ThecaseofNewZealand，towhichfineislandweasyetowenowidelycultivatedplant，mayseemopposedtothisview;for，whenfirstdiscovered，thenativescultivatedseveralplants;butallinquirersbelieve，inaccordancewiththetraditionsofthenatives，thattheearlyPolynesiancolonistsbroughtwiththemseedsandroots，aswellasthedog，whichhadbeenwiselypreservedduringtheirlongvoyage。ThePolynesiansaresofrequentlylostontheoceanthatthisdegreeofprudencewouldoccurtoanywanderingparty:hencetheearlycolonistsofNewZealand，likethelaterEuropeancolonists，wouldnothavehadanystronginducementtocultivatetheaboriginalplants。AccordingtoDeCandolleweowethirty—
　　threeusefulplantstoMexico，Peru，andChile;noristhissurprisingwhenwerememberthecivilisedstateoftheinhabitants，asshownbythefactoftheirhavingpractisedartificialirrigationandmadetunnelsthroughhardrockswithouttheuseofironorgunpowder，andwho，asweshallseeinafuturechapter，fullyrecognised，asfarasanimalswereconcerned，andthereforeprobablyinthecaseofplants，theimportantprincipleofselection。WeowesomeplantstoBrazil;andtheearlyvoyagers，namely，VespuciusandCabral，describethecountryasthicklypeopledandcultivated。InNorthAmerica（9/16。ForCanadaseeJ。Cartier’sVoyagein1534;forFloridaseeNarvaezandFerdinanddeSoto’sVoyages。AsIhaveconsultedtheseandotheroldVoyagesinmorethanonegeneralcollectionofVoyages，Idonotgiveprecisereferencestothepages。SeealsoforseveralreferencesAsaGrayinthe’AmericanJournalofScience’volume24
　　November1857page441。ForthetraditionsofthenativesofNewZealandseeCrawfurd’GrammarandDict。oftheMalayLanguage’1852page260。）thenativescultivatedmaize，pumpkins，gourds，beans，andpeas，"alldifferentfromours，"andtobacco;andwearehardlyjustifiedinassumingthatnoneofourpresentplantsaredescendedfromtheseNorthAmericanforms。HadNorthAmericabeencivilisedforaslongaperiod，andasthicklypeopled，asAsiaorEurope，itisprobablethatthenativevines，walnuts，mulberries，crabs，andplums，wouldhavegivenrise，afteralongcourseofcultivation，toamultitudeofvarieties，someextremelydifferentfromtheirparent—stocks;andescapedseedlingswouldhavecausedintheNew，asintheOldWorld，muchperplexitywithrespecttotheirspecificdistinctnessandparentage。’（9/17。SeeforexampleMr。HewettC。Watson’sremarksonourwildplumsandcherriesandcrabs:’CybeleBritannica’
　　volume1pages330，334，etc。VanMons（inhis’ArbresFruitiers’1835tome1page444）declaresthathehasfoundthetypesofallourcultivatedvarietiesinwildseedlings，butthenhelooksontheseseedlingsassomanyaboriginalstocks。）
　　[CEREALIA。
　　Iwillnowenterondetails。ThecerealscultivatedinEuropeconsistoffourgenera——wheat，rye，barley，andoats。Ofwheatthebestmodernauthorities（9/18。SeeA。DeCandolle’Geograph。Bot。’1855page928etseq。Godron’Del’Espece’1859tome2page70;andMetzger’DieGetreidearten’etc。1841。）makefourorfive，orevensevendistinctspecies;ofrye，one;ofbarley，three;andofoats，two，three，orfourspecies。Sothataltogetherourcerealsarerankedbydifferentauthorsunderfromtentofifteendistinctspecies。Thesehavegivenrisetoamultitudeofvarieties。Itisaremarkablefactthatbotanistsarenotuniversallyagreedontheaboriginalparent—formofanyonecerealplant。
　　Forinstance，ahighauthoritywritesin1855（9/19。Mr。Benthaminhisreviewentitled’Hist。NotesoncultivatedPlants’byDr。A。Targioni—
　　Tozzettiin’JournalofHort。Soc。’volume91855page133。Heinformsmethathestillretainsthesameopinion。），"Weourselveshavenohesitationinstatingourconviction，astheresultofallthemostreliableevidence，thatnoneoftheseCerealiaexist，orhaveexisted，trulywildintheirpresentstate，butthatallarecultivatedvarietiesofspeciesnowgrowingingreatabundanceinS。EuropeorW。Asia。"Ontheotherhand，Alph。DeCandolle（9/20。’Geograph。Bot。’page928。Thewholesubjectisdiscussedwithadmirablefulnessandknowledge。）hasadducedabundantevidencethatcommonwheat（Triticumvulgare）hasbeenfoundwildinvariouspartsofAsia，whereitisnotlikelytohaveescapedfromcultivation:andthereissomeforceinM。Godron’sremark，that，supposingtheseplantstobeescapedseedlings（9/21。Godron’Del’Espece’tome2page72。Afewyearsagotheexcellent，thoughmisinterpreted，observationsofM。FabreledmanypersonstobelievethatwheatwasamodifieddescendantofAegilops;butM。
　　Godron（tome1page165）hasshownbycarefulexperimentsthatthefirststepintheseries，viz。Aegilopstriticoides，isahybridbetweenwheatandAe。ovata。Thefrequencywithwhichthesehybridsspontaneouslyarise，andthegradualmannerinwhichtheAe。triticoidesbecomesconvertedintotruewheat，aloneleaveanydoubtwithrespecttoM。Godron’sconclusions。），astheyhavepropagatedthemselvesinawildstateforseveralgenerations，theircontinuedresemblancetocultivatedwheatrendersitprobablethatthelatterhasretaineditsaboriginalcharacter。
　　Butthestrongtendencytoinheritance，whichmostofthevarietiesofwheatevince，asweshallpresentlysee，isheregreatlyundervalued。MuchweightmustalsobeattributedtoaremarkbyProfessorHildebrand（9/22。
