc。Zoolog。Soc。’1832page151。
Dr。Hooker’s’HimalayanJournals’volume1page314。)ThecrowoftheCochinisnotoriouslyandludicrouslydifferentfromthatofthecommoncock。Thedispositionofthedifferentbreedsiswidelydifferent,varyingfromthesavageanddefianttemperoftheGame—cocktotheextremelypeaceabletemperoftheCochins。Thelatter,ithasbeenasserted,"grazetoamuchgreaterextentthananyothervarieties。"TheSpanishfowlssuffermorefromfrostthanotherbreeds。]
Beforewepassontotheskeleton,thedegreeofdistinctnessoftheseveralbreedsfromG。bankivaoughttobenoticed。SomewritersspeakoftheSpanishasoneofthemostdistinctbreeds,andsoitisingeneralaspect;butitscharacteristicdifferencesarenotimportant。TheMalayappearstomemoredistinct,fromitstallstature,smalldroopingtailwithmorethanfourteentail—feathers,andfromitssmallcombandwattles;
nevertheless,oneMalaysub—breediscolouredalmostexactlylikeG。
bankiva。SomeauthorsconsiderthePolishfowlasverydistinct;butthisisasemi—monstrousbreed,asshownbytheprotuberantandirregularlyperforatedskull。TheCochin,fromitsdeeplyfurrowedfrontalbones,peculiarlyshapedoccipitalforamen,shortwing—feathers,shorttailcontainingmorethanfourteenfeathers,broadnailtothemiddletoe,fluffyplumage,roughanddark—colouredeggs,andespeciallyfromitspeculiarvoice,isprobablythemostdistinctofallthebreeds。Ifanyoneofourbreedshasdescendedfromsomeunknownspecies,distinctfromG。
bankiva,itisprobablytheCochin;butthebalanceofevidencedoesnotfavourthisview。AllthecharacteristicdifferencesoftheCochinbreedaremoreorlessvariable,andmaybedetectedinagreaterorlesserdegreeinotherbreeds。Onesub—breediscolouredcloselylikeG。bankiva。
Thefeatheredlegs,oftenfurnishedwithanadditionaltoe,thewingsincapableofflight,theextremelyquietdisposition,indicatealongcourseofdomestication;andthesefowlscomefromChina,whereweknowthatplantsandanimalshavebeentendedfromaremoteperiodwithextraordinarycare,andwhereconsequentlywemightexpecttofindprofoundlymodifieddomesticraces。
OSTEOLOGICALDIFFERENCES。
Ihaveexaminedtwenty—sevenskeletonsandfifty—threeskullsofvariousbreeds,includingthreeofG。bankiva:nearlyhalfoftheseskullsIowetothekindnessofMr。Tegetmeier,andthreeoftheskeletonstoMr。Eyton。
SKULL。
(FIGURE33。OCCIPITALFORAMEN,ofnaturalsize。A。WildGallusbankiva。B。
CochinCock。
FIGURE34。SKULLSofnaturalsize,viewedfromabove,alittleobliquely。
A。WildGallusbankiva。B。White—crestedPolishCock。
FIGURE35。LONGITUDINALSECTIONSOFSKULL,ofnaturalsize,viewedlaterally;A。PolishCock。B。CochinCock,selectedforcomparisonwiththeabovefrombeingofnearlythesamesize。
FIGURE36。SKULLOFHORNEDFOWL,ofnaturalsize,viewedfromabove,alittleobliquely。(InthepossessionofTegetmeier。))
[TheSKULLdiffersgreatlyinsizeindifferentbreeds,beingnearlytwiceaslonginthelargestCochins,butnotnearlytwiceasbroad,asinBantams。Thebonesatthebase,fromtheoccipitalforamentotheanteriorend(includingthequadratesandpterygoids),areabsolutelyidenticalinSHAPEinalltheskulls。Soisthelowerjaw。Intheforeheadslightdifferencesareoftenperceptiblebetweenthemalesandfemales,evidentlycausedbythepresenceofthecomb。IneverycaseItaketheskullofG。
bankivaasthestandardofcomparison。InfourGames,inoneMalayhen,inanAfricancock,inaFrizzledcockfromMadras,intwoblack—bonedSilkhens,nodifferencesworthnoticeoccur。InthreeSPANISHcocks,theformoftheforeheadbetweentheorbitsdiffersconsiderably;inoneitisconsiderablydepressed,whilstinthetwoothersitisratherprominent,withadeepmedialfurrow;theskullofthehenissmooth。InthreeskullsofSEBRIGHTBANTAMSthecrownismoreglobular,andslopesmoreabruptlytotheocciput,thaninG。bankiva。InaBantamorJumperfromBurmahthesesamecharactersaremorestronglypronounced,andthesupra—occiputismorepointed。InablackBantamtheskullisnotsoglobular,andtheoccipitalforamenisverylarge,andhasnearlythesamesub—triangularoutlinepresentlytobedescribedinCochins;andinthisskullthetwoascendingbranchesofthepremaxillaryareoverlappedinasingularmannerbytheprocessesofthenasalbone,but,asIhaveseenonlyonespecimen,someofthesedifferencesmaybeindividual。OfCochinsandBrahmas(thelatteracrossedraceapproachingcloselytoCochins)Ihaveexaminedsevenskulls;
atthepointwheretheascendingbranchesofthepremaxillaryrestonthefrontalbonethesurfaceismuchdepressed,andfromthisdepressionadeepmedialfurrowextendsbackwardstoavariabledistance;theedgesofthisfissureareratherprominent,asisthetopoftheskullbehindandovertheorbits。Thesecharactersarelessdevelopedinthehens。Thepterygoids,andtheprocessesofthelowerjaw,arebroader,relativelytothesizeofthehead,thaninG。bankiva;andthisislikewisethecasewithDorkingswhenoflargesize。TheforkofthehyoidboneinCochinsistwiceaswideasinG。bankiva,whereasthelengthoftheotherhyoidbonesisonlyasthreetotwo。Butthemostremarkablecharacteristheshapeoftheoccipitalforamen:inG。bankiva(A)thebreadthinahorizontallineexceedstheheightinaverticalline,andtheoutlineisnearlycircular;