　　’DieVerbreitungsmittelderPflanzen’1873page129。）thatwhentheseedsorfruitofcultivatedplantspossessqualitiesdisadvantageoustothemasameansofdistribution，wemayfeelalmostsurethattheynolongerretaintheiraboriginalcondition。Ontheotherhand，M。DeCandolleinsistsstronglyonthefrequentoccurrenceintheAustriandominionsofryeandofonekindofoatsinanapparentlywildcondition。Withtheexceptionofthesetwocases，whichhoweverareratherdoubtful，andwiththeexceptionoftwoformsofwheatandoneofbarley，whichhebelievestohavebeenfoundtrulywild，M。DeCandolledoesnotseemfullysatisfiedwiththeotherreporteddiscoveriesoftheparent—formsofourothercereals。Withrespecttooats，accordingtoMr。Buckmann（9/23。ReporttoBritishAssociationfor1857page207。），thewildEnglishAvenafatuacanbeconvertedbyafewyearsofcarefulcultivationandselectionintoformsalmostidenticalwithtwoverydistinctcultivatedraces。Thewholesubjectoftheoriginandspecificdistinctnessofthevariouscerealplantsisamostdifficultone;butweshallperhapsbeabletojudgealittlebetterafterconsideringtheamountofvariationwhichwheathasundergone。
　　Metzgerdescribessevenspeciesofwheat，Godronreferstofive，andDeCandolletoonlyfour。Itisnotimprobablethat，besidesthekindsknowninEurope，otherstronglycharacterisedformsexistinthemoredistantpartsoftheworld;forLoiseleur—Deslongchamps（9/24。ConsiderationssurlesCereales’1842—43page29。）speaksofthreenewspeciesorvarieties，senttoEuropein1822fromChineseMongolia，whichheconsidersasbeingthereindigenous。Moorcroft（9/25。’TravelsintheHimalayanProvinces’
　　etc。1841volume1page224。）alsospeaksofHasorawheatinLadakhasverypeculiar。Ifthosebotanistsarerightwhobelievethatatleastsevenspeciesofwheatoriginallyexisted，thentheamountofvariationinanyimportantcharacterwhichwheathasundergoneundercultivationhasbeenslight;butifonlyfouroralessernumberofspeciesoriginallyexisted，thenitisevidentthatvarietieshavearisensostronglymarked，thattheyhavebeenconsideredbycapablejudgesasspecificallydistinct。Buttheimpossibilityofdecidingwhichformsoughttoberankedasspeciesandwhichasvarieties，makesituselesstospecifyindetailthedifferencesbetweenthevariouskindsofwheat。Speakinggenerally，theorgansofvegetationdifferlittle（9/26。Col。J。LeCouteuronthe’VarietiesofWheat’pages23，79。）;butsomekindsgrowcloseandupright，whilstothersspreadandtrailalongtheground。Thestrawdiffersinbeingmoreorlesshollow，andinquality。Theears（9/27。Loiseleur—Deslongchamps’Consid。
　　surlesCereales’page11。）differincolourandinshape，beingquadrangular，compressed，ornearlycylindrical;andthefloretsdifferintheirapproximationtoeachother，intheirpubescence，andinbeingmoreorlesselongated。Thepresenceorabsenceofbarbsisaconspicuousdifference，andincertainGramineaeservesevenasagenericcharacter（9/28。SeeanexcellentreviewinHooker’Journ。ofBotany’volume8page82note。）;although，asremarkedbyGodron（9/29。’Del’Espece’tome2page73。）thepresenceofbarbsisvariableincertainwildgrasses，andespeciallyinthosesuchasBromussecalinusandLoliumtemulentum，whichhabituallygrowmingledwithourcerealcrops，andwhichhavethusunintentionallybeenexposedtoculture。Thegrainsdifferinsize，weight，andcolour;inbeingmoreorlessdownyatoneend，inbeingsmoothorwrinkled，inbeingeithernearlyglobular，oval，orelongated;andfinallyininternaltexture，beingtenderorhard，orevenalmosthorny，andintheproportionofglutenwhichtheycontain。
　　Nearlyalltheracesorspeciesofwheatvary，asGodron（9/30。Ibidtome2
　　page75。）hasremarked，inanexactlyparallelmanner，——intheseedbeingdownyorglabrous，andincolour，——andinthefloretsbeingbarbedornotbarbed，etc。Thosewhobelievethatallthekindsaredescendedfromasinglewildspeciesmayaccountforthisparallelvariationbytheinheritanceofasimilarconstitution，andaconsequenttendencytovaryinthesamemanner;andthosewhobelieveinthegeneraltheoryofdescentwithmodificationmayextendthisviewtotheseveralspeciesofwheat，ifsucheverexistedinastateofnature。
　　Althoughfewofthevarietiesofwheatpresentanyconspicuousdifference，theirnumberisgreat。Dalbretcultivatedduringthirtyyearsfrom150to160kinds，andexceptinginthequalityofthegraintheyallkepttrue;
　　ColonelLeCouteurpossessedupwardsof150，andPhilippar322varieties。
　　（9/31。ForDalbretandPhilipparseeLoiseleur—Deslongchamps’Consid。surlesCereales’pages45，70。LeCouteuronWheatpages6，14—17。）Aswheatisanannual，wethusseehowstrictlymanytriflingdifferencesincharacterareinheritedthroughmanygenerations。ColonelLeCouteurinsistsstronglyonthissamefact。Inhisperseveringandsuccessfulattemptstoraisenewvarieties，hefoundthattherewasonlyone"securemodetoensurethegrowthofpuresorts，namely，togrowthemfromsinglegrainsorfromsingleears，andtofollowuptheplanbyafterwardssowingonlytheproduceofthemostproductivesoastoformastock。"ButMajorHallett（9/32。SeehisEssayon’PedigreeinWheat’1862;alsopaperreadbeforetheBritishAssociation1869andotherpublications。）hasgonemuchfarther，andbythecontinuedselectionofplantsfromthegrainsofthesameear，duringsuccessivegenerations，hasmadehis’PedigreeinWheat’
　　（andothercereals）nowfamousinmanyquartersoftheworld。Thegreatamountofvariabilityintheplantsofthesamevarietyisanotherinterestingpoint，whichwouldneverhavebeendetectedexceptbyaneyelongpractisedtothework;thusColonelLeCouteurrelates（9/33。
　　’VarietiesofWheat’Introductionpage6。Marshallinhis’RuralEconomyofYorkshire’volume2page9remarksthat"ineveryfieldofcornthereisasmuchvarietyasinaherdofcattle。"）thatinafieldofhisownwheat，whichheconsideredatleastaspureasthatofanyofhisneighbours，ProfessorLaGascafoundtwenty—threesorts;andProfessorHenslowhasobservedsimilarfacts。Besidessuchindividualvariations，formssufficientlywellmarkedtobevaluedandtobecomewidelycultivatedsometimessuddenlyappear:thusMr。Shirreffhashadthegoodfortunetoraiseinhislifetimesevennewvarieties，whicharenowextensivelygrowninmanypartsofBritain。（9/34。’Gardener’sChronicle’and’Agricult。
　　Gazette’1862page963。）
　　Asinthecaseofmanyotherplants，somevarieties，botholdandnew，arefarmoreconstantincharacterthanothers。ColonelLeCouteurwasforcedtorejectsomeofhisnewsub—varieties，whichhesuspectedhadbeenproducedfromacross，asincorrigiblysportive。OntheotherhandMajorHallett（9/35。’Gardener’sChronicle’November1868page1199。）hasshownhowwonderfullyconstantsomevarietiesare，althoughnotancientones，andalthoughcultivatedinvariouscountries。Withrespecttothetendencytovary，Metzger（9/36。’Getreidearten’1841s。66，91，92，116，117。）givesfromhisownexperiencesomeinterestingfacts:hedescribesthreeSpanishsub—varieties，moreespeciallyoneknowntobeconstantinSpain，whichinGermanyassumedtheirpropercharacteronlyduringhotsummers;anothervarietykepttrueonlyingoodland，butafterhavingbeencultivatedfortwenty—fiveyearsbecamemoreconstant。Hementionstwoothersub—varietieswhichwereatfirstinconstant，butsubsequentlybecame，apparentlywithoutanyselection，accustomedtotheirnewhomes，andretainedtheirpropercharacter。Thesefactsshowwhatsmallchangesintheconditionsoflifecausevariability，andtheyfurthershowthatavarietymaybecomehabituatedtonewconditions。OneisatfirstinclinedtoconcludewithLoiseleur—Deslongchamps，thatwheatcultivatedinthesamecountryisexposedtoremarkablyuniformconditions;butmanuresdiffer，seedistakenfromonesoiltoanother，and，whatisfarmoreimportant，theplantsareexposedaslittleaspossibletostrugglewithotherplants，andarethusenabledtoexistunderdiversifiedconditions。Inastateofnatureeachplantisconfinedtothatparticularstationandkindofnutrimentwhichitcanseizefromtheotherplantsbywhichitissurrounded。
　　Wheatquicklyassumesnewhabitsoflife。ThesummerandwinterkindswereclassedbyLinnaeusasdistinctspecies;butM。Monnier（9/37。QuotedbyGodron’Del’Espece’volume2page74。Soitis，accordingtoMetzger’Getreidearten’s。18，withsummerandwinterbarley。）hasprovedthatthedifferencebetweenthemisonlytemporary。Hesowedwinter—wheatinspring，andoutofonehundredplantsfouraloneproducedripeseeds;theseweresownandresown，andinthreeyearsplantswererearedwhichripenedalltheirseed。Conversely，nearlyalltheplantsraisedfromsummer—wheat，whichwassowninautumn，perishedfromfrost;butafewweresavedandproducedseed，andinthreeyearsthissummer—varietywasconvertedintoawinter—variety。Henceitisnotsurprisingthatwheatsoonbecomestoacertainextentacclimatised，andthatseedbroughtfromdistantcountriesandsowninEuropevegetatesatfirst，orevenforaconsiderableperiod（9/38。Loiseleur—Deslongchamps’Cereales’part2page224。LeCouteurpage70。Manyotheraccountscouldbeadded。）differentlyfromourEuropeanvarieties。InCanadathefirstsettlers，accordingtoKalm（9/39。’TravelsinNorthAmerica’1753—1761Englishtranslationvolume3page165。），foundtheirwinterstoosevereforwinter—wheatbroughtfromFrance，andtheirsummersoftentooshortforsummer—wheat;andtheythoughtthattheircountrywasuselessforcorncropsuntiltheyprocuredsummer—wheatfromthenorthernpartsofEurope，whichsucceededwell。Itisnotoriousthattheproportionofglutendiffersmuchunderdifferentclimates。Theweightofthegrainisalsoquicklyaffectedbyclimate:Loiseleur—Deslongchamps（9/40。’Cereales’part2pages179—183。）sowednearParis54varieties，obtainedfromtheSouthofFranceandfromtheBlackSea，and52oftheseyieldedseedfrom10to40percentheavierthantheparent—seed。HethensenttheseheaviergrainsbacktotheSouthofFrance，buttheretheyimmediatelyyieldedlighterseed。
　　Allthosewhohavecloselyattendedtothesubjectinsistonthecloseadaptationofnumerousvarietiesofwheattovarioussoilsandclimatesevenwithinthesamecountry;thusColonelLeCouteur（9/41。’OntheVarietiesofWheat’Introductionpage7。SeeMarshall’RuralEcon。ofYorkshire’volume2page9。Withrespecttosimilarcasesofadaptationinthevarietiesofoatsseesomeinterestingpapersinthe’Gardener’sChronicleandAgricult。Gazette’1850pages204，219。）says，"Itisthesuitablenessofeachsorttoeachsoilthatwillenablethefarmertopayhisrentbysowingonevariety，wherehewouldbeunabletodosobyattemptingtogrowanotherofaseeminglybettersort。"Thismaybeinpartduetoeachkindbecominghabituatedtoitsconditionsoflife，asMetzgerhasshowncertainlyoccurs，butitisprobablyinmainpartduetoinnatedifferencesbetweentheseveralvarieties。
　　Muchhasbeenwrittenonthedeteriorationofwheat;thatthequalityoftheflour，sizeofgrain，timeofflowering，andhardness，maybemodifiedbyclimateandsoil，seemsnearlycertain;butthatthewholebodyofanyonesub—varietyeverbecomeschangedintoanotheranddistinctsub—variety，thereisnoreasontobelieve。Whatapparentlydoestakeplace，accordingtoLeCouteur（9/42。’OntheVarietiesofWheat’page59。Mr。Shirreffandahigherauthoritycannotbegiven（’Gardener’sChronicleandAgricult。
　　Gazette’1862page963），says"Ihaveneverseengrainwhichhaseitherbeenimprovedordegeneratedbycultivation，soastoconveythechangetothesucceedingcrop。），is，thatsomeonesub—varietyoutofthemanywhichmayalwaysbedetectedinthesamefieldismoreprolificthantheothers，andgraduallysupplantsthevarietywhichwasfirstsown。
　　Withrespecttothenaturalcrossingofdistinctvarietiestheevidenceisconflicting，butpreponderatesagainstitsfrequentoccurrence。Manyauthorsmaintainthatimpregnationtakesplaceintheclosedflower，butI