whereasinCochins(B)theoutlineissub—triangular,andtheverticallineexceedsthehorizontallineinlength。ThissameformlikewiseoccursintheblackBantamabovereferredto,andanapproachtoitmaybeseeninsomeDorkings,andinaslightdegreeincertainotherbreeds。
OfDorkingsIhaveexaminedthreeskulls,onebelongingtothewhite—sub—
breed;theonecharacterdeservingnoticeisthebreadthofthefrontalbones,whicharemoderatelyfurrowedinthemiddle;thusinaskullwhichwaslessthanonceandahalfthelengthofthatofG。bankiva,thebreadthbetweentheorbitswasexactlydouble。OfHamburghsIhaveexaminedfourskulls(maleandfemale)ofthepencilledsub—breed,andone(male)ofthespangledsub—breed;thenasalbonesstandremarkablywideapart,butinavariabledegree;consequentlynarrowmembrane—coveredspacesareleftbetweenthetipsofthetwoascendingbranchesofthepre—maxillarybones,whicharerathershort,andbetweenthesebranchesandthenasalbones。Thesurfaceofthefrontalbone,onwhichthebranchesofthepremaxillaryrest,isverylittledepressed。Thesepeculiaritiesnodoubtstandincloserelationwiththebroad,flattenedrose—combcharacteristicoftheHamburghbreed。
IhaveexaminedfourteenskullsofPOLISHANDOTHERCRESTEDBREEDS。Theirdifferencesareextraordinary。Firstfornineskullsofdifferentsub—
breedsofEnglishPolishfowls。Thehemisphericalprotuberanceofthefrontalbones(7/68。SeeMr。Tegetmeier’saccountwithwoodcutsoftheskullofPolishfowlsin’Proc。Zoolog。Soc。’November25,1856。ForotherreferencesseeIsid。GeoffroySaint—Hilaire’Hist。Gen。desAnomalies’tome1page287。M。C。Darestesuspects(’RecherchessurlesConditionsdelaVie’etc。Lille1863page36)thattheprotuberanceisnotformedbythefrontalbones,butbytheossificationoftheduramater。)maybeseeninfigure34,inwhich(B)theskullofawhite—crestedPolishfowlisshownobliquelyfromabove,withtheskull(A)of(G。bankivainthesameposition。Infigure35longitudinalsectionsaregivenoftheskullofaPolishfowl,and,forcomparison,ofaCochinofthesamesize。TheprotuberanceinallPolishfowlsoccupiesthesamepositionbutdiffersmuchinsize。Inoneofmyninespecimensitwasextremelyslight。Thedegreetowhichtheprotuberanceisossifiedvariesgreatly,largerorsmallerportionsofbonebeingreplacedbymembrane。Inonespecimentherewasonlyasingleopenpore;generally,therearemanyvariouslyshapedopenspaces,theboneforminganirregularreticulation。Amedial,longitudinal,archedribbonofboneisgenerallyretained,butinonespecimentherewasnobonewhateveroverthewholeprotuberance,andtheskull,whencleanedandviewedfromabove,presentedtheappearanceofanopenbasin。Thechangeinthewholeinternalformoftheskullissurprisinglygreat。Thebrainismodifiedinacorrespondingmanner,asisshowninthetwolongitudinalsections,whichdeserveattentiveconsideration。Theupperandanteriorcavityofthethreeintowhichtheskullmaybedivided,istheonewhichissogreatlymodified;itisevidentlymuchlargerthanintheCochinskullofthesamesize,andextendsmuchfurtherbeyondtheinterorbitalseptum,butlaterallyislessdeep。Thiscavity,asIhearfromMr。Tegetmeier,isentirelyfilledwithbrain。IntheskulloftheCochinandofallordinaryfowlsastronginternalridgeofboneseparatestheanteriorfromthecentralcavity;butthisridgeisquiteabsentinthePolishskullherefigured。TheshapeofthecentralcavityiscircularinthePolish,andlengthenedintheCochinskull。Theshapeoftheposteriorcavity,togetherwiththeposition,size,andnumberoftheporesforthenerves,differmuchinthesetwoskulls。A
pitdeeplypenetratingtheoccipitalboneoftheCochinisentirelyabsentinthisPolishskull,whilstinanotherspecimenitwaswelldeveloped。Inthissecondspecimenthewholeinternalsurfaceoftheposteriorcavitylikewisedifferstoacertainextentinshape。Imadesectionsoftwootherskulls,——namely,ofaPolishfowlwiththeprotuberancesingularlylittledeveloped,andofaSultaninwhichitwasalittlemoredeveloped;andwhenthesetwoskullswereplacedbetweenthetwoabovefigured(figure35),aperfectgradationintheconfigurationofeachpartoftheinternalsurfacecouldbetraced。InthePolishskull,withasmallprotuberance,theridgebetweentheanteriorandmiddlecavitieswaspresent,butlow;
andintheSultanthisridgewasreplacedbyanarrowfurrowstandingonabroadraisedeminence。
ItmaynaturallybeaskedwhethertheseremarkablemodificationsintheformofthebrainaffecttheintellectofPolishfowls;somewritershavestatedthattheyareextremelystupid,butBechsteinandMr。Tegetmeierhaveshownthatthisisbynomeansgenerallythecase。NeverthelessBechstein(7/69。’NaturgeschichteDeutschlands’b。31793s。400。)statesthathehadaPolishhenwhich"wascrazy,andanxiouslywanderedaboutalldaylong。"Aheninmypossessionwassolitaryinherhabits,andwasoftensoabsorbedinreveriethatshecouldbetouched;shewasalsodeficientinthemostsingularmannerinthefacultyoffindingherway,sothat,ifshestrayedahundredyardsfromherfeeding—place,shewascompletelylost,andwouldthenobstinatelytrytoproceedinawrongdirection。IhavereceivedotherandsimilaraccountsofPolishfowlsappearingstupidorhalf—idiotic。(7/70。The’Field’May11,1861。IhavereceivedcommunicationstoasimilareffectfromMessrs。BrentandTegetmeier。)