　　amsurefrommyownobservationthatthisisnotthecase，atleastwiththosevarietiestowhichIhaveattended。ButasIshallhavetodiscussthissubjectinanotherwork，itmaybeherepassedover。]
　　Inconclusion，allauthorsadmitthatnumerousvarietiesofwheathavearisen;buttheirdifferencesareunimportant，unless，indeed，someoftheso—calledspeciesarerankedasvarieties。ThosewhobelievethatfromfourtosevenwildspeciesofTriticumoriginallyexistedinnearlythesameconditionasatpresent，resttheirbeliefchieflyonthegreatantiquityoftheseveralforms。（9/43。Alph。DeCandolle’Geograph。Bot。’page930。）
　　Itisanimportantfact，whichwehaverecentlylearntfromtheadmirableresearchesofHeer（9/44。’PflanzenderPfahlbauten’1866。），thattheinhabitantsofSwitzerland，evensoearlyastheNeolithicperiod，cultivatednolessthantencerealplants，namely，fivekindsofwheat，ofwhichatleastfourarecommonlylookedatasdistinctspecies，threekindsofbarley，apanicum，andasetaria。Ifitcouldbeshownthatattheearliestdawnofagriculturefivekindsofwheatandthreeofbarleyhadbeencultivated，weshouldofcoursebecompelledtolookattheseformsasdistinctspecies。But，asHeerhasremarked，agricultureevenattheNeolithicperiod，hadalreadymadeconsiderableprogress;for，besidesthecereals，peas，poppies，flax，andapparentlyapples，werecultivated。Itmayalsobeinferred，fromonevarietyofwheatbeingthesocalledEgyptian，andfromwhatisknownofthenativecountryofthepanicumandsetaria，aswellasfromthenatureoftheweedswhichthengrewmingledwiththecrops，thatthelake—inhabitantseitherstillkeptupcommercialintercoursewithsomesouthernpeopleorhadoriginallyproceededascolonistsfromtheSouth。
　　Loiseleur—Deslongchamps（9/45。’LesCereales’page94。）hasarguedthat，ifourcerealplantshavebeengreatlymodifiedbycultivation，theweedswhichhabituallygrowmingledwiththemwouldhavebeenequallymodified。
　　Butthisargumentshowshowcompletelytheprincipleofselectionhasbeenoverlooked。Thatsuchweedshavenotvaried，oratleastdonotvarynowinanyextremedegree，istheopinionofMr。H。C。WatsonandProfessorAsaGray，astheyinformme;butwhowillpretendtosaythattheydonotvaryasmuchastheindividualplantsofthesamesub—varietyofwheat？Wehavealreadyseenthatpurevarietiesofwheat，cultivatedinthesamefield，offermanyslightvariations，whichcanbeselectedandseparatelypropagated;andthatoccasionallymorestronglypronouncedvariationsappear，which，asMr。Shirreffhasproved，arewellworthyofextensivecultivation。Notuntilequalattentionbepaidtothevariabilityandselectionofweeds，cantheargumentfromtheirconstancyunderunintentionalculturebeofanyvalue。Inaccordancewiththeprinciplesofselectionwecanunderstandhowitisthatintheseveralcultivatedvarietiesofwheattheorgansofvegetationdiffersolittle;forifaplantwithpeculiarleavesappeared，itwouldbeneglectedunlessthegrainsofcornwereatthesametimesuperiorinqualityorsize。theselectionofseed—cornwasstronglyrecommended（9/46。QuotedbyLeCouteurpage16。）inancienttimesbyColumellaandCelsus;andasVirgilsays，——
　　I’veseenthelargestseeds，tho’view’dwithcare，Degenerate，unlessth’industrioushandDidyearlycullthelargest。"
　　Butwhetherinancienttimesselectionwasmethodicallypursuedwemaywelldoubt，whenwehearhowlaborioustheworkhasbeenfoundbyLeCoutourandHallett。Althoughtheprincipleofselectionissoimportant，yetthelittlewhichmanhaseffected，byincessantefforts（9/47。A。DeCandolle’Geograph。Bot。’page932。）duringthousandsofyears，inrenderingtheplantsmoreproductiveorthegrainsmorenutritiousthantheywereinthetimeoftheoldEgyptians，wouldseemtospeakstronglyagainstitsefficacy。Butwemustnotforgetthatateachsuccessiveperiodthestateofagricultureandthequantityofmanuresuppliedtothelandwillhavedeterminedthemaximumdegreeofproductiveness;foritwouldbeimpossibletocultivateahighlyproductivevariety，unlessthelandcontainedasufficientsupplyofthenecessarychemicalelements。
　　Wenowknowthatmanwassufficientlycivilisedtocultivatethegroundatanimmenselyremoteperiod;sothatwheatmighthavebeenimprovedlongagouptothatstandardofexcellencewhichwaspossibleunderthethenexistingstateofagriculture。Onesmallclassoffactssupportsthisviewoftheslowandgradualimprovementofourcereals。Inthemostancientlake—habitationsofSwitzerland，whenmenemployedonlyflint—tools，themostextensivelycultivatedwheatwasapeculiarkind，withremarkablysmallearsandgrains。（9/48。O。Heer’DiePflanzenderPfahlbauten’1866。
　　ThefollowingpassageisquotedfromDr。Christin’DieFaunaderPfahlbauten，vonDr。Rutimeyer’1861s。225。）"Whilstthegrainsofthemodernformsareinsectionfromseventoeightmillimetresinlength，thelargergrainsfromthelake—habitationsaresix，seldomseven，andthesmalleronesonlyfour。Theearisthusmuchnarrower，andthespikeletsstandoutmorehorizontally，thaninourpresentforms。"Soagainwithbarley，themostancientandmostextensivelycultivatedkindhadsmallears，andthegrainswere"smaller，shorter，andnearertoeachother，thaninthatnowgrown;withoutthehusktheywere21/2lineslong，andscarcely11/2broad，whilstthosenowgrownhavealengthofthreelines，andalmostthesameinbreadth。"（9/49。HeerasquotedbyCarlVogt’LecturesonMan’Englishtranslationpage355。）Thesesmall—grainedvarietiesofwheatandbarleyarebelievedbyHeertobetheparent—formsofcertainexistingalliedvarieties，whichhavesupplantedtheirearlyprogenitors。
　　HeergivesaninterestingaccountofthefirstappearanceandfinaldisappearanceoftheseveralplantswhichwerecultivatedingreaterorlessabundanceinSwitzerlandduringformersuccessiveperiods，andwhichgenerallydifferedmoreorlessfromourexistingvarieties。Thepeculiarsmall—earedandsmall—grainedwheat，alreadyalludedto，wasthecommonestkindduringtheStoneperiod;itlasteddowntotheHelvetico—Romanage，andthenbecameextinct。Asecondkindwasrareatfirst，butafterwardsbecamemorefrequent。Athird，theEgyptianwheat（T。turgidum），doesnotagreeexactlywithanyexistingvariety，andwasrareduringtheStoneperiod。Afourthkind（T。dicoccum）differsfromallknownvarietiesofthisform。Afifthkind（T。monococcum）isknowntohaveexistedduringtheStoneperiodonlybythepresenceofasingleear。Asixthkind，thecommonT。spelta，wasnotintroducedintoSwitzerlanduntiltheBronzeage。Ofbarley，besidestheshort—earedandsmall—grainedkind，twootherswerecultivated，oneofwhichwasveryscarce，andresembledourpresentcommonH。distichum。DuringtheBronzeageryeandoatswereintroduced;theoat—
　　grainsbeingsomewhatsmallerthanthoseproducedbyourexistingvarieties。ThepoppywaslargelycultivatedduringtheStoneperiod，probablyforitsoil;butthevarietywhichthenexistedisnotnowknown。
　　ApeculiarpeawithsmallseedslastedfromtheStonetotheBronzeage，andthenbecameextinct;whilstapeculiarbean，likewisehavingsmallseeds，cameinattheBronzeperiodandlastedtothetimeoftheRomans。
　　Thesedetailssoundlikethedescriptionsgivenbypalaeontologistsofthefirstappearance，theincreasingrarity，andfinalextinctionormodificationoffossilspecies，embeddedinthesuccessivestagesofageologicalformation。
　　Finally，everyonemustjudgeforhimselfwhetheritismoreprobablethattheseveralformsofwheat，barley，rye，andoatsaredescendedfrombetweentenandfifteenspecies，mostofwhicharenoweitherunknownorextinct，orwhethertheyaredescendedfrombetweenfourandeightspecies，whichmayhaveeithercloselyresembledourpresentcultivatedforms，orhavebeensowidelydifferentastoescapeidentification。Inthislattercasewemustconcludethatmancultivatedthecerealsatanenormouslyremoteperiod，andthatheformerlypractisedsomedegreeofselection，whichinitselfisnotimprobable。Wemay，perhaps，furtherbelievethat，whenwheatwasfirstcultivatedtheearsandgrainsincreasedquicklyinsize，inthesamemannerastherootsofthewildcarrotandparsnipareknowntoincreasequicklyinbulkundercultivation。
　　[MAIZEORINDIANCORN:Zeamays。
　　Botanistsarenearlyunanimousthatallthecultivatedkindsbelongtothesamespecies。Itisundoubtedly（9/50。SeeAlph。DeCandolle’slongdiscussioninhis’Geograph。Bot。’page942。WithrespecttoNewEnglandseeSilliman’s’AmericanJournal’volume44page99。）ofAmericanorigin，andwasgrownbytheaboriginesthroughoutthecontinentfromNewEnglandtoChili。Itscultivationmusthavebeenextremelyancient，forTschudi（9/51。’TravelsinPeru’Englishtranslationpage177。）describestwokinds，nowextinctornotknowninPeru，whichweretakenfromtombsapparentlypriortothedynastyoftheIncas。’Butthereisevenstrongerevidenceofantiquity，forIfoundonthecoastofPeru（9/52。’Geolog。
　　Observ。onS。America’1846page49。）headsofmaize，togetherwitheighteenspeciesofrecentsea—shell，embeddedinabeachwhichhadbeenupraisedatleast85feetabovethelevelofthesea。Inaccordancewiththisancientcultivation，numerousAmericanvarietieshavearisen。Theaboriginalformhasnotasyetbeendiscoveredinthewildstate。A
　　peculiarkind（9/53。ThismaizeisfiguredinBonafous’magnificentwork，’Hist。Nat。duMais’1836P1。v。bis，andinthe’JournalofHort。Soc。’
　　volume11846page115whereanaccountisgivenoftheresultofsowingtheseed。AyoungGuaranyIndian，onseeingthiskindofmaize，toldAugusteSt。Hilaire（seeDeCandolle’Geograph。Bot。’page951）thatitgrewwildinthehumidforestsofhisnativeland。Mr。Teschemacherin’Proc。BostonSoc。Hist。’October19，1842givesanaccountofsowingtheseed。），inwhichthegrains，insteadofbeingnaked，areconcealedbyhusksasmuchaselevenlinesinlength，hasbeenstated，butoninsufficientevidence，togrowwildinBrazil。Itisalmostcertainthattheaboriginalformwouldhavehaditsgrainsthusprotected（9/54。Moquin—Tandon’ElementsdeTeratologie’1841page126。）;buttheseedsoftheBrazilianvarietyproduce，asIhearfromProfessorAsaGray，andasisstatedintwopublishedaccounts，eithercommonorhuskedmaize;anditisnotcrediblethatawildspecies，whenfirstcultivated，shouldvarysoquicklyandinsogreatadegree。
　　Maizehasvariedinanextraordinaryandconspicuousmanner。Metzger（9/55。
　　’DieGetreidearten’1841s。208。IhavemodifiedafewofMetzger’sstatementsinaccordancewiththosemadebyBonafousinhisgreatwork’Hist。Nat。duMais’1836。），whopaidparticularattentiontothecultivationofthisplant，makestwelveraces（unter—art）withnumeroussub—varieties:ofthelattersomearetolerablyconstant，othersquiteinconstant。Thedifferentracesvaryinheightfrom15—18feettoonly16—
　　18inches，asinadwarfvarietydescribedbyBonafous。Thewholeearisvariableinshape，beinglongandnarrow，orshortandthick，orbranched。
　　Theearinonevarietyismorethanfourtimesaslongasinadwarfkind。
　　Theseedsarearrangedintheearinfromsixtoeventwentyrows，orareplacedirregularly。Theseedsarecoloured——white，pale—yellow，orange，red，violet，orelegantlystreakedwithblack（9/56。Godron’Del’Espece’
　　tome2page80;Al。DeCandolleibidpage951。）;andinthesameeartherearesometimesseedsoftwocolours。InasmallcollectionIfoundthatasinglegrainofonevarietynearlyequalledinweightsevengrainsofanothervariety。Theshapeoftheseedvariesgreatly，beingveryflat，ornearlyglobular，oroval;broaderthanlong，orlongerthanbroad;withoutanypoint，orproducedintoasharptooth，andthistoothissometimesrecurved。Onevariety（therugosaofBonafous，andwhichisextensivelycultivatedintheUnitedStatesassweetcorn）hasitsseedscuriouslywrinkled，givingtothewholeearasingularappearance。Anothervariety（thecymosaofBon。）carriesitsearssocrowdedtogetherthatitiscalledmaisabouquet。Theseedsofsomevarietiescontainmuchglucoseinsteadofstarch。Maleflowerssometimesappearamongstthefemaleflowers，andMr。
　　J。Scotthaslatelyobservedtherarercaseoffemaleflowersonatruemalepanicle，andlikewisehermaphroditeflowers。（9/57。’Transact。Bot。
　　Soc。ofEdinburgh’volume8page60。）Azaradescribes（9/58。’Voyagesdansl’AmeriqueMeridionale’tome1page147。）avarietyinParaguaythegrainsofwhichareverytender，andhestatesthatseveralvarietiesarefittedforbeingcookedinvariousways。Thevarietiesalsodiffergreatlyinprecocity，andhavedifferentpowersofresistingdrynessandtheactionofviolentwind。（9/59。Bonafous’Hist。Nat。duMais’page31。）Someoftheforegoingdifferenceswouldcertainlybeconsideredofspecificvaluewithplantsinastateofnature。
　　LeComteRestatesthatthegrainsofallthevarietieswhichhecultivatedultimatelyassumedayellowcolour。ButBonafous（9/60。Ibidpage31。）
　　foundthatmostofthosewhichhesowedfortenconsecutiveyearskepttruetotheirpropertints;andheaddsthatinthevalleysofthePyreneesandontheplainsofPiedmontawhitemaizehasbeencultivatedformorethanacentury，andhasundergonenochange。
　　Thetallkindsgrowninsouthernlatitudes，andthereforeexposedtogreatheat，requirefromsixtosevenmonthstoripentheirseed;whereasthedwarfkinds，growninnorthernandcolderclimates，requireonlyfromthreetofourmonths。（9/61。Metzger’Getreidearten’s。206。）PeterKalm（9/62。
　　’DescriptionofMaize’byP。Kalm1752in’SwedishActs’volume4。IhaveconsultedanoldEnglishMS。translation。），whoparticularlyattendedtothisplant，says，thatintheUnitedStates，inproceedingfromsouthtonorth，theplantssteadilydiminishinbulk。Seedsbroughtfromlat。37deginVirginia，andsowninlat。43—44deginNewEngland，produceplantswhichwillnotripentheirseed，orripenthemwiththeutmostdifficulty。
　　SoitiswithseedcarriedfromNewEnglandtolat。45—47deginCanada。Bytakinggreatcareatfirst，thesouthernkindsaftersomeyears’cultureripentheirseedperfectlyintheirnorthernhomes，sothatthisisananalogouscasewiththatoftheconversionofsummerintowinterwheat，andconversely。Whentallanddwarfmaizeareplantedtogether，thedwarfkindsareinfullflowerbeforetheothershaveproducedasingleflower;andinPennsylvaniatheyripentheirseedssixweeksearlierthanthetallmaize。
　　MetzgeralsomentionsaEuropeanmaizewhichripensitsseedfourweeksearlierthananotherEuropeankind。Withthesefacts，soplainlyshowinginheritedacclimatisation，wemayreadilybelieveKalm，whostatesthatinNorthAmericamaizeandsomeotherplantshavegraduallybeencultivatedfurtherandfurthernorthward。Allwritersagreethattokeepthevarietiesofmaizepuretheymustbeplantedseparatelysothattheyshallnotcross。
　　TheeffectsoftheclimateofEuropeontheAmericanvarietiesishighlyremarkable。MetzgerobtainedseedfromvariouspartsofAmerica，andcultivatedseveralkindsinGermany。Iwillgiveanabstractofthechangesobserved（9/63。’Getreidearten’s。208。）inonecase，namely，withatallkind（Breit—kornigermais，Zeaaltissima）broughtfromthewarmerpartsofAmerica。Duringthefirstyeartheplantsweretwelvefeethigh，andafewseedswereperfected;thelowerseedsintheearkepttruetotheirproperform，buttheupperseedsbecameslightlychanged。Inthesecondgenerationtheplantswerefromninetotenfeetinheight，andripenedtheirseedbetter;thedepressionontheoutersideoftheseedhadalmostdisappeared，andtheoriginalbeautifulwhitecolourhadbecomeduskier。
　　Someoftheseedshadevenbecomeyellow，andintheirnowroundedformtheyapproachedcommonEuropeanmaize。InthethirdgenerationnearlyallresemblancetotheoriginalandverydistinctAmericanparent—formwaslost。InthesixthgenerationthismaizeperfectlyresembledaEuropeanvariety，describedasthesecondsub—varietyofthefifthrace。WhenMetzgerpublishedhisbook，thisvarietywasstillcultivatednearHeidelberg，andcouldbedistinguishedfromthecommonkindonlybyasomewhatmorevigorousgrowth。AnalogousresultswereobtainedbythecultivationofanotherAmericanrace，the"white—toothcorn，"inwhichthetoothnearlydisappearedeveninthesecondgeneration。Athirdrace，the"chicken—corn，"didnotundergosogreatachange，buttheseedsbecamelesspolishedandpellucid。Intheabovecasestheseedswerecarriedfromawarmtoacolderclimate。ButFritzMullerinformsmethatadwarfvarietywithsmallroundedseeds（papa—gaien—mais），introducedfromGermanyintoS。Brazil，producesplantsastall，withseedsasflat，asthoseofthekindcommonlycultivatedthere。]
　　Thesefactsaffordthemostremarkableinstanceknowntomeofthedirectandpromptactionofclimateonaplant。Itmighthavebeenexpectedthatthetallnessofthestem，theperiodofvegetation，andtheripeningoftheseed，wouldhavebeenthusaffected;butitisamuchmoresurprisingfactthattheseedsshouldhaveundergonesorapidandgreatachange。As，however，flowers，withtheirproducttheseed，areformedbythemetamorphosisofthestemandleaves，anymodificationintheselatterorganswouldbeapttoextend，throughcorrelation，totheorgansoffructification。