ToreturntotheskullofPolishfowls。Theposteriorpart,viewedexternally,differslittlefromthatofG。bankiva。Inmostfowlstheposterior—lateralprocessofthefrontalboneandtheprocessofthesquamosalboneruntogetherandareossifiedneartheirextremities:thisunionofthetwobones,however,isnotconstantinanybreed;andinelevenoutoffourteenskullsofcrestedbreeds,theseprocesseswerequitedistinct。Theseprocesses,whennotunited,insteadofbeinginclinedanteriorly,asinallcommonbreeds,descendatrightanglestothelowerjaw;andinthiscasethelongeraxisofthebonycavityoftheearislikewisemoreperpendicular,thaninotherbreeds。Whenthesquamosalprocessisfreeinsteadofexpandingatthetip,itisreducedtoanextremelyfineandpointedstyle,ofvariablelength。Thepterygoidandquadratebonespresentnodifferences。Thepalatinebonesarealittlemorecurvedupwardsattheirposteriorends。Thefrontalbones,anteriorlytotheprotuberance,are,asinDorkings,verybroad,butinavariabledegree。Thenasalboneseitherstandfarapart,asinHamburghs,oralmosttoucheachother,andinoneinstancewereossifiedtogether。Eachnasalboneproperlysendsoutinfronttwolongprocessesofequallengths,formingafork;butinallthePolishskulls,exceptone,theinnerprocesswasconsiderably,butinavariabledegree,shortenedandsomewhatupturned。Inalltheskulls,exceptone,thetwoascendingbranchesofthepremaxillary,insteadofrunningupbetweentheprocessesofthenasalbonesandrestingontheethmoidbone,aremuchshortenedandterminateinablunt,somewhatupturnedpoint。Inthoseskullsinwhichthenasalbonesapproachquiteclosetoeachotherorareossifiedtogether,itwouldbeimpossiblefortheascendingbranchesofthepremaxillarytoreachtheethmoidandfrontalbones;henceweseethateventherelativeconnectionoftheboneshasbeenchanged。Apparentlyinconsequenceofthebranchesofthepremaxillaryandoftheinnerprocessesofthenasalbonesbeingsomewhatupturned,theexternalorificesofthenostrilsareupraisedandassumeacrescenticoutline。
ImuststillsayafewwordsonsomeoftheforeignCrestedbreeds。Theskullofacrested,rumpless,whiteTurkishfowlwasveryslightlyprotuberant,andbutlittleperforated;theascendingbranchesofthepremaxillarywerewelldeveloped。InanotherTurkishbreed,calledGhoondooks,theskullwasconsiderablyprotuberantandperforated;theascendingbranchesofthepremaxillaryweresomuchabortedthattheyprojectedonly1/15thofaninch;andtheinnerprocessesofthenasalboneweresocompletelyaborted,thatthesurfacewheretheyshouldhaveprojectedwasquitesmooth。Herethenweseethesetwobonesmodifiedtoanextremedegree。OfSultans(anotherTurkishbreed)Iexaminedtwoskulls;
inthatofthefemaletheprotuberancewasmuchlargerthaninthemale。Inbothskullstheascendingbranchesofthepremaxillarywereveryshort,andinboththenasalportionoftheinnerprocessesofthenasalboneswereossifiedtogether。TheseSultanskullsdifferedfromthoseofEnglishPolishfowlsinthefrontalbones,anteriorlytotheprotuberance,notbeingbroad。
ThelastskullwhichIneeddescribeisauniqueone,lenttomebyMr。
Tegetmeier:itresemblesaPolishskullinmostofitscharacters,buthasnotthegreatfrontalprotuberance;ithas,however,tworoundedknobsofadifferentnature,whichstandmoreinfront,abovethelachrymalbones。
Thesecuriousknobs,intowhichthebraindoesnotenter,areseparatedfromeachotherbyadeepmedialfurrow;andthisisperforatedbyafewminutepores。Thenasalbonesstandratherwideapart,withtheirinnerprocesses,andtheascendingbranchesofthepremaxillary,upturnedandshortened。Thetwoknobsnodoubtsupportedthetwogreathorn—likeprojectionsofthecomb。
FromtheforegoingfactsweseeinhowastonishingamannersomeofthebonesoftheskullvaryinCrestedfowls。Theprotuberancemaycertainlybecalledinonesenseamonstrosity,asbeingwhollyunlikeanythingobservedinnature:butasinordinarycasesitisnotinjurioustothebird,andasitisstrictlyinherited,itcanhardlyinanothersensebecalledamonstrosity。Aseriesmaybeformedcommencingwiththeblack—bonedSilkfowl,whichhasaverysmallcrestwiththeskullbeneathpenetratedonlybyafewminuteorifices,butwithnootherchangeinitsstructure;andfromthisfirststagewemayproceedtofowlswithamoderatelylargecrest,whichrests,accordingtoBechstein,onafleshymass,butwithoutanyprotuberanceintheskull。ImayaddthatIhaveseenasimilarfleshyorfibrousmassbeneaththetuftoffeathersontheheadoftheTuftedduck;andinthiscasetherewasnoactualprotuberanceintheskull,butithadbecomealittlemoreglobular。Lastly,whenwecometofowlswithalargelydevelopedcrest,theskullbecomeslargelyprotuberantandisperforatedbyamultitudeofirregularopenspaces。Thecloserelationbetweenthecrestandthesizeofthebonyprotuberanceisshowninanotherway;forMr。Tegetmeierinformsmethatifchickenslatelyhatchedbeselectedwithalargebonyprotuberance,whenadulttheywillhavealargecrest。TherecanbenodoubtthatinformertimesthebreederofPolishfowlsattendedsolelytothecrest,andnottotheskull;nevertheless,byincreasingthecrest,inwhichhehasbeenwonderfullysuccessful,hehasunintentionallymadetheskullprotuberanttoanastonishingdegree;andthroughcorrelationofgrowth,hehasatthesametimeaffectedtheformandrelativeconnexionofthepremaxillaryandnasalbones,theshapeoftheorificeofthenose,thebreadthofthefrontalbones,theshapeofthepost—lateralprocessesofthefrontalandsquamosalbones,thedirectionoftheaxisofthebonycavityoftheear,andlastlytheinternalconfigurationofthewholeskulltogetherwiththeshapeofthebrain。
VERTEBRAE。
(FIGURE37。SIXTHCERVICALVERTEBRA,naturalsize,viewedlaterally。A。
WildGallusbankiva。B。Cochincock。)
InG。bankivatherearefourteencervical,sevendorsalwithribs,apparentlyfifteenlumbarandsacral,andsixcaudalvertebrae(7/71。ItappearsthatIhavenotcorrectlydesignatedtheseveralgroupsofvertebrae,foragreatauthority,Mr。W。K。Parker(’Transact。Zoolog。Soc。’
volume5page198)specifies16cervical,4dorsal,15lumbar,and6caudalvertebraeinthisgenus。ButIhaveusedthesametermsinallthefollowingdescriptions。);butthelumbarandsacralaresomuchanchylosedthatIamnotsureoftheirnumber,andthismakesthecomparisonofthetotalnumberofvertebraeintheseveralbreedsdifficult。Ihavespokenofsixcaudalvertebrae,becausethebasaloneisalmostcompletelyanchylosedwiththepelvis;butifweconsiderthenumberasseven,thecaudalvertebraeagreeinalltheskeletons。Thecervicalvertebraeare,asjuststated,inappearancefourteen;butoutoftwenty—threeskeletonsinafitstateforexamination,infiveofthem,namely,intwoGames,intwopencilledHamburghs,andinaPolish,thefourteenthvertebraboreribs,which,thoughsmall,wereperfectlydevelopedwithadoublearticulation。
Thepresenceoftheselittleribscannotbeconsideredasafactofmuchimportance,forallthecervicalvertebraebearrepresentativesofribs;
buttheirdevelopmentinthefourteenthvertebrareducesthesizeofthepassagesinthetransverseprocesses,andmakesthisvertebraexactlylikethefirstdorsalvertebra。Theadditionoftheselittleribsdoesnotaffectthefourteenthcervicalalone,forproperlytheribsofthefirsttruedorsalvertebraaredestituteofprocesses;butinsomeoftheskeletonsinwhichthefourteenthcervicalborelittleribsthefirstpairoftrueribshadwell—developedprocesses。Whenweknowthatthesparrowhasonlynine,andtheswantwenty—threecervicalvertebrae(7/72。
Macgillivray’BritishBirds’volume1page25。),weneedfeelnosurpriseatthenumberofthecervicalvertebraeinthefowlbeing,asitappears,variable。
Therearesevendorsalvertebraebearingribs;thefirstdorsalisneveranchylosedwiththesucceedingfour,whicharegenerallyanchylosedtogether。InoneSultanfowl,however,thetwofirstdorsalvertebraewerefree。Intwoskeletons,thefifthdorsalwasfree;generallythesixthisfree(asinG。bankiva),butsometimesonlyatitsposteriorend,whereincontactwiththeseventh。Theseventhdorsalvertebra,ineverycaseexceptinginoneSpanishcock,wasanchylosedwiththelumbarvertebrae。Sothatthedegreetowhichthesemiddledorsalvertebraeareanchylosedisvariable。
Sevenisthenormalnumberoftrueribs,butintwoskeletonsoftheSultanfowl(inwhichthefourteenthcervicalvertebrawasnotfurnishedwithlittleribs)therewereeightpairs;theeighthpairseemedtobedevelopedonavertebracorrespondingwiththefirstlumbarinG。bankiva;thesternalportionofboththeseventhandeighthribsdidnotreachthesternum。Infourskeletonsinwhichribsweredevelopedonthefourteenthcervicalvertebra,therewere,whenthesecervicalribsareincluded,eightpairs;butinoneGamecock,inwhichthefourteenthcervicalwasfurnishedwithribs,therewereonlysixpairsoftruedorsalribs;thesixthpairinthiscasedidnothaveprocesses,andthusresembledtheseventhpairinotherskeletons;inthisGamecock,asfarascouldbejudgedfromtheappearanceofthelumbarvertebrae,awholedorsalvertebrawithitsribswasmissing。Wethusseethattheribs(whetherornotthelittlepairattachedtothefourteenthcervicalvertebrabecounted)varyfromsixtoeightpair。Thesixthpairisfrequentlynotfurnishedwithprocesses。ThesternalportionoftheseventhpairisextremelybroadinCochins,andiscompletelyossified。Aspreviouslystated,itisscarcelypossibletocountthelumbo—sacralvertebrae;buttheycertainlydonotcorrespondinshapeornumberintheseveralskeletons。Thecaudalvertebraearecloselysimilarinalltheskeletons,theonlydifferencebeingwhetherornotthebasaloneisanchylosedtothepelvis;theyhardlyvaryeveninlength,notbeingshorterinCochins,withtheirshorttail—feathers,thaninotherbreeds;inaSpanishcock,however,thecaudalvertebraewerealittleelongated。Inthreerumplessfowlsthecaudalvertebraewerefewinnumber,andanchylosedtogetherintoamisformedmass。
Intheindividualvertebraethedifferencesinstructureareveryslight。
Intheatlasthecavityfortheoccipitalcondyleiseitherossifiedintoaring,oris,asinBankiva,openonitsuppermargin。TheupperarcofthespinalcanalisalittlemorearchedinCochins,inconformitywiththeshapeoftheoccipitalforamen,thaninG。bankiva。Inseveralskeletonsadifference,butnotofmuchimportance,maybeobserved,whichcommencesatthefourthcervicalvertebra,andisgreatestataboutthesixth,seventh,oreighthvertebra;thisconsistsinthehaemaldescendingprocessesbeingunitedtothebodyofthevertebrabyasortofbuttress。
ThisstructuremaybeobservedinCochins,Polish,someHamburghs,andprobablyotherbreeds;butisabsent,orbarelydeveloped,inGame,Dorking,Spanish,Bantam,andseveralotherbreedsexaminedbyme。OnthedorsalsurfaceofthesixthcervicalvertebrainCochinsthreeprominentpointsaremorestronglydevelopedthaninthecorrespondingvertebraoftheGamefowlorG。bankiva。
PELVIS。
Thisdiffersinsomefewpointsintheseveralskeletons。Theanteriormarginoftheiliumseemsatfirsttovarymuchinoutline,butthisischieflyduetothedegreetowhichthemargininthemiddlepartisossifiedtothecrestofthevertebrae;theoutline,however,doesdifferinbeingmoretruncatedinBantams,andmoreroundedincertainbreeds,asinCochins。Theoutlineoftheischiadicforamendiffersconsiderably,beingnearlycircularinBantams,insteadofegg—shapedasintheBankiva,andmoreregularlyovalinsomeskeletons,asintheSpanish。Theobturatornotchisalsomuchlesselongatedinsomeskeletonsthaninothers。Theendofthepubicbonepresentsthegreatestdifference;beinghardlyenlargedintheBankiva;considerablyandgraduallyenlargedinCochins,andinalesserdegreeinsomeotherbreeds;andabruptlyenlargedinBantams。InoneBantamthisboneextendedverylittlebeyondtheextremityoftheischium。Thewholepelvisinthislatterbirddifferedwidelyinitsproportions,beingfarbroaderproportionallytoitslengththaninBankiva。
(FIGURE38。EXTREMITYOFTHEFURCULA,ofnaturalsize,viewedlaterally。A。
WildGallusbankiva。B。SpangledPolishFowl。C。SpanishFowl。D。DorkingFowl。)
STERNUM。
Thisboneisgenerallysomuchdeformedthatitisscarcelypossibletocompareitsshapestrictlyintheseveralbreeds。Theformofthetriangularextremityofthelateralprocessesdiffersconsiderably,beingeitheralmostequilateralormuchelongated。Thefrontmarginofthecrestismoreorlessperpendicularandvariesgreatly,asdoesthecurvatureoftheposteriorend,andtheflatnessofthelowersurface。Theoutlineofthemanubrialprocessalsovaries,beingwedge—shapedintheBankiva,androundedintheSpanishbreed。TheFURCULUMdiffersinbeingmoreorlessarched,andgreatly,asmaybeseenintheaccompanyingoutlines,intheshapeoftheterminalplate;buttheshapeofthispartdifferedalittleintwoskeletonsofthewildBankiva。TheCORACOIDpresentsnodifferenceworthnotice。TheSCAPULAvariesinshape,beingofnearlyuniformbreadthinBankiva,muchbroaderinthemiddleinthePolishfowl,andabruptlynarrowedtowardstheapexinthetwoSultanfowls。
Icarefullycomparedeachseparateboneofthelegandwing,relativelytothesamebonesinthewildBankiva,inthefollowingbreeds,whichI
thoughtwerethemostlikelytodiffer;namely,inCochin,Dorking,Spanish,Polish,BurmeseBantam,FrizzledIndian,andblack—bonedSilkfowls;anditwastrulysurprisingtoseehowabsolutelyeveryprocess,articulation,andporeagreed,thoughthebonesdifferedgreatlyinsize。
Theagreementisfarmoreabsolutethaninotherpartsoftheskeleton。Instatingthis,Idonotrefertotherelativethicknessandlengthoftheseveralbones;forthetarsivariedconsiderablyinboththeserespects。
Buttheotherlimb—bonesvariedlittleeveninrelativelength。]
Finally,Ihavenotexaminedasufficientnumberofskeletonstosaywhetheranyoftheforegoingdifferences,exceptintheskull,arecharacteristicoftheseveralbreeds。Apparentlysomedifferencesaremorecommonincertainbreedsthaninothers,——asanadditionalribtothefourteenthcervicalvertebrainHamburghsandGames,andthebreadthoftheendofthepubicboneinCochins。BothskeletonsoftheSultanfowlhadeightdorsalvertebrae,andtheendofthescapulainbothwassomewhatattenuated。Intheskull,thedeepmedialfurrowinthefrontalbonesandtheverticallyelongatedoccipitalforamenseemtobecharacteristicofCochins;asisthegreatbreadthofthefrontalbonesinDorkings;theseparationandopenspacesbetweenthetipsoftheascendingbranchesofthepremaxillariesandnasalbones,aswellasthefrontpartoftheskullbeingbutlittledepressed,characteriseHamburghs;theglobularshapeoftheposteriorpartoftheskullseemstobecharacteristicoflacedBantams;andlastly,theprotuberanceoftheskullwiththeascendingbranchesofthepremaxillariespartiallyaborted,togetherwiththeotherdifferencesbeforespecified,areeminentlycharacteristicofPolishandotherCrestedfowls。
Butthemoststrikingresultofmyexaminationoftheskeletonisthegreatvariabilityofallthebonesexceptthoseoftheextremities。Toacertainextentwecanunderstandwhytheskeletonfluctuatessomuchinstructure;
fowlshavebeenexposedtounnaturalconditionsoflife,andtheirwholeorganisationhasthusbeenrenderedvariable;butthebreederisquiteindifferentto,andneverintentionallyselects,anymodificationintheskeleton。Externalcharacters,ifnotattendedtobyman,suchasthenumberofthetailandwingfeathersandtheirrelativelengths,whichinwildbirdsaregenerallyconstant,——fluctuateinourdomesticfowlsinthesamemannerastheseveralpartsoftheskeleton。Anadditionaltoeisa"point"inDorkings,andhasbecomeafixedcharacter,butisvariableinCochinsandSilkfowls。Thecolouroftheplumageandtheformofthecombareinmostbreeds,orevensub—breeds,eminentlyfixedcharacters;butinDorkingsthesepointshavenotbeenattendedto,andarevariable。Whenanymodificationintheskeletonisrelatedtosomeexternalcharacterwhichmanvalues,ithasbeen,unintentionallyonhispart,actedonbyselection,andhasbecomemoreorlessfixed。Weseethisinthewonderfulprotuberanceoftheskull,whichsupportsthecrestoffeathersinPolishfowls,andwhichbycorrelationhasaffectedotherpartsoftheskull。Weseethesameresultinthetwoprotuberanceswhichsupportthehornsinthehornedfowl,andintheflattenedshapeofthefrontoftheskullinHamburghsconsequentontheirflattenedandbroad"rose—combs。"Weknownotintheleastwhetheradditionalribs,orthechangedoutlineoftheoccipitalforamen,orthechangedformofthescapula,oroftheextremityofthefurculum,areinanywaycorrelatedwithotherstructures,orhavearisenfromthechangedconditionsandhabitsoflifetowhichourfowlshavebeensubjected;butthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthesevariousmodificationsintheskeletoncouldberendered,eitherbydirectselection,orbytheselectionofcorrelatedstructures,asconstantandascharacteristicofeachbreed,asarethesizeandshapeofthebody,thecolouroftheplumage,andtheformofthecomb。
[EFFECTSOFTHEDISUSEOFPARTS。
JudgingfromthehabitsofourEuropeangallinaceousbirds,Gallusbankivainitsnativehauntswoulduseitslegsandwingsmorethandoourdomesticfowls,whichrarelyflyexcepttotheirroosts。TheSilkandtheFrizzledfowls,fromhavingimperfectwing—feathers,cannotflyatall;andthereisreasontobelievethatboththesebreedsareancient,sothattheirprogenitorsduringmanygenerationscannothaveflown。TheCochins,also,fromtheirshortwingsandheavybodies,canhardlyflyuptoalowperch。
Thereforeinthesebreeds,especiallyinthetwofirst,aconsiderablediminutioninthewing—bonesmighthavebeenexpected,butthisisnotthecase。Ineveryspecimen,afterdisarticulatingandcleaningthebones,I
carefullycomparedtherelativelengthofthetwomainbonesofthewingtoeachother,andofthetwomainbonesofthelegtoeachother,withthoseofG。bankiva;anditwassurprisingtosee(exceptinthecaseofthetarsi)howexactlythesamerelativelengthhadbeenretained。Thisfactiscurious,fromshowinghowtrulytheproportionsofanorganmaybeinherited,althoughnotfullyexercisedduringmanygenerations。Ithencomparedinseveralbreedsthelengthofthefemurandtibiawiththehumerusandulna,andlikewisethesesameboneswiththoseofG。bankiva;
theresultwasthatthewing—bonesinallthebreeds(excepttheBurmeseJumper,whichhasunnaturallyshortlegs,areslightlyshortenedrelativelytotheleg—bones;butthedecreaseissoslightthatitmaybeduetothestandardspecimenofG。bankivahavingaccidentallyhadwingsofslightlygreaterlengththanusual;sothatthemeasurementsarenotworthgiving。
ButitdeservesnoticethattheSilkandFrizzledfowls,whicharequiteincapableofflight,hadtheirwingsLESSreducedrelativelytotheirlegsthaninalmostanyotherbreed!Wehaveseenwithdomesticatedpigeonsthatthebonesofthewingsaresomewhatreducedinlength,whilsttheprimaryfeathersareratherincreasedinlength,anditisjustpossible,thoughnotprobable,thatintheSilkandFrizzledfowlsanytendencytodecreaseinthelengthofthewing—bonesfromdisusemayhavebeencheckedthroughthelawofcompensation,bythedecreasedgrowthofthewing—feathers,andconsequentincreasedsupplyofnutriment。Thewing—bones,however,inboththesebreeds,arefoundtobeslightlyreducedinlengthwhenjudgedbythestandardofthelengthofthesternumorhead,relativelytothesesamepartsinG。bankiva。
TheactualweightofthemainbonesofthelegandwingintwelvebreedsisgiveninthetwofirstcolumnsinTable7。I。Thecalculatedweightofthewing—bonesrelativelytotheleg—bones,incomparisonwiththelegandwing—bonesofG。bankiva,aregiveninthethirdcolumn,——theweightofthewing—bonesinG。bankivabeingcalledahundred。(7/73。Itmaybewelltoexplainhowthecalculationhasbeenmadeforthethirdcolumn。InG。
bankivatheleg—bonesaretothewing—bonesas86:54,oras(neglectingdecimals)100:62;—inCochinsas311:162,oras100:52;——inDorkingsas557:248,oras100:44;andsoonfortheotherbreeds。Wethusgettheseriesof62,52,44fortherelativeweightsofthewing—bonesinG。
bankiva,Cochins,Dorkings,etc。Andnowtaking100,insteadof62,fortheweightofthewing—bonesinG。bankiva,weget,byanotherruleofthree,83astheweightofthewing—bonesinCochins;70intheDorkings;andsoonfortheremainderofthethirdcolumninthetable。)
TABLE7。I。(Weightsingrains。)
COLUMN1。ActualWeightofFemurandTibia。
COLUMN2。ActualWeightofHumerusandUlna。
COLUMN3。WeightofWing—bonesrelativelytotheLeg—bonesincomparisonwiththesesamebonesinGallusbankiva。
1。2。3。
Gallusbankiva——wildmale8654100
1。Cochin——male31116283
2。Dorking——male55724870
3。Spanish(Minorca)——male38618375
4。Gold—SpangledPolish——male30614575
5。Game,black—breasted——male29314377
6。Malay——female23111680
7。Sultan——male1899479
8。IndianFrizzled——male2068867
9。BurmeseJumper——female5336108
10。Hamburgh(pencilled)——male157104106
11。Hamburgh(pencilled)——female11477108
12。Silk(black—boned)——female8857103
Intheeightfirstbirds,belongingtodistinctbreeds,inthistable,weseeadecidedreductionintheweightofthebonesofthewing。
IntheIndianFrizzledfowl,whichcannotfly,thereductioniscarriedtothegreatestextent,namely,tothirty—threepercentoftheirproperproportionalweight。Inthenextfourbirds,includingtheSilkhen,whichisincapableofflight,weseethatthewings,relativelytothelegs,areslightlyincreasedinweight;butitshouldbeobservedthat,ifinthesebirdsthelegshadbecomefromanycausereducedinweight,thiswouldgivethefalseappearanceofthewingshavingincreasedinrelativeweight。NowareductionofthisnaturehascertainlyoccurredwiththeBurmeseJumper,inwhichthelegsareabnormallyshort,andinthetwoHamburghsandSilkfowl,thelegs,thoughnotshort,areformedofremarkablythinandlightbones。Imakethesestatements,notjudgingbymereeyesight,butafterhavingcalculatedtheweightsoftheleg—bonesrelativelytothoseofG。
bankiva,accordingtotheonlytwostandardsofcomparisonwhichIcoulduse,namely,therelativelengthsoftheheadandsternum;forIdonotknowtheweightofthebodyinG。bankiva,whichwouldhavebeenabetterstandard。Accordingtothesestandards,theleg—bonesinthesefourfowlsareinamarkedmannerfarlighterthaninanyotherbreed。Itmaythereforebeconcludedthatinallcasesinwhichthelegshavenotbeenthroughsomeunknowncausemuchreducedinweight,thewing—boneshavebecomereducedinweightrelativelytotheleg—bones,incomparisonwiththoseofG。bankiva。Andthisreductionofweightmay,Iapprehend,safelybeattributedtodisuse。
TomakeTable7。I。quitesatisfactory,itoughttohavebeenshownthatintheeightfirstbirdstheleg—boneshavenotactuallyincreasedinweightoutofdueproportionwiththerestofthebody;thisIcannotshow,fromnotknowing,asalreadyremarked,theweightofthewildBankiva。(7/74。
Mr。Blyth(in’AnnalsandMag。ofNat。Hist。’2ndseriesvolume11848page456)gives31/4poundsastheweightofafull—grownmaleG。bankiva;butfromwhatIhaveseenoftheskinsandskeletonsofvariousbreeds,I
cannotbelievethatmytwospecimensofG。bankivacouldhaveweighedsomuch。)Iamindeedinclinedtosuspectthattheleg—bonesintheDorking,No。2inthetable,areproportionallytooheavy;butthisbirdwasaverylargeone,weighing7pounds2ounces,thoughverythin。Itsleg—bonesweremorethantentimesasheavyasthoseoftheBurmeseJumper!Itriedtoascertainthelengthbothoftheleg—bonesandwing—bonesrelativelytootherpartsofthebodyandskeleton:butthewholeorganisationinthesebirds,whichhavebeensolongdomesticated,hasbecomesovariable,thatnocertainconclusionscouldbereached。Forinstance,thelegsoftheaboveDorkingcockwerenearlythree—quartersofaninchtooshortrelativelytothelengthofthesternum,andmorethanthree—quartersofaninchtoolongrelativelytothelengthoftheskull,incomparisonwiththesesamepartsinG。bankiva。
TABLE7。II。
COLUMN1。LengthofSternum(ininchesanddecimals。)
COLUMN2。DepthofCrestofSternum(ininchesanddecimals。)。
COLUMN3。DepthofCrestrelativelytothelengthoftheSternum,incomparisonwithGallusbankiva。
1。2。3。
Gallusbankiva——male。4。201。40100
1。Cochin——male。5。831。5578
2。Dorking——male。6。951。9784
3。Spanish——male。6。101。8390
4。Polish——male。5。071。5087
5。Game——male。5。551。5581
6。Malay——female。5。101。5087
7。Sultan——male。4。471。3690
8。Frizzledhen——male。4。251。2084
9。BurmeseJumper——female。3。060。8581
10。Hamburgh——male。5。081。4081
11。Hamburgh——female。4。551。2681
12。Silkfowl——female。4。491。0166
InTable7。II。inthetwofirstcolumnsweseeininchesanddecimalsthelengthofthesternum,andtheextremedepthofitscresttowhichthepectoralmusclesareattached。Inthethirdcolumnwehavethecalculateddepthofthecrest,relativelytothelengthofthesternum,incomparisonwiththesesamepartsinG。bankiva。(7/75。Thethirdcolumniscalculatedonthesameprincipleasexplainedinfootnote7/73above。)
Bylookingtothethirdcolumnweseethatineverycasethedepthofthecrestrelativelytothelengthofthesternum,incomparisonwithG。