　　[CABBAGE（Brassicaoleracea）。
　　Everyoneknowshowgreatlythevariouskindsofcabbagedifferinappearance。IntheIslandofJersey，fromtheeffectsofparticularcultureandofclimateastalkhasgrowntotheheightofsixteenfeet，and"haditsspringshootsatthetopoccupiedbyamagpie’snest:"thewoodystemsarenotunfrequentlyfromtentotwelvefeetinheight，andarethereusedasrafters（9/64。’CabbageTimber’’Gardener’sChronicle’1856page744，quotedfromHooker’JournalofBotany。’Awalking—stickmadefromacabbage—stalkisexhibitedintheMuseumatKew。）andaswalking—sticks。WearethusremindedthatincertaincountriesplantsbelongingtothegenerallyherbaceousorderoftheCruciferaearedevelopedintotrees。
　　Everyonecanappreciatethedifferencebetweengreenorredcabbageswithgreatsingleheads;Brussel—sproutswithnumerouslittleheads;broccolisandcauliflowerswiththegreaternumberoftheirflowersinanabortedcondition，incapableofproducingseed，andborneinadensecorymbinsteadofanopenpanicle;savoyswiththeirblisteredandwrinkledleaves;andborecolesandkails，whichcomenearesttothewildparent—form。Therearealsovariousfrizzledandlaciniatedkinds，someofsuchbeautifulcoloursthatVilmorininhisCatalogueof1851enumeratestenvarietieswhicharevaluedsolelyforornament。Somekindsarelesscommonlyknown，suchasthePortugueseCouveTronchuda，withtheribsofitsleavesgreatlythickened;
　　andtheKohlrabiorchoux—raves，withtheirstemsenlargedintogreatturnip—likemassesabovetheground;andtherecentlyformednewrace（9/65。’JournaldelaSoc。Imp。d’Horticulture’1855page254quotedfrom’Gartenflora’April1855。）ofthechoux—raves，alreadyincludingninesub—
　　varieties，inwhichtheenlargedpartliesbeneaththegroundlikeaturnip。
　　Althoughweseesuchgreatdifferencesintheshape，size，colour，arrangement，andmannerofgrowthoftheleavesandstem，andoftheflower—stemsinthebroccoliandcauliflower，itisremarkablethattheflowersthemselves，theseed—podsandseeds，presentextremelyslightdifferencesornoneatall。（9/66。Godron’Del’Espece’tome2page52;
　　Metzger’Syst。BeschreibungderKult。Kohlarten’1833s。6。）Icomparedtheflowersofalltheprincipalkinds;thoseoftheCouveTronchudaarewhiteandrathersmallerthanincommoncabbages;thoseofthePortsmouthbroccolihavenarrowersepals，andsmaller，lesselongatedpetals;andinnoothercabbagecouldanydifferencebedetected。Withrespecttotheseed—pods，inthepurpleKohlrabialone，dotheydiffer，beingalittlelongerandnarrowerthanusual。Imadeacollectionoftheseedsoftwenty—
　　eightdifferentkinds，andmostofthemwereundistinguishable;whentherewasanydifferenceitwasexcessivelyslight;thus，theseedsofvariousbroccolisandcauliflowers，whenseeninmass，arealittleredder;thoseoftheearlygreenUlmsavoyarerathersmaller;andthoseoftheBredakailslightlylargerthanusual，butnotlargerthantheseedsofthewildcabbagefromthecoastofWales。Whatacontrastintheamountofdifferenceispresentedif，ontheonehand，wecomparetheleavesandstemsofthevariouskindsofcabbagewiththeirflowers，pods，andseeds，andontheotherhandthecorrespondingpartsinthevarietiesofmaizeandwheat！Theexplanationisobvious;theseedsalonearevaluedinourcereals，andtheirvariationshavebeenselected;whereastheseeds，seed—
　　pods，andflowers，havebeenutterlyneglectedinthecabbage，whilstmanyusefulvariationsintheirleavesandstemshavebeennoticedandpreservedfromanextremelyremoteperiod，forcabbageswerecultivatedbytheoldCelts。（9/67。Regnier’Del’EconomiePubliquedesCeltes’1818page438。）
　　Itwouldbeuselesstogiveaclassifieddescription（9/68。SeetheelderDeCandollein’Transact。ofHort。Soc。’volume5;andMetzger’Kohlarten’
　　etc。）ofthenumerousraces，sub—races，andvarietiesofthecabbage;butitmaybementionedthatDr。Lindleyhaslatelyproposed（9/69。’Gardener’sChronicle’1859page992。）asystemfoundedonthestateofdevelopmentoftheterminalandlateralleaf—buds。Thus:
　　I。Alltheleaf—budsactiveandopen，asinthewild—cabbage，kail，etc。
　　II。Alltheleaf—budsactive，butformingheads，asinBrussel—sprouts，etc。
　　III。Terminalleaf—budaloneactive，formingaheadasincommoncabbages，savoys，etc。
　　IV。Terminalleaf—budaloneactive，andopen，withmostoftheflowersabortiveandsucculent，asinthecauliflowerandbroccoli。
　　V。Alltheleaf—budsactiveandopen，withmostoftheflowersabortiveandsucculent，asinthesprouting—broccoli。Thislattervarietyisanewone，andbearsthesamerelationtocommonbroccoli，asBrussel—sproutsdotocommoncabbages;itsuddenlyappearedinabedofcommonbroccoli，andwasfoundfaithfullytotransmititsnewly—acquiredandremarkablecharacters。
　　Theprincipalkindsofcabbageexistedatleastasearlyasthesixteenthcentury（9/70。Alph。DeCandolle’Geograph。Bot。’pages842and989。），sothatnumerousmodificationsofstructurehavebeeninheritedforalongperiod。Thisfactisthemoreremarkableasgreatcaremustbetakentopreventthecrossingofthedifferentkinds。Togiveproofofthis:I
　　raised233seedlingsfromcabbagesofdifferentkinds，whichhadpurposelybeenplantedneareachother，andoftheseedlingsnolessthan155wereplainlydeterioratedandmongrelised;norweretheremaining78allperfectlytrue。Itmaybedoubtedwhethermanypermanentvarietieshavebeenformedbyintentionaloraccidentalcrosses;forsuchcrossedplantsarefoundtobeveryinconstant。Onekind，however，called"Cottager’sKail，"haslatelybeenproducedbycrossingcommonkailandBrussel—
　　sprouts，recrossedwithpurplebroccoli（9/71。’Gardener’sChronicle’
　　February1858page128。），andissaidtobetrue;butplantsraisedbymewerenotnearlysoconstantincharacterasanycommonkindofcabbage。
　　Althoughmostofthekindskeeptrueifcarefullypreservedfromcrossing，yettheseed—bedsmustbeyearlyexamined，andafewseedlingsaregenerallyfoundfalse;buteveninthiscasetheforceofinheritanceisshown，for，asMetzgerhasremarked（9/72。’Kohlarten’s。22。）whenspeakingofBrussel—sprouts，thevariationsgenerallykeeptotheir"unterart，"ormainrace。Butinorderthatanykindmaybetrulypropagatedtheremustbenogreatchangeintheconditionsoflife;thuscabbageswillnotformheadsinhotcountries，andthesamethinghasbeenobservedwithanEnglishvarietygrownduringanextremelywarmanddampautumnnearParis。（9/73。Godron’Del’Espece’tome2page52;Metzger’Kohlarten’s。
　　22。）Extremelypoorsoilalsoaffectsthecharactersofcertainvarieties。
　　MostauthorsbelievethatalltheracesaredescendedfromthewildcabbagefoundonthewesternshoresofEurope;butAlph。DeCandolle（9/74。
　　’Geograph。Bot。’page840。）forciblyargues，onhistoricalandothergrounds，thatitismoreprobablethattwoorthreecloselyalliedforms，generallyrankedasdistinctspecies，stilllivingintheMediterraneanregion，aretheparents，nowallcommingledtogether，ofthevariouscultivatedkinds。Inthesamemanneraswehaveoftenseenwithdomesticatedanimals，thesupposedmultipleoriginofthecabbagethrowsnolightonthecharacteristicdifferencesbetweenthecultivatedforms。Ifourcabbagesarethedescendantsofthreeorfourdistinctspecies，everytraceofanysterilitywhichmayoriginallyhaveexistedbetweenthemisnowlost，fornoneofthevarietiescanbekeptdistinctwithoutscrupulouscaretopreventintercrossing。
　　TheothercultivatedformsofthegenusBrassicaaredescended，accordingtotheviewadoptedbyGodronandMetzger（9/75。Godron’Del’Espece’tome2page54;Metzger’Kohlarten’s。10。），fromtwospecies，B。napusandrapa;butaccordingtootherbotanistsfromthreespecies;whilstothersagainstronglysuspectthatalltheseforms，bothwildandcultivated，oughttoberankedasasinglespecies。Brassicanapushasgivenrisetotwolargegroups，namely，Swedishturnips（believedtobeofhybridorigin）
　　（9/76。’Gardener’sChronicleandAgricult。Gazette’1856page729。Seemoreespeciallyibid1868page275:thewriterassertsthatheplantedavarietyofcabbage（B。oleracea）closetoturnips（B。rapa）andraisedfromthecrossedseedlingstrueSwedishturnips。Theselatterplantsought，therefore，tobeclassedwithcabbagesorturnips，andnotunderB。napus。）
　　andColzas，theseedsofwhichyieldoil。Brassicarapa（ofKoch）hasalsogivenrisetotworaces，namely，commonturnipsandtheoil—givingrape。
　　Theevidenceisunusuallyclearthattheselatterplants，thoughsodifferentinexternalappearance，belongtothesamespecies;fortheturniphasbeenobservedbyKochandGodrontoloseitsthickrootsinuncultivatedsoil;andwhenrapeandturnipsaresowntogethertheycrosstosuchadegreethatscarcelyasingleplantcomestrue。（9/77。
　　’Gardener’sChronicleandAgricult。Gazette’1855page730。）Metzgerbycultureconvertedthebiennialorwinterrapeintotheannualorsummerrape，——varietieswhichhavebeenthoughtbysomeauthorstobespecificallydistinct。（9/78。Metzger，’Kohlarten’s。51。）
　　Intheproductionoflarge，fleshy，turnip—likestems，wehaveacaseofanalogousvariationinthreeformswhicharegenerallyconsideredasdistinctspecies。Butscarcelyanymodificationseemssoeasilyacquiredasasucculentenlargementofthestemorroot——thatis，astoreofnutrimentlaidupfortheplant’sownfutureuse。Weseethisinourradishes，beet，andinthelessgenerallyknown"turnip—rooted"celery，andinthefinocchio，orItalianvarietyofthecommonfennel。Mr。Buckmanhaslatelyprovedbyhisinterestingexperimentsbowquicklytherootsofthewildparsnipcanbeenlarged，asVilmorinformerlyprovedinthecaseofthecarrot。（9/79。TheseexperimentsbyVilmorinhavebeenquotedbymanywriters。Aneminentbotanist，Prof。Decaisne，haslatelyexpresseddoubtsonthesubjectfromhisownnegativeresults，butthesecannotbevaluedequallywithpositiveresults。Ontheotherhand，M。Carrierehaslatelystated（’Gardener’sChronicle’1865page1154），thathetookseedfromawildcarrot，growingfarfromanycultivatedland，andeveninthefirstgenerationtherootsofhisseedlingsdifferedinbeingspindle—shaped，longer，softer，andlessfibrousthanthoseofthewildplant。Fromtheseseedlingsheraisedseveraldistinctvarieties。）
　　Thislatterplant，initscultivatedstate，differsinscarcelyanycharacterfromthewildEnglishcarrot，exceptingeneralluxurianceandinthesizeandqualityofitsroots;buttenvarieties，differinginthecolour，shape，andqualityoftheroot，arecultivatedinEnglandandcometruebyseed。（9/80。Loudon’s’Encyclop。ofGardening’page835。）Hencewiththecarrot，asinsomanyothercases，forinstancewiththenumerousvarietiesandsub—varietiesoftheradish，thatpartoftheplantwhichisvaluedbyman，falselyappearsalonetohavevaried。Thetruthisthatvariationsinthispartalonehavebeenselected;andtheseedlingsinheritingatendencytovaryinthesameway，analogousmodificationshavebeenagainandagainselected，untilatlastagreatamountofchangehasbeeneffected。
　　Withrespecttotheradish，M。Carriere，bysowingtheseedofthewildRaphanusraphanistruminrichsoil，andbycontinuedselectionduringseveralgenerations，raisedmanyvarieties，closelylikethecultivatedradish（R。sativus）intheirroots，aswellasthewonderfulChinesevariety，R。caudatus:（see’Journald’Agriculturepratique’tome11869
　　page159;alsoaseparateessay’OriginedesPlantesDomestiques’1869。）