bankiva,isdiminished,generallybetween10and20percent。Butthedegreeofreductionvariesmuch,partlyinconsequenceofthefrequentlydeformedstateofthesternum。IntheSilkfowl,whichcannotfly,thecrestis34percentlessdeepthanwhatitoughttohavebeen。Thisreductionofthecrestinallthebreedsprobablyaccountsforthegreatvariability,beforereferredto,inthecurvatureofthefurculum,andintheshapeofitssternalextremity。Medicalmenbelievethattheabnormalformofthespinesocommonlyobservedinwomenofthehigherranksresultsfromtheattachedmusclesnotbeingfullyexercised。Soitiswithourdomesticfowls,fortheyusetheirpectoralmusclesbutlittle,and,outoftwenty—fivesternumsexaminedbyme,threealonewereperfectlysymmetrical,tenweremoderatelycrooked,andtwelveweredeformedtoanextremedegree。Mr。Romanes,however,believesthatthemalformationisduetofowlswhilstyoungrestingtheirsternumsonthesticksonwhichtheyroost。]
Finally,wemayconcludewithrespecttothevariousbreedsofthefowl,thatthemainbonesofthewinghaveprobablybeenshortenedinaveryslightdegree;thattheyhavecertainlybecomelighterrelativelytotheleg—bonesinallthebreedsinwhichtheselatterbonesarenotunnaturallyshortordelicate;andthatthecrestofthesternum,towhichthepectoralmusclesareattached,hasinvariablybecomelessprominent,thewholesternumbeingalsoextremelyliabletodeformity。Theseresultswemayattributetothelesseneduseofthewings。
CORRELATIONOFGROWTH。
IwillheresumupthefewfactswhichIhavecollectedonthisobscure,butimportant,subject。InCochinandGamefowlsthereisperhapssomerelationbetweenthecolouroftheplumageandthedarknessoftheegg—
shell。InSultanstheadditionalsickle—feathersinthetailareapparentlyrelatedtothegeneralredundancyoftheplumage,asshownbythefeatheredlegs,largecrest,andbeard。IntwotaillessfowlswhichIexaminedtheoil—glandwasaborted。Alargecrestoffeathers,asMr。Tegetmeierhasremarked,seemsalwaysaccompaniedbyagreatdiminutionoralmostentireabsenceofthecomb。Alargebeardissimilarlyaccompaniedbydiminishedorabsentwattles。Theselattercasesapparentlycomeunderthelawofcompensationorbalancementofgrowth。Alargebeardbeneaththelowerjawandalargetop—knotontheskulloftengotogether。Thecombwhenofanypeculiarshape,aswithHorned,Spanish,andHamburghfowls,affectsinacorrespondingmannertheunderlyingskull;andwehaveseenhowwonderfullythisisthecasewithCrestedfowlswhenthecrestislargelydeveloped。
Withtheprotuberanceofthefrontalbonestheshapeoftheinternalsurfaceoftheskullandofthebrainisgreatlymodified。Thepresenceofacrestinfluencesinsomeunknownwaythedevelopmentoftheascendingbranchesofthepremaxillarybone,andoftheinnerprocessesofthenasalbones;andlikewisetheshapeoftheexternalorificeofthenostrils。
Thereisaplainandcuriouscorrelationbetweenacrestoffeathersandtheimperfectlyossifiedconditionoftheskull。Notonlydoesthisholdgoodwithnearlyallcrestedfowls,butlikewisewithtuftedducks,andasDr。GuntherinformsmewithtuftedgeeseinGermany。
Lastly,thefeatherscomposingthecrestinmalePolishfowlsresemblehackles,anddiffergreatlyinshapefromthoseinthecrestofthefemale。
Theneck,wing—coverts,andloinsinthemalebirdareproperlycoveredwithhackles,anditwouldappearthatfeathersofthisshapehavespreadbycorrelationtotheheadofthemale。Thislittlefactisinteresting;
because,thoughbothsexesofsomewildgallinaceousbirdshavetheirheadssimilarlyornamented,yetthereisoftenadifferenceinthesizeandshapeoffeathersformingtheircrests。Furthermore,thereisinsomecases,asinthemaleGoldandinthemaleAmherstpheasants(P。pictusandamherstiae),acloserelationincolour,aswellasinstructure,betweentheplumesontheheadandontheloins。Itwouldthereforeappearthatthesamelawhasregulatedthestateofthefeathersontheheadandbody,bothwithspecieslivingundernaturalconditions,andwithbirdswhichhavevariedunderdomestication。
CHAPTER1。VIII。
DUCK——GOOSE——PEACOCK——TURKEY——GUINEA—FOWL——CANARY—BIRD——GOLD—FISH——HIVE—
BEES——SILK—MOTHS。
DUCKS,SEVERALBREEDSOF。
PROGRESSOFDOMESTICATION。
ORIGINOFFROMTHECOMMONWILD—DUCK。
DIFFERENCESINTHEDIFFERENTBREEDS。
OSTEOLOGICALDIFFERENCES。
EFFECTSOFUSEANDDISUSEONTHELIMB—BONES。
GOOSE,ANCIENTLYDOMESTICATED。
LITTLEVARIATIONOF。
SEBASTOPOLBREED。
PEACOCK,ORIGINOFBLACK—SHOULDEREDBREED。
TURKEY,BREEDSOF。
CROSSEDWITHTHEUNITEDSTATESSPECIES。
EFFECTSOFCLIMATEON。
GUINEA—FOWL,CANARY—BIRD,GOLD—FISH,HIVE—BEES。
SILK—MOTHS,SPECIESANDBREEDSOF。
ANCIENTLYDOMESTICATED。
CAREINTHEIRSELECTION。
DIFFERENCESINTHEDIFFERENTRACES。
INTHEEGG,CATERPILLAR,ANDCOCOONSTATES。
INHERITANCEOFCHARACTERS。
IMPERFECTWINGS。
LOSTINSTINCTS。
CORRELATEDCHARACTERS。
Iwill,asinpreviouscases,firstbrieflydescribethechiefdomesticbreedsoftheduck:——
[BREED1。COMMONDOMESTICDUCK。
Variesmuchincolourandinproportions,anddiffersininstinctsanddispositionfromthewildduck。Thereareseveralsub—breeds:——
1。TheAylesbury,ofgreatsize,white,withpale—yellowbeakandlegs;
abdominaldermalsacklargelydeveloped。
2。TheRouen,ofgreatsize,colouredlikethewildduck,withgreenormottledbeak;dermalsacklargelydeveloped